Bio 148 Final
Bio 148 Final Quiz
Test your knowledge on ecology and biodiversity with the Bio 148 Final Quiz. This quiz consists of 40 multiple-choice questions covering various topics including trophic levels, species interactions, and ecosystem management.
- Engaging questions
- Relevant to current environmental issues
- Ideal for students and ecology enthusiasts
Which group is at a higher trophic level: herbivores or detritivores?
They are at the same level
Detritivores
Herbivores
In what type of ecosystem can you find an inverted biomass pyramid?
Aquatic
Terrestrial
What are the three components of trophic efficiency?
Search; capture; handling
Feeding; growth; reproduction
Consumption; assimilation; production
Predation; parasitism; mutualism
What is top-down forcing?
When a food-web has an inverted biomass pyramid shape
When the abundance of top-predators is determined by the abundance of their prey which is determined by the ecosystem's NPP
All of the options are correct
When energy flow and NPP in an ecosystem is determined by species interactions at higher trophic levels
What is a key determinant of the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Species richness
Ecosystem size
The way the community is defined
The biogeographical region that the ecosystem is in
Which trophic level in an ecosystem's energy pyramid accounts for the most energy?
Secondary consumers (mesopredators and omnivores)
Tertiary consumers (apex predators)
Primary producers
Primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores)
Production efficiency is:
The proportion of assimilated biomass used to produce new consumer biomass
The proportion of available biomass that is used to produce new consumer biomass
The proportion of consumed biomass that is assimilated by digestion
The proportion of available biomass that is ingested by the consumer
What does this figure show?
Both top-predator fish cause a trophic cascade that reduces invertebrate numbers and increase algal cover
Invasive trout cause a stronger trophic cascade than native galaxias
All options are true
Invertebrate populations are controlled from the top-down by fish predators
At what level of disturbance is diversity expected to be highest?
High
Low
Intermediate
How do neutral models of communities differ from competition-based models?
They rely on the assumption of resource partitioning
They do not assume that competition is the key force structuring communities
They consider how predation and disturbance influence diversity whereas competition-based models do not
They assume that environmental conditions are the only factor determining community diversity
Which of the three diversity-function relationships best describes the study at Cedar Creek? (main figure from the study shown below)
Complementarity
Idiosyncratic
Rebundancy
Inverse
What is the primary factor determining a species' presence in a community?
Its body size
Whether it has enough food in the community
Its ability to withstand disturbances
Its presence in the regional species pool
Under which circumstances can resource partitioning increase diversity?
Narrower resource base
Resource partitioning only increases diversity when a competitively dominant species is absent
Lower partitioning and narrower resource base
Greater partitioning and wider resource base
What is the key takeaway from this figure regarding species coexistence?
Under variable conditions, two species that wouldn't coexist normally can coexist
Disturbances reduce the population size of all species
Species 2 never reaches carrying capacity
Species 1 is competitively dominant
What process is expected to be most important for species diversity in a community under low disturbance conditions?
Physiological limitations
Resource partitioning
Competition
Predation
Under which circumstances are ecosystem functions generally greatest?
High species richness
Low species richness
Functions are not related to species richness
How many species are threatened with extinction?
More tha 42,100
Roughly 50 % of species
Less than 42,100
42,100
What is an umbrella/flagship species?
A keystone species that controls ecosystem function
A species so common it doesn't need conservation
An iconic species that becomes extinct
A species whose protection will also protect other species needing the same habitat
What is the leading cause of population decline and extinction?
Overexploitation
Habitat loss
Climate change
Pollution
What is the phenomenon of fishing-down-the-food-chain?
Progressive loss of large, high trophic level species from ecosystems
Catching fish from all levels of the food chain equally
Harvesting of fish at low levels on the food chain
When does an ecosystem lose the function that a species provides?
Approximately one generation after the last individual died
When the population becomes too low to effectively provide that function
When the last individual of the population dies
When the population is about half its original size
Is the world's biota becoming more or less homogenized?
Less
More
Which of the option can help monitor and conserve imperiled populations?
Introduction of new individuals to increase genetic diversity
Analysis of a population's viability based on current and expected reproduction and mortality rates
All of the options
Capturing all individuals remaining and breeding them in captivity
What is the main takeaway from this figure on the change in the number of fish species shared between different US states since European settlement?
Since European settlement, fish communities across the US have become much more similar
European settlement had no impact on the number of fish species shared between states
There is an even split between states that have become more similar in their fish communities and those that have become more different
What is the difference between landscape structure and composition?
Composition is the types of landscape features and structure is their spatial arrangement
Composition is spatial arrangement of landscape features and structure is the landscape topography
Structure is the topography of the landscape and composition is the species present
Structure is the food-web present on the landscape and composition is the species present in the food-web
Which of these protected area designs is best?
Big, dispersed, buffer zone, elongated shape
Disconnected, close, small, no buffer zone
Small, connected, close, no buffer
Big, connected, close, with a buffer zone
What trophic level is most likely to be affected by fragmentation?
Herbivores
Top predators
Primary producers
What is adaptive ecosystem management?
Identifying management goals, monitoring and testing how successful current practices are, updating practices to better attain goals
Randomly alternating ecosystem management practices to reduce the negative effect of any one approach
Managing ecosystems to promote adaptation in the populations living with the ecosystem
Applying ecosystem management practices developed in other ecosystems
What is the spatial grain of a landscape analysis?
The spatial arrangement of land-use types in the focal area
The size of the smallest homogeneous area, like a pixel in a satellite image
The number of ecosystems in the landscape
The total area of the landscape included in the analysis
Habitat fragmentation:
Exposes populations to risks associated with small population size
Decreases habitat area available
Reduces chance of population viability
All options are correct
Which technology is a key tool for landscape ecology?
All options are correct
Participatory science
GPS tracking of species
Satellite images
What is the main takeaway from this figure?
Roman ruins can be found in France
The effects of human settlements on plant communities is quickly reverted when the settlement is abandoned
There is no relationship between species gain/loss and distance to Roman settlements
Effects of human disturbance on ecosystems remain for hundreds of years
Before industrialization, carbon emitted by Earth's surface...
Was radiated out into space
Was about twice as high as the amount taken up from the atmosphere
Was dramatically lower than the amount taken up from the atmosphere
Roughly equalled the amount taken up from the atmosphere
How does acid rain kill plants?
Acid rain melts plant leaves
Hydrogen ions displace base cations from clay particles reducing availability of these nutrients
Acid rain kills the pollinators that plants rely on for reproduction
Acid rain does not kill plants and instead has a positive impact on plants due to sulfur being a key plant nutrient
Higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to...
A general increase in temperature
A general increase in snow storms
A general increase in cloudiness
A general increase in solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
What do global agreements about sulfur and CFC pollution tell us about climate change?
That sulfur is the primary cause of climate change
That there is no hope for life on Earth as we can never effectively work together on planetary scale problems
That CFCs are a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions
It is possible that we can collectively limit warming
What is the expected effect of nitrogen addition on a plant community adapted to low nitrogen levels?
No change in species diversity
Species diversity in the community increases because there is less competition for nitrogen
Reduced levels of herbivory increase plant biomass and reduced species richness
Dominance of invading species adapted to high nitrogen conditions and eventual decrease in species richness
What is the key takeaway from this figure?
Temperature increases are largest when natural factors alone are modelled
Observed changes in temperature match model based on natural and anthropogenic factors with high certainty
Global temperatures have changed since 1910
What is the best definition of climate change?
One summer that is cooler than the last one
Prolonged. Directional shift in climatic conditions
Random fluctuations in climate over a short period
A warm day in winter
Why does NPP decrease at very high levels of nitrogen input?
Reduced availability of calcium and magnesium cations
Toxic levels of aluminium cations in soil
Both factors contribute
Neither factor is important
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