transfers the lateral loads on the superstructure to the ground.

Employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface

Are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

Are spread footings supporting free standing columns and piers.

supporting two or more columns. This type of footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the property line.

This type of footing may be used in place of a combined footing under the same conditions. In this type of construction, the footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap which is so extended to support the exterior column.

S footings are used on soil of low bearing power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil.

Is a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum.

Depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath their feet for support.

€� depend principally on the frictional resistance of a surrounding earth mass for support.

When it is required to build upon a compressible soil saturated with water and of considerable depth, the most practicable method of obtaining a solid and enduring foundation for buildings of moderate height is by driving wooden piles.

€� also called a drive band; a steel band which encircles the head of a timber pile to prevent it from splitting when being driven.

Are generally used where wooden piles would be subject to decay or deterioration by the action of marine worms.

is provided with a cast-iron point, and a driving head is used in which a cushion of sand, rope or other material is placed between a driving block of wood and the concrete in order to prevent the crushing of the pile.

Are constructed in the ground in the position they are to occupy, and are often reinforced.

These are concretefilled steel pipes which are made to bear on rock or hard pan. The pipes are generally 10 to 18 inches in diameter, having a thickness of 3/8 to 5/8 inches.

These are combination timber and concrete or steel and concrete piles.

Occur when the unsupported height is more than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

€� occur when the unsupported height is not greater than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties. The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement to the gross column area should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%, and should consist of at least 4 bars of a minimum size of #5.

These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely spaced continuous spiral hooping.

Are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.

Where structural steel is encased in concrete of at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer face of the concrete cover.

Where structural steel columns are embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.

is economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively short spans, 6 to 12 ft.

Consists of relatively small adjacent T-beams.

It is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars placed at right angles to each other.

is a two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.

This system is the most commonly used and consists of two sets of bars extending directly from column to column in both directions. Slabs are square or rectangular.

The reinforcement extends from column to column, the columns being placed at the corners of equilateral triangles; hence slabs are triangular in shape.

The reinforcement extends both directly and diagonally between columns in both directions. The slabs are square or rectangular.

These are beams having a single span with a support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports

These are beams that are supported at one end only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its supports

E. It refers to a beam having two spans with little or no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam.

E. It refers to a beam having two spans with little or no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam.

When a reinforced concrete floor slab and its supporting beam (or girder) are built at the same time and thoroughly tied together, a part of the slab may be considered to act with upper part of the beam in compression.

These are beams with reinforcement in the compression as well as the tension side of the beam, hence they are also called double reinforced beams.

The tensile reinforcement is located at top of the beam and inverted U-stirrups are provided

These are double reinforced beams used for long spans. In order to reduce the dead load (the weight of the beam) it is hollowed in the center of the section.

Short beam extensions from columns used to support rafters or trusses.

A wall on which either floor or roof construction rests.

That portion of an enclosing wall below the first tier of joists

The space between any arch and the beam over the same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton construction built between columns or piers and wholly supported at each story.

A subsurface wall built to resist the lateral pressure of internal loads

Are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface may or may not form the interior finish. I

Are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may form exterior building face or it may be used back of panel curtain wall as back-up.

natural or artificial stone slabs which are anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors

Transparent glass and frame incorporated in panel curtain wall.

Panel made up of one material

Panel made up of assembly of several

Sandwich panel with top and bottom edges closed.

Sandwich panel in which all edges of panel are closed except for weep holes and vents

Preassembly of several panels of any type. Units may be one or several stories high.

Supports not expressed. Non-lineal pattern. Joints vertical. Panel size: width, approx. 4’; height, 60’ max.

Supports are not a primary element of expression in this type of wall. Horizontal lines are dominant and the length of spandrel unlimited. Width of interlocking panels is 4’ – 4” maximum; height is 8’ – 0” maximum.

Supports not expressed. Nonlineal pattern. Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim. Individual panel size: max. width, 3’ – 10”; max. height, 8’ – 0”.

Supports (vertical and horizontal members) clearly expressed. Vertical and horizontal lines equally dominant. Area between support members, 32 sq. ft. maximum. Width of panels, 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” max.

Supports (mullions) are clearly expressed. Vertical lines dominant. Mullions are generally 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” maximum

Refers to the method of installation where the mullions and horizontal rails (gutter section and window sill section) are installed first before installation of the window and wall panels.

Is constructed of reinforced concrete and makes use of the weight of the earth in resisting the tendency to overturn at the outer edge

This is a type of wall which is constructed of such proportions that its weight alone resists the thrust of the earth.

It is similar to the cantilever wall with the exception that the vertical wall is tied to the base at regular intervals

In this method the reinforcing steel is first prestressed and then the concrete is poured.

. In this method, tubes, conduits, or channels are inserted in the concrete where reinforcing steel is required.

Materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic binders; vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or gypsum and perlite aggregate using gypsum as a binder.

€� a polyurethane product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester resin. This type of insulation can be applied either by pouring or by spraying.

€� stiff and inelastic such as foamed plastic, cellular glass, foamed concrete, etc. Example is STYROFOAM ROOFMATE SL extruded polysterene board as manufactured by DOW Chemicals, for inaccessible roof decks.

is made from fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber or animal hair and made into batt[1] or boards.

Fibrous type and granular type

Powder form waterproofing compound mixed with the cement-aggregate mixture.

€� a hot or cold membrane applied to the surface; for example asphalt paper laid with hot asphalt or self sealing asphalt paper.

A fluid applied elastomeric coating formulated to waterproof and preserve the substrate of concrete, wood, and steel.

powder form waterproofing compound mixed with water and applied by brush to the surface to be waterproofed

A method of removing old paint by the use of a paint remover; and stains, rust, algae or even cement build-up on forms or equipment, b

A method of protecting the steel and other ferrous materials from corrosion.

Application of cover materials to structural steel components or systems to provide increased fire resistance

€� a method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house and habitating the under-ceilings and under-floors of houses and buildings

A method of protecting finish floor surfaces from wear and tear or from chemical abrasions due to heavy use.

Treating the soil surrounding the structure in touch with the ground (footing bed and slab on fill) with a chemical

Method of installing thermal barriers in surfaces of structures to keep the heat or cold away from the interior spaces.

Pressure spray, a clear silicon water repellent or sealant to porous surface material such as cement plaster and bricks to prevent weathering or the growth of algae and moss.

€� applying a water-impervious material or a vapor barrier to a surface, usually slab-on-fill, to prevent the penetration of moisture, from the ground or the exterior or to prevent the penetration of condensate to the surface material.

A method of making building surfaces impervious to water.