PSYC 101 Pt 1

What is the collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information, via the thalamus, to the brain known as

Hugo is in bed before falling asleep, and he is amused by the fact that he can still see the shape of the door to his closet, even though the room is dark. What kind of cells are being activated that allow for Hugo’s limited vision at this moment?

The speedometer in a car has a black background with white numbers, and an orange pointer that indicates the speed at which you are driving. What process explains how your brain sees that orange hand?

According to this theory, the colour we see depends on the mix of signals received from the 3 types of cones:

A multimodal stimulus produces a greater effect than if the same unimodial stimuli were combined. What is this phenomenon known as?

When a stimulus is presented in a neuron’s ______, that neuron responds by increasing or decreasing its firing rate.

The brain processes simple noises in what area of the cortex?

During experiments involving the ______ effect, auditory and visual information conflicted and caused the participant to misinterpret the stimulus.

In the “rubber hand illusion,” what two unimodal senses interact in the participant’s perception?

Sumby and Pollack (1954) found that the influence of visual cues on interpretation of an auditory stimulus was ______ when the background noise was loud.

€�An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage,” is known as:

The Placebo Effect is:

When it comes to interpreting pain, the context:

The estimated annual cost associated with chronic pain the United States is:

High-threshold sensory receptors of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that are capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli are known as:

Gregory and Peter are both violinists who play with their city’s orchestra. As they are warming up for a concert, Peter says to Gregory: “I think you’re A is a bit flat.” Peter is suggesting that the ______ of Gregory’s violin needs to be adjusted.

Different musical instruments give a different quality of sound. A trumpet, for example, may be described as “tinny,” while a cello might be described as producing a “rich” sound. These sound qualities refer to the ______ of the instrument.

Tympanic membrane is:

Which of the following is a primary function of the malleus, incus, and stapes?

Mathilda is studying the parts of the brain and their various functions. When she gets to the sense of hearing, she should probably realize that the primary auditory centers are located in the ______ lobes of her brain.

If you were to go to a concert of your favorite band, you’d want to avoid sitting right next to the powerful speakers. Based on your reading, you know that a sound amplitude over ______ decibels (db) sound pressure level (SPL) is considered dangerously loud.

Brian is listening to his son, Abel, talk about what he did in school today. Suddenly Brian has difficulty hearing the story because Abel's brother--who has a very similar voice--starts talking on the telephone nearby. Which phenomenon describes Brian's difficulty?

The smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection is known as the ______.

What photoreceptors, located around the fovea of the retina, are sensitive to low levels of light?

Julio stares at a yellow piece of paper for 30 seconds, and then he quickly looks at a white wall. The blue afterimage he sees supports which theory of color vision?

In which part of the brain do we perceive touch, temperature, and pain?

During sensation, our sense organs engage in ______, the process of converting the physical stimulus into an electrical one the brain can understand.

This system is generally engaged in “rest and digest” functions

This system is generally engaged in “fight or flight” functions

The crevices/fissures in the brain (where the brain “dips down”) are called:

The area of the brain associated with language production is known as

The area of the brain associated with somatosensory and gustatory sensation is:

Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the highest level of temporal resolution?

Irene has been having migraines lately and she goes to visit her doctor. Her doctor sends her to have a brain imaging test that will measure changes in the naturally occurring oxygen in the blood in her brain. Which type of procedure is Irene going to have?

Dr. Morales is interested in studying how very small facial movements can be an early indicator of emotional response. Which measure would Dr. Morales likely use to measure very small facial movements?

The ______ nervous system includes nerves and neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord, and facilitates communication to other parts of the body.

The single most basic part of the human brain – a part that is seen in other, less-evolved animals - is the ______. This essential area helps to regulate such critical functions as breathing, digestion, and the beating of your heart.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a structure that is part of the limbic system?

13-year old Laila is taken to her doctor when her parents recognize that she is having symptoms related to her movement and posture. The doctor sends her to a neurologist, who orders an MRI of her brain. The doctor is not surprised to find out that Laila has a small growth on her ______, and speaks to the parents about how this will be treated so that Laila’s symptoms will resolve.

The thick bundle of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called the ______. This structure allows those hemispheres to communicate with each other.

When one of your neurons is trying to send a signal to a neighboring neuron, it does so by releasing tiny chemicals called ______that can communicate a “message” to that adjacent neuron.

Willamina has taken a drug in the last hour that increases activity in the synapses between her neurons. The result was an increase in the overall effect of specific neurotransmitters. What category of drug would this be?

Seroquel is a drug that decreases the effect of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine at synapses. For that reason, this drug could be considered a(n) ______.

Which of the following is best described as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and has an important impact on learning?

______refers to the use of multiple drugs , which is a particularly problematic issue for the elderly population of the United States.

The most common route by which a drug is ingested into the body is oral administration, while one of the most rapid ways of getting the effects of a drug is ______.

Why does the analogy of a car (for hormonal transmission) and a train (for neural transmission) help explain their differences?

What is the study of how the nervous system and the endocrine system are interrelated called?

Cortisol is most related to which of the following?

When hormones activate a target cell, proteins ______ other genes.

If human behavior can be conceptualized as three systems- input, integrator, and output- then which do hormones influence?

When looking at cognitive differences between the sexes, which of the following would be the best conclusion?

Approximately how many neurons are in the adult human brain?

What part of the neuron carries the action potential and is the main source of output?

What insulating substance allows for an electrical signal to travel much faster down an axon?

What type of neuron receives environmental stimuli and helps people perceive?

Communication within a neuron is electrical, and between neurons is ______.

The electrostatic charge within a neuron must reach the ______before the neuron will fire.

What current causes depolarization, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire?

According to the functionalist theories of emotion, emotions help people_____________

According to this approach, confusion is beneficial for learning.

This module argues that the emotions of surprise, interest, confusion, and awe are especially important because:

In Ivan Pavlov’s original experiment, the ______served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs.

Aaron has been using heroin at his friend Luca’s apartment. One night Aaron takes the same dose of heroin when he is home alone, and nearly dies from an overdose. Which phenomenon related to classical conditioning explains why this happened?

After their relationship ends, Mary is reminded of Sylvia constantly. Over time, however, she stops associating everything she sees with her ex-girlfriend. This demonstrates ______.

Which is a more modern way of thinking about the impact of reinforcers on the likelihood of repeating a specific, rewarded behavior?

Ads for a cleaning product claims that people have gone “noseblind”, meaning they are unaware of stinky smells in their homes. What is the term for the process that leads to “noseblindness"?

Why can experts remember more pieces of information than novices can?

Why is telling students to try very hard to learn new information not very helpful?

Rin has determined that she has 5 hours available to study for next week’s exam. How should she plan her study to maximize learning?

Observable charactertistics as a result of genotype expression are known as

Although identical twins share a common genotype, their ______ becomes more dissimilar as identical twins age.

In rats, increased amount of __________ by the mother rat ______ the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus (a brain structure associated with stress responsivity as well as learning and memory). This resulted in ________ hormonal response to stress compared with adult animals reared by mothers who engaged in lower levels of this behaviour.

Identical twins share an identical genome, but we know that they are not the identical person (e.g., many have different preferences, behaviours, personality, etc). One possible explanation for differences is:

Eric comes into work one day to find that a new woman has been hired as the front-desk receptionist. She smiles at him and Eric wonders if she is flirting. The fact is she was simply being friendly and professional. Eric has fallen victim to the ______bias.

______is a process of sexual selection by which members of one sex compete with each other, with the victors gaining enhanced mating access to members of the opposite sex.

______theory deals with the evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgments and decisions we make in situations of uncertainty.

Marilyn is a graduate student in psychology, and she has decided that she wants to study the influences of nature and nurture. Based on her goal of understanding the influences of nature and nurture, what is mostly likely the title of her research?

The science of how one’s genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______.

Dr. Eplin is conducting a study with hundreds of children and the parents who raised them, but are not biologically related to the children. Dr. Eplin is curious whether genes or the household environment has a greater influence on children's behavior. What kind of study is Dr. Eplin conducting?

When Paula and Paulette were first conceived, they were the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two different zygotes. They share all of their genetic code, and can be thought of as natural clones. What kind of twins are they?

How much of their genetic code do fraternal twins share?

Martha and Mary are sisters who were born 2 ½ years apart. Eric and Merrick are fraternal twin brothers who were born 8 minutes apart. Which of the following would be the most accurate statement regarding their genetic similarities?

As a general statement, the higher the ______coefficient, the stronger the influence of one’s genes on a specific trait being examined.

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality?

Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha’s smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing?

After the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) examined blogs of users of a specific website. Through their use of ______, they determined that their participants expressed more negative emotions and were more cognitively and socially engaged for two weeks. After that period of time, these levels returned to baseline.

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?

In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ variable.

Psychologists often explore questions related to abstract concepts (e.g., satisfaction, happiness, spirituality) when conducting research but those concepts may be hard to quantify. What must be clearly stated at the beginning of the research of such a concept?

Markus is in a study examining the impact of vitamin C on vision. Some participants take 100mg. Of vitamin C every day while others take placebo. Markus doesn't know which group he's in, but he is given eye exams measuring his vision each month. What is the dependent variable?

Dr. Magill is conducting research on whether giving monkeys ice cold water in the morning will cause them to be less aggressive during the day. He has several graduate students observing the monkeys and he regularly comments to the students that ice water is “definitely making a difference.” As a result, the graduate students are less likely to rate minor aggressive incidents as true aggression. The research in this example has been compromised by ______.

An article headline claimed that “Drugs Cause Homelessness” due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health which of the following would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist).

A fundamental principle of statistics is that:

In the “climber study” researches varied whether the “helper” character was on the child’s right or left side. This is done to:

A researcher puts the names of all possible subjects in a hat and draws out 10 for the study so she has a ______.

A political poll is not perfectly accurate. The measure of how confident the researcher is in the accuracy is called the ______.

Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.

The saying the “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” represents to philosophy of ______ psychology.

Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests?

Inductive reasoning is based on data from ______ .

What does the alternative hypothesis predict in NHST?

What is a type I error?

Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.

______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______.

______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm.

Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______ .

According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate?

A person with ______ blindness might report that they cannot see anything even though the structures of their eyes are undamaged and work perfectly.

A peculiar condition called ______ is demonstrated when a person can analyze and respond to visual events even though they have no conscious awareness of having seen the stimuli.

Which brain structure seems to be intimately involved in our ability to store memories of the events that we experience each day?

Which of the following best characterizes decision-making?

A moment of ______ is an essential ingredient to conscious experiences, and might be described as a period of focused attention and alertness.

Which of the following is true about cues?

Which of the following is a cost of low awareness?

Jet lag is caused by ______.

Why don’t people spend all their time in “high awareness”?

Stimulants are highly addictive because ______.

People who are warned that they are about to taste something bad rate what they do taste more negatively than people who are told that the taste won’t be so bad (Nitschke et al., 2006), and people perceive a child and adult pair as looking more alike when they are told that they are parent and child (Bressan & Dal Martello, 2002). Examples of research such as these support the assertion that:

Modern televisions and computer monitors were developed on the basis of the trichromatic colour theory, using three colour elements placed close enough together that the colours are blended by the eye. The field of psychology that engages in work like this is known as:

Consider our image of a door as it swings. When it is closed, we see it as rectangular, but when it is open, we see only its edge and it appears as a line. But we never perceive the door as changing shape as it swings. This is known as:

Imagine you are at a party, and are having a conversation with someone. Mid-sentence, you clearly hear your name in a conversation happening across the room. This is known as the Cocktail Party Effect. It occurs as a result of:

What was a general concern with Broadbent’s Filter Model, Treisman’s Attenuation Model, and Late Selection Models?

The percentage of people who can truly perform cognitive tasks without impairing their driving performance is estimated to be about:

You put on a set of headphones that play two completely different speech streams, one to your left ear and one to your right ear. Your task is to repeat each syllable spoken into your left ear as quickly and accurately as possible, mimicking each sound as you hear it. When performing this attention-demanding task, you won’t notice if the speaker in your right ear switches to a different language or is replaced by a different speaker with a similar voice. You won’t notice if the content of their speech becomes nonsensical. This demonstrates:

Which of the following is not a demonstration of inattentional blindness?

Despite a lot of research demonstrating otherwise, 78% of respondents to a National US survey agreed with the statement, “People generally notice when something unexpected enters their field of view, even when they’re paying attention to something else.”  What is not suggested by your chapter as a way to reduce inattentional blindness?

When he was 10 Billy won the city chess championship. Thirty years later, he remembers shaking hands with his opponent and lifting the trophy. These are ______memories.

Which of the following would be the best example of autobiographical memory?

The correct order of the major processes of memory is:

Think back to the very first car you saw on the road today. What was the driver wearing? If you’re like most people, you don’t have any idea what the answer is. Why?

What is the term used to refer to a vivid personal memory of receiving news of some momentous, often emotional, event?

When Tyler was a child, he got separated from his mother in a department store, but she found him after 2 minutes and all was well. Now, as an adult, he mis-remembers the event as having been a ten-minute separation, during which time store security intervened. This may be an example of the ______effect.

Veronica scores very poorly on a prep test, but after taking similar tests three more times she earns a perfect score. This improvement is an example of the ______effect.

Research suggests that forgetting can be caused by all except which of the following?

You hear a song on the radio that you loved when you were in grade 6. It was popular at the same time as a few other songs that you really liked. You try to recall the name of the band that sings the song playing, but you cannot retrieve it. What does this scenario demonstrate?

A region of the brain important for memory is:

Percy has been accused of a crime and is now on trial. Which form of evidence will be most persuasive to people on the jury?

In recent years many people have been exonerated of crimes by DNA evidence that proved their innocence. In at least ______of these cases, faulty eyewitness testimony was blamed for the wrongful conviction.

Professor Yorba asks, “What did I tell you about the Crimean War last Friday,” when in fact she did not mention it at all. Several students claim to ‘remember’ her presentation of the war. This error demonstrates the ______effect.

If you were giving testimony after having witnessed a car crash, which of the following questions would be most likely to cause you to say that you remembered seeing broken glass on the pavement?

You are shopping at a convenience store when you witness a woman robbing the cash register. Under which circumstance will you be most likely to have memory errors of the event when you are later questioned by police officers?

When Nessa flipped through photographs trying to find the perpetrator of a crime she witnessed, she did not see the suspect because that person was not included in the photo spread. Instead, all the pictures were ______.

As part of a study, Jonathan’s family tells about the time he hit a home run in a baseball game. They say this several times and eventually Jonathan comes to “remember” the athletic triumph, even though it never happened. This demonstrates how ______can be created.

If psychology is the science of behavior, then the ______of language must be one its most central topics, since it exists for almost all human beings.

On Monday morning, Chad asks Jason, “Did you see that amazing game yesterday?” Chad assumes that Jason knows which game he is talking about. This assumption of shared information is called ______in language.

When he is talking to his best friend, Tom says, “Damon and I are going out for dinner.” When he is talking to a stranger, Tom says, “My partner Damon and I are going out to dinner.” Crafting what you say based on the knowledge of the person you are speaking to is called ______.

The rules for how we arrange words and expressions together to communicate in a meaningful and understandable way are called the ______of language.

Consider these two sentences: “The boy was sick from eating so much ice cream,” and, “That boy ate so much ice cream, it made him sick.” These sentences have similar ______but different syntax.

Evelyn meets Dee from Australia and is very attentive to Dee’s accent. If Evelyn is like most people, what will she start doing?

______occurs when thinking about one concept causes you to think about other related concepts.

The basic notion that the language used by a given group of people has a significant impact on how they think is called the ______hypothesis, after its original founder(s).

The three types of implicit memory are:

________ is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

Herbert Simon and William Chase (1973) showed chess masters and chess novices various positions of pieces on a chessboard for a few seconds each. The experts did a lot better than the novices in remembering the positions because they were able to see the “big picture.” The strategies these experts used is known as: