Western Civ 2
Explore Enlightenment Ideas: Western Civ 2 Quiz
Test your knowledge of the Enlightenment era and its prominent thinkers with this comprehensive quiz. Dive deep into the ideas and contributions of influential figures such as Rousseau, Locke, and Voltaire, and discover how their philosophies shaped modern society.
- 58 thought-provoking questions
- Multiple choice format
- Perfect for students, educators, and history enthusiasts
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706)
Was attacked by the Catholic Church, but supported by the Calvinist clergy.
Attacked superstition, dogma, and arrogance.
Rejected all forms of religion.
Was attacked by the Catholic Church, but supported by Louis XIV.
Although Hobbes and Locke both used the contract theory of government
Only Hobbes believed that people had natural rights of liberty and property.
Locke insisted that the contract is not breakable; thus, there can be no political revolution.
Locke believed that the individual was a product of his experience, whereas Hobbes thought the individual is born greedy and warlike.
Hobbes wanted to place restrictions on the fearful power of government, whereas Locke trusted all-powerful governments to do good.
In his The Social Contract, Rousseau advocated
Radical individualism, in which people are free from the power of the state.
Including powerful protections for the rights of minorities.
Constantly and directly renewing the contract between government and people.
Extending the right to vote to all people, including women.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
Was an ardent defender of the Catholic Church.
Was, like many philosophes, distrustful of radical change.
Was a self-taught intellectual who supported the French Revolution.
Stopped short of declaring women equal to men.
The ideas of Locke and Montesquieu contributed directly and indirectly to arguments supporting
Racial equality.
The abolition of private property.
Freedom from slavery
Slavery.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith (1732–1790)
Advocated greater social and economic equality for all people
attacked the capitalistic system and advocated socialist ideas similar to Beccaria's.
Criticized mercantilist policy for not imposing tighter controls based on the natural laws of economics
Insisted that private and public interests would be reconciled by the unregulated operation of "the invisible hand."
Denis Diderot's (1713–1784) Encyclopedia
Contained high ideals, but little practical information.
Was an attempt to evade censorship by carefully disguising radical ideas.
Rejected the criticisms of the church advanced by the early philosophes.
Marked a new stage in the history of Enlightenment publishing.
Reforms adopted by enlightened despots include all of the following EXCEPT
Ending book censorship.
The abolition of serfdom.
Equality for women.
Religious toleration.
The series of events that led to the American Revolution were set in motion by
British defeat in the Seven Years' War.
British victory in the Seven Years' War.
The refusal of the British to protect the colonists in conflicts with Indians.
The publication of the Encyclopedia in English.
A central, unifying authority emerged in all of the following EXCEPT
Russia.
Poland.
Prussia.
Austria.
According to Rousseau, the cause of corruption in human communities was
Excessive liberty.
The inherent sinfulness of people.
God.
Society.
The Freemasons originated in
France.
Austria.
Britain.
The American colonies.
Freethinker and author John Toland (1670–1722) argued that
Most religious doctrines contradicted reason or common sense.
The Revolution of 1688–1689 thoroughly undermined the established church in England.
Miracles were the product of a mysterious God and necessary for proper Christian belief.
Clerical privilege should be maintained to preserve social morality.
Voltaire's major contribution to the Enlightenment was
His popularization of the ideas of Locke and Newton and his plea for tolerance and reason.
He impact he had on enlightened despots, who successfully instituted radical reforms in their countries.
His translation of Newton's Principia.
His argument for extending political power to the mass of the common people.
The writings of Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) reflect his desire for the creation of
An absolute monarchy.
A pure democracy
A revolution of the people.
A balanced system of government.
In Of Crime and Punishment, Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) argued that
Civil crime and moral standards should be based on the Christian concept of sin.
Private property has corrupted human beings and prevented social justice and happiness.
Human nature and behavior are basically corrupt, and only absolute authority can maintain an orderly society.
Traditional education, with its stress on religious morality, is the best hope of achieving social progress
Kant argued that women
Should play a key role in politics.
Were not meant to reason.
Would one day achieve equality with men.
Should play a key role in science.
All of the following influenced the Enlightenment EXCEPT
The Scientific Revolution.
The Renaissance.
The belief that individuals could improve themselves through reason.
The belief that human values derive from a higher reality.
Medieval thinkers
Rejected Aristotle's division of the universe into celestial and terrestrial realms.
Integrated Aristotle and Ptolemy into a Christian framework.
Rejected Aristotle's concept of matter and form.
Accepted Aristotle, but rejected Ptolemy.
The new approach to nature that followed from the Renaissance revival of ancient learning combined all of the following EXCEPT
Experimentation.
The doctrine of forms.
Mathematics.
Magic.
The work of Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
Proved that the velocity of a planet is uniform.
Retained the use of epicycles to explain the motion of the planets.
Provided sound mathematical proof to Copernicus's theory.
Was the product of his rejection of the Platonic ideal.
Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation
Were a remarkable philosophical creation but had no practical value or use.
Proved that the force that keeps planets in their orbits is the same as the force that causes objects to fall.
Confirmed Aristotle's theory that an object in motion tends to come to rest.
Left no place in the universe for God and were therefore outlawed by Protestants and Catholics alike.
The Galenic theory of medicine
Encouraged the discovery of specific cures for particular diseases.
Resulted in such practices as bloodletting and sweating.
Rejected the ideas of Aristotle.
Argued that health was the result of chemical balance.
The work of Vesalius and Harvey was like that of Galileo and Newton in that it
Looked at nature as an essentially mechanical system.
Was based on pure reason rather than observation or experimentation.
Was expressed in the language of mathematical equations and formulas.
Accepted basic views that had been handed down from the ancient world and built upon them.
René Descartes (1596–1650)
Made a sharp distinction between matter and spirit.
Looked first to the natural world for certain truth
Was an atheist.
Favored a revival of ancient ideas.
Benedict de Spinoza (1632–1677)
Was believed to be an atheist by his contemporaries.
Believed that God is separate from nature.
Was a Dominican friar.
Was a Cartesian dualist.
The rise of the scientific worldview was generally
Welcomed by the masses, who turned away from religion and superstition.
accepted by promoters of industry, who saw it as a way of enhancing their power and prosperity.
Opposed by governments, which saw it as a threat to their political power.
Rejected in Protestant countries because it was incompatible with religious belief.
Francis Bacon believed that science should be studied
By the scholastics alone.
To improve the human condition.
For its own sake.
As a kind of worship of God.
The mechanical philosophy central to the Scientific Revolution denied the existence of
God
Forms
Motion
Matter
Platonic philosophy inspired Renaissance thinkers to
Reject the writings of all other pre-Christian thinkers.
Rely solely on their senses for knowledge.
See the search for truth about nature as another aspect of the search for knowledge about God.
Reject Christianity in favor of the pagan cults ancient Greece.
The Copernican conception of the universe was revolutionary in that it
Contradicted the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system that had already been condemned by the church.
Proposed that heavenly bodies moved in erratic and unpredictable orbits.
Suggested that the earth must be in motion, an idea that seemed to violate common sense and experience.
Violated the church's teaching that God sat at the center of the universe.
Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)
Provided the data for Johannes Kepler's theories.
Discovered astronomical phenomena that led him to reject Aristotle.
Accepted the heliocentric model of the universe.
Believed in abstract reason, not in observation.
Galileo's observations of the heavens by telescope
Were condemned by the church because Galileo saw no evidence of God or angels.
Helped break down distinctions that had been made between the nature of the heavens and that of the earth.
Refuted the belief in circular orbits of the planets and supported the idea of epicycles.
Seemed to contradict the Copernican theory and support that of Tycho Brahe.
In his Opticks, Newton argued that
The pursuit of alchemy was fraudulent and sinful.
Light emanated from the heavens alone.
Light was corpuscular in nature.
The order of the physical world denied the existence of God.
Paracelsus (1493–1541)
Relied on chemicals for cures.
Was an ardent supporter of Galenic medicine.
Was quickly embraced by the medical community.
Attracted few followers outside of his native Switzerland
Robert Boyle (1627–1691)
Rejected the experimental method in favor of magic.
Feared the tendencies of the populace to disorder and rebellion.
Rejected the atomic explanation of matter.
Equated Aristotelian ideas with Protestantism.
In the 1600s, science posed a challenge to
philosophers who sought reform of the clerical power.
The traditional authority of Catholic clergy but strengthened that of Protestant clergy.
The traditional authority of clergy, in both Catholic and Protestant churches.
The authority of Protestant clergy but strengthened that of Catholic clergy.
The Scientific Revolution resulted in all of the following EXCEPT the
Widening of the gap between elite and popular culture.
Belief that the universe was a giant machine.
Reorientation of society toward physical and human problems.
Elimination of religion as a force in society.
By the late seventeenth century, in only England and ________ did landed and mercantile elites share in the process of governing.
Prussia
France
The Dutch Republic
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella put in place a dynastic state that laid the foundation for the Spanish Empire by
Increasing their reliance on the cultural and economic contributions of Iberian Muslims.
Forging a Spanish identity based in part on "blood" ancestry.
Welcoming Jews into Spain and offering them religious toleration.
Reducing the size of their army and directing financial resources to commerce and industry
Which of the following best embodies Cardinal Richelieu's policy of raison d'état, or reason of state?
An international Catholic alliance
War with Catholic Spain
An equal partnership between nobles and the king in France
Religious freedom in France
The reign of Louis XIV is usually seen as a model of royal absolutism because
The nobility's political power was absorbed into the royal state.
His foreign policy left the royal treasury much richer than it had been when his reign began
The nobility became the country's chief tax collectors.
He exercised power personally and directly without chief ministers.
In contrast to its Continental counterparts, the English Parliament
Included only commoners.
Included non-nobles.
Included only clergy.
Represented provinces separately.
The consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714) included all of the following EXCEPT
The beginning of England's rise to the status of a world power.
The Austrian acquisition of Belgium and pieces of Italy.
The Austrian capturing of the French throne.
The subduing of French ambitions by the English and Dutch.
The Glorious Revolution
Created a new political and constitutional system.
Returned the Stuart monarchs to the throne.
Resulted in a constitution in which all people were equal before the law.
Resulted in universal male suffrage.
In the Netherlands, the ideology of revolution and national identity were provided by the worldview of
racial identity.
Capitalism.
Calvinism
Catholicism
The Holy Roman Empire failed to unify its diverse political units into a cohesive state because
Unlike other countries, it faced no wars to justify the establishment of a national army and tax system
The Reformation fostered division and bolstered the German nobility's claims to local power.
The Hapsburg family lacked the wealth and international resources necessary to become a great royal dynasty.
No one dynasty was ever able to establish itself because of the tradition of electing the emperor.
At the heart of the Prussian state was
A free taxpaying peasantry.
A military elite with a keen interest in reform.
A powerful system of Prussian provincial assemblies outside the control of the king.
A landowning Junker class supported by the labor of serfs.
Peter the Great (1682–1725) did NOT
Lower taxes on the peasants.
Suppress independent aristocrats.
reform the army.
Make the peasants the personal property of their lords.
A major reason for the leading role of monarchs in the development of states was the fact that
Royal governments reduced taxation and forced military service; therefore, they had popular support.
Feudal nobles wished to relieve themselves of the burdens of power, so they willingly gave up this power to monarchs
Monarchs lost interest in religious affairs and stopped meddling with the churches in their countries.
The authority of monarchs often seemed the only alternative to war and disorder among the feudal aristocracy.
A major problem for Emperor Charles V was that
The Spanish merchant class controlled the political process.
The Protestant Reformation forced him to abandon his Catholic faith
He devoted more effort to stimulating commerce than to asserting his political and military power.
The enormous size of his territory demanded equally large amounts of money to maintain and to govern.
In seventeenth-century Spain, the old aristocracy and the church
Retained their land and power but failed to produce effective leadership
Embraced manual labor and profit-taking through trade.
Lost their dominance over society and its mores.
Became key proponents of science and technology.
In the seventeenth century, French kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV
Granted Protestants increased religious freedom.
Put aside religious issues in order to concentrate on foreign policy.
Welcomed Protestants into official positions in an effort to heal the wounds of civil war.
Saw French Protestants as enemies of the state.
The Fronde was a revolt of
French peasants over rent increases.
French peasants over tax increases.
The French clergy over the religious policies of Cardinal Mazarin.
Parisians, supported by French aristocrats, the courts, and the city's poorer classes over the harsh policies of Cardinal Mazarin.
The growth of royal power in England during the sixteenth century was aided by all of the following EXCEPT
The restored order and stability imposed by Henry VII.
The administrative revolution of the Tudors.
The defeat of the power of the papacy.
The reduction of the political significance of Parliament.
The Stuart kings had difficulties, and two of them were overthrown because
They showed political favoritism toward the Anglican aristocracy.
The Stuarts believed in absolute monarchy, and they ignored English political traditions
There was widespread resentment against their persecution of English Catholics.
Parliament disapproved of the Stuarts' refusal to conduct England's foreign policy.
The most vital book trade in Europe up to the French Revolution was in
Austria.
England.
The Dutch Republic.
France.
By the eighteenth century, the focal point of Western political life was
The national church.
The landed aristocracy.
The locality.
The state.
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