Systematics final 2
Exploring Plant Evolution and Interactions
Test your knowledge of evolutionary biology, paleobotany, and plant interactions with our comprehensive quiz. Consisting of 23 thought-provoking questions, this quiz will challenge your understanding of key concepts in the field.
Highlights of the quiz include:
- Questions on scientific hypotheses
- Insights into macrofossils and phylogenomic reconstruction
- Explorations of coevolution and species interactions
Which of the following statement/s about Scientific Hypothesise is/are correct?
A scientific hypothesis does not need to make a prediction
A hypothesis must be presented using complex and lengthy description
A strong hypothesis concerns an expected observation
A hypothesis does not need to be testable
None are correct
Which of the following is/are categorized as macrofossils used in paleobotany?
Life traces
Molds and casts
Wood
Adpressions
Spores/pollen grains
Anatomical preservation
None are correct
What is diffuse coevolution?
Coevolution between many interacting populations
Coevolution between species that are geographically separated
Coevolution between many interacting species
Coevolution leading to the newly evolved species shifting their habitat
What information about a plant can not be obtained from permineralized fossils?
Epidermal anatomy
Growth habit
Morphology of small fragments
Plant architecture
Internal organs
None are correct
What do we need in phylogenomics to obtain trustworthy results?
The supertree-method
Strong phylogenetic signals
Long internal and short terminal branches
Short internal and long terminal branches
A well-supported mathematical model of the character evolution
An evolutionary distant outgroup
What are the type of errors that can occur in the mathematical modeling of character evolution:
Stochastic error (too few information)
Sampling error
Systematic error (incorrect model)
One cannot make errors modeling character evolution
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
Co-evolution is the reciprocal evolution of traits in interacting species, where the traits have a direct influence on the interaction.
Co-evolution and mutualism are terms that can be used interchangeably
Co-evolution and parasitism are terms that can be used interchangeably
Co-evolution always develops through antagonistic behavior
None
Which of the following are categories of plant fossils?
Macrofossils
Mesofossils
Microfossils
Trace fossils
Molds and Casts
None
Which of the following statements about the diagnosis are correct?
That which in the opinion of its author distinguishes the taxon from others
A summary of the characters that differentiate the new nominal taxon from related or similar taxa
A complete description of the type
Place, time and by whom this type was collected
None
Which of types of species interaction have a positive effect on partners (in both side)
Mutualism
Symbiosis
Anatagonism
Competition
Coevolution
None
Which of the following statements about the cooksonioids are correct?
Very small plants
Very big plants
Naked, dichotomously branching axes
Terminal sporangia
Apical sporangia
Which statement/s about scientific hypotheses and theories is/are correct?
A hypothesis includes a testable prediction
A hypothesis does not have to include a prediction
A strong hypothesis should show an important and unexpected result
A scientific theory gives predictions that agree with experiments
A strong hypothesis has to deliver an unexpected result
None
Coevolution…
…is always beneficial for both partners
€¦has short interaction duration
€¦does not need a spatially close interaction
€¦only refers to two interacting species
None
Which statement/s about Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony is/are correct?
Maximum Likelihood is statistically inconsistent
Maximum Parsimony is statistically inconsistent
Maximum Likelihood uses all data.
Under Maximum Parsimony, more data always leads to increasingly correct solutions.
None
Pith casts...
Are formed when surrounding sediment of a fossil hardens after the plant part disintegrates
Provide information on the 3D morphology of the disintegrated (hollow) plant part
Normally provide information on the reproductive biology of the plant
None
In calculating the Maximum Likelihood scores for a phylogeny, the model that maximizes the likelihood of the DNA sequences is used.
In Jukes Cantor model, nucleotides are assumed to show the frequency of 25:25:25:25
The General Time Reversible model uses empirical nucleotide frequencies to account for mutation bias
Kimura-2-parameter model assigns a transition rate (α) for purine/purine and (β) for pyrimidine/pyrimidine
None
Phylogenomic reconstruction needs to consider some issues:
Select long-branched taxa as outgroup
Avoid Long Branch Attraction (LBA)
Include paralogous genes for reconstruction
Long internal branches allow more characters to use for reconstruction
None
Which of the following is/are considered as a plant fossil?
A rare plant that is the only living species of a clade
Cooksonia
Prototaxite according to Hueber, 2001
Prototaxite according to Schweitzer, 1983
A permineralization of a seed
None
What is an hypothesis?
It is a prediction that agrees with experiments
It is a prediction that can be tested
It is a candidate explanation for observed patterns or data that are proposed to be examined by experiments
It is a theory that can be tested
None
Which of the following is/are true?
Homo sapiens is a type specimen
A type specimen is fixed to a species
Scientific names have types
The type method consist of fixing names with the help of specimens
None
Nilsson’s first experiments on the two species of Swedish orchids demonstrate that:
Spur length determines pollinaria import and export.
The mutual direction of selection on moth and orchids evolution.
Pollination in damaged flowers doesn‘t work as well as in undamaged ones.
The evolution of spur length in P. Bifolia has been largely driven by pollinator shifts.
None
Concerning the concept of morphospecies:
Morphospecies are binomials given to isolated plant parts.
Species and higher taxa are defined based principally on morphological features.
Most reassembled fossil plants today consist of several binomials assigned to the individual parts.
Higher morphotaxa may contain fossils with different biological affinities.
None
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