Vic

The rate of sexual assaults in Australia and New Zealand is

Higher than the global average

Lower than the global average

The same in both countries

As mentioned in a lecture, which of these is one possible reason that different studies have produced different estimates about the rate of sexual assault in Australia and New Zealand?

Some of the studies that the instructor discussed in class used official/police data while others used other forms of data like victimisation surveys

Different studies have used different sets of probing or screening questions

Many people interpret the Code of Hammurabi as intending to

Mandate that those who commit violent crimes are punished harshly enough to ensure that they are deterred from future crime

Limit the offender's punishment

The criminal justice system in Australia is most similar to the criminal justice system in

New Zealand

Australia

United Kingdom

United States of America

In the earliest of recorded times, which of the following was the role of a crime victim

To take retribution indirectly

To take retribution directly

Australia generally does not differentiate between homicide and murder. In countries that do differentiate between murder and homicide, which of the following describes part of that difference

Homicide is unintentional killing

Murder is killing in some illegal manner

Homicide is intentional killing

Murder is premeditated

Manslaughter is intentional killing

If you wanted to describe the difference between Robbery and other forms of theft in one or two words, which would they be

Force/violence

Force/agression

Violence/injury

Threats/force

Why was the diagnosis of PTSD controversial when it was first developed

Internal blame

Started in America

It was among the first of the diagnostic categories to suggest that the cause was outside of the individual

It was among the least favourable diagnostic catergories

Symptoms of violent crime that affect mental abilities and processes are classified as

Emotional symptons

Cognitive symptoms

Physical symptoms

Which of the following is true about PTSD when it was first described

Applied only to crime victims

With few exceptions, there was no assumption that it would apply to crime victims

With few exceptions, there was no assumption that it wouldn't apply to crime victims

Applied to more violent crime victims

Which of the following best describes the rate at which PTSD symptoms affect the population of Western Countries

Between about 3% and 10% of people in these countries will develop these systems at some point in their lives

Between about 3% and 11% of people in these countries will develop these systems at some point in their lives

Between about 2% and 10% of people in these countries will develop these systems at some point in their lives

Between about 10% and 3% of people in these countries will develop these systems at some point in their lives

Which of the following best describes how many rape victims will exhibit symptoms of PTSD immediately after or within a few days after the offense

Under 80%

Almost all (over 90%)

Nobody (under 10%)

Which of the follow types of people should NOT be considered for a PTSD diagnosis by a mental health professional according to modern standards even if they exhibit PTSD-like symptoms

Residents of New York City who watched the terrorist attack on the world trade center on television

Radio

Television

Online

Certain individuals have argued against a "medical model" for diagnosing symptoms that some individuals may exhibit at difficult times of their lives. What alternative to this model was mentioned in one of the lectures

A selective process

Behavioural model

Choices model

Proponents/supporters of the medical model of psychiatric diagnosis suggest that which of the following is a major advantage of this model

The ability for mental health professionals to more easily communicate with each other

The ability for mental health professionals to communicate with each other through medical forms

Which of the following is one of the most frequent and long-lasting responses to violent victimisation

Heightened sense of vulnerability

Lowered sense of vulnerability

No change

A trend among people who HAVE NEVER been a victim of serious crime is

They never become a victim of crime

These individuals are typically the ones who underestimate their risks of becoming victims of serious crime

They know someone who has been a victim of crime

They are perceived to become a victim of crime

In a reading covered in class, Philip Jenkins noted that male serial killers often target prostitutes for what reason.

Because male (but not female) serial killers are frequently motivated by sex

Because prostitutes are less likely to be noticed missing

In a core reading (also a topic during in-class discussion and on-line content) Joel Best suggests what about the shocking reports about a gang initiation involving the shooting of innocent automobile drivers

That the reports were greatly exaggerated because there was no evidence they were true

That the reports were likely exaggerated because they used frequency measures rather than rates of offenses

According to a core reading authored by Joel Best, which of the following words is a key characteristic associated with the general public's views about the risk of victimisation

Violent

Random

Planned

Which of the following has been a major controversy in research on victims that was discussed in lectures?

Matters surrounding blaming the victim

Issues pertaining to culpability

In a reading by Ruback and Thompson and information summarized by the instructor, which of the following figures was presented to illustrate the risk of violent crime

The risk of violent victimisation is fairly evenly spread across all types of people

5 out of every 6 individuals in the United States will be victims of a completed or attempted violent crime at some point in their lives

4 out of every 6 individuals in the United States will be victims of a completed or attempted violent crime at some point in their lives

3 out of every 7 individuals in the United States will be victims of a completed or attempted violent crime at some point in their lives

In a core reading by Ruback and Thompson from Week 1 (summarized by the instructor) which of the following countries has the highest rate of homicide of all industralised nations

United States

United Kingdom

Australia

In a core reading by Greenberg and Ruback (discussed by the instructor in a lecture) which of the following trend pertaining to victim needs occurred about 40-50 years ago

There was a misplaced emphasis on the type of needs that were important to victims. Victims often desired assistance with dealing with emotional problems like PTSD and not financial problem

Victim needs were being neglected in favor of concern about offender rehabilitation

In a core reading by Ruback and Thompson (discussed by the instructor during a lecture) which of the following was listed as a major area of interest in the study of victims

Whether victims seek help from others

Whether victims desired "an eye for an eye" forms of justice

Which of the following is about testing an idea to see if it stands up to scrutiny?

Which of the following was the primary focus on the earliest theories of victimisation discussed in class?

Victim Typologies

Victim Motivations

Victim Background

According to Marvin Wolfgang, victim precipitation is when

Menachem Amir's writings were quite controversial in the study of crime victims because

He did not try to apply the concept of victim precipitation to the crime of rape

He tried to apply the concept of victim precipitation to the crime of rape

According to a Core Reading by Joel Best (and as discussed in a lecture) which of the following words or terms was used to describe the REALITY of most crime

Meaningful

Purposeful

According to a reading by Philip Jenkins (discussed during in-class discussions), which of the following victim characteristics do serial killers consider when selecting victims

Victim size, they want to be able to control the victim

Victim availability

Victim age, they want a victim who is vulnerable

According to a reading by Warr and a reading by Garafalo and as discussed in-class, fear of crime can under certain circumstances be considered

Persuasive

Functional

According to the Core reading by Ruback and Thompson (Ch4), and as discussed in class, which of the following is an advantage to using a medical model when describing the behaviours of sexual assault victims (note, the term "medical model" may not have been used by Ruback and Thompson, but it was used during a lecture)

None of the other answers is correct. These authors suggested that we should avoid using a medical model

A medical model can assist victims to more clearly understand that what they are feeling is a normal result of exposure to abnormal events

Which of the following is a primary criticism of the term "victim precipitation"?

It can lead to blaming the victim

It can lead to blaming the offender

Which of the following is most correct about "Routine Activity Theory" and "Lifestyle-exposure Theory"?

The one attempts to explain the difference between crime rates and the other the difference between the frequencies of crimes across different groups.

The difference between the two is largely in terminology

Which of the following is most accurate about the word "telescoping" as applied to the measurement of crime through victimisation or self-report surveys/studies

This term refers to the fact that individuals typically believe that salient or traumatic events have occurred closer in time than they actually have

This term does not refer to the fact that individuals typically believe that salient or traumatic events have occurred closer in time than they actually have

According to one of the lectures, the Australia Bureau of Statistics Recorded Crimes figures/statistics were fashioned after the United States Uniformed Crimes Reports

But even so, care must be taken when comparing crime rates across these two countries

But even so, care must be taken when comparing crime rates across these main countries

People who strongly believe in a "just world" can do what by blaming victims?

Fool themselves into under-estimating their perceptions of personal vulnerability by believing that nothing bad will occur to them as long as they don't act like the victim acted or have similar characteristics

Fool themselves into over-estimating their perceptions of personal vulnerability by believing that nothing bad will occur to them as long as they don't act like the victim acted or have similar characteristics

According to very new literature discussed during the lectures, 25 different studies conducted during various years by different authors strongly suggest that approximately 16.4% of Australian and New Zealand women will become victims of some type of sexual assault by a non-partner at some point in their lives. If we compared this figure with similar figures from other countries, what might we say regarding the sexual assault rate in Australia and New Zealand?

This figure is clearly based only upon actual reports of sexual assaults to the police. For this reason, the actual rate is clearly much higher than 16.4%.

This figure, while already seemingly high, is over twice the global average.

This figure is clearly based only upon actual reports of sexual assaults to the police. For this reason, the actual rate is clearly much higher than 16.4%.

This figure, while already seemingly high, is over twice the global average.

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