BIOCHEMISTRY
Which of the following 2nd messengers are likely to be present in the cell following activation of a G-Protein Coupled Receptor?
α-GDP
α-GTP
CAMP
PIP2
PIP3
Which of the following 2nd messengers are likely to be present in the cell following activation of a Tyrosine Kinase Receptor?
α-GDP
α-GTP
CAMP
PIP2
PIP3
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased exercise intensity on the release of Insulin and Epinephrine?
Insulin is increased and Epinephrine increases so as to increase the both the uptake of glucose into muscle and release of glucose and fat from the liver thus sustaining normal blood glucose levels and fuelling energy needs
Insulin is increased but Epinephrine is decreased so as to increase the uptake and storage of glucose into muscle and ensure glycogen content is sustained for high intensity exercise
Insulin is decreased and Epinephrine is decreased so as to ensure the innate homeostatic controls within cells regulate fuel utilisation independent of hormonal regulation
Insulin is decreased and Epinephrine is increased so as to remove the stimulus for glucose uptake and storage into fat and muscle cells while increasing the stimulus for the breakdown of glycogen and triglyceride.
Reversible phosphorylation refers to the process by which two enzymes regulating the two opposite pathways for either the storage or breakdown of a particular fuel are regulated by the same covalent modification of addition or removal of a phosphate molecule. Which of the following phosphorylation states would lead to an increase in glycogen stores?
Phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and Phosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase
Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase and Phosphorylated Triglyceride Synthase
Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only
Dephosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and dephosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase
Dephosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only
Reversible phosphorylation refers to the process by which two enzymes regulating the two opposite pathways for either the storage or breakdown of a particular fuel are regulated by the same covalent modification of addition or removal of a phosphate molecule. Which of the following phosphorylation states would lead to a decrease in Triglyceride stores?
Phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and Phosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase
Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase and Phosphorylated Triglyceride Synthase
Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only
Dephosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and dephosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase
Dephosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only
Which of the following hormones is most likely to stimulate translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane in a liver cell?
Insulin
Epinephrine
Glucagon
All of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the liver
None of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the liver
Which of the following hormones is most likely to stimulate translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane in a fat cell?
Insulin
Epinephrine
Glucagon
All of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the fat cell
None of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the fat cell
Insulin stimulation of a fat cell will most likely lead to:
Activation of HSL and the release of fatty acids for storage in the muscle
Inhibition of HSL and the release of fatty acids for storage in the muscle
Activation of HSL and the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in the fat cell
Inhibition of HSL and the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in the fat cell
None of the above will occur as Insulin does not affect HSL activity
Hormonal stimulation of glucose transporter translocation is most likely a result of:
Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the MAPK pathway
Glucagon mediated cAMP stimulation of PKA
Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the PI-3Kinase pathway
Glucagon mediated cAMP stimulation of AMPK
None of the above will induce glucose transporter translocation
Hormonal stimulation of lipolysis is most likely a result of:
Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the MAPK pathway
Epinephrine mediated cAMP stimulation of PKA
Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the PI-3Kinase pathway
Epinephrine mediated cAMP stimulation of PDE
None of the above will induce lipolysis
Which of the following metabolic signals is considered an allosteric inhibitor for the enzyme PhosphoFructoKinase?
AMP
ADP
ATP
F6P
Pi
Which of the following are most likely responsible for the inhibition of Fatty acid transport into the mitochondria during exercise?
Limiting levels of free acetyl CoA in the matrix of the mitochondria reducing CPT 2 activity
Reduced Free carnitine levels in the inner mitochondrial matrix reducing CPT activity
The accumulation of Hydrogen ions in the cytosol inhibiting CPT1 activity
Limiting levels of free CoA in the cytosol reducing the availability of Fatty Acyl CoA for CPT1
All of the above mechanisms may be responsible for the inhibition of fatty acid transport into the mitochondria during exercise.
Which of the following is NOT a possible fate for glutamate produced during the utilisation of branched chain amino acids in skeletal muscle during exercise?
React with Ammonium to produce Glutamine for transport to the Liver
React with Glutamate Dehydrogenase and produce NADH, Ammonium, hydrogen ions and alpha-ketoglutarat
React with pyruvate to produce Alanine for transport to the Liver
All of the above are possible fates for glutamate produced in skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT likely to increase glycogen breakdown as intensity increases?
AMP
IMP
NH4
ADP
Which of the following statements is NOT true of Lactate production?
Lactate production can occur at anytime, as it is a consequence of glycolysis producing pyruvate at a greater rate than the mitochondria can remove it
Lactate production occurs at greater rates during high intensity exercise because of the increased reliance on muscle glycogen as a fuel at high intensities.
Lactate production occurs when glycolysis is a predominant metabolic pathway for ATP production because there is no oxygen in the cell
Lactate production in the muscle results in its release into the blood and uptake by the Liver as a readily available fuel for gluconeogenesis
Lactate production is likely to occur when there is a mismatch between ATP demand and ATP supply
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