BIOCHEMISTRY

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased exercise intensity on the release of Insulin and Epinephrine?

Insulin is increased and Epinephrine increases so as to increase the both the uptake of glucose into muscle and release of glucose and fat from the liver thus sustaining normal blood glucose levels and fuelling energy needs

Insulin is increased but Epinephrine is decreased so as to increase the uptake and storage of glucose into muscle and ensure glycogen content is sustained for high intensity exercise

Insulin is decreased and Epinephrine is decreased so as to ensure the innate homeostatic controls within cells regulate fuel utilisation independent of hormonal regulation

Insulin is decreased and Epinephrine is increased so as to remove the stimulus for glucose uptake and storage into fat and muscle cells while increasing the stimulus for the breakdown of glycogen and triglyceride.

Reversible phosphorylation refers to the process by which two enzymes regulating the two opposite pathways for either the storage or breakdown of a particular fuel are regulated by the same covalent modification of addition or removal of a phosphate molecule. Which of the following phosphorylation states would lead to an increase in glycogen stores?

Phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and Phosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase

Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase and Phosphorylated Triglyceride Synthase

Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only

Dephosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and dephosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase

Dephosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only

Phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and Phosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase

Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase and Phosphorylated Triglyceride Synthase

Phosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only

Dephosphorylated Glycogen Synthase and dephosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase

Dephosphorylated Hormone Sensitive Lipase only

Which of the following hormones is most likely to stimulate translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane in a liver cell?

Insulin

Epinephrine

Glucagon

All of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the liver

None of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the liver

Which of the following hormones is most likely to stimulate translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane in a fat cell?

Insulin

Epinephrine

Glucagon

All of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the fat cell

None of the above will stimulate glucose transporter translocation in the fat cell

Insulin stimulation of a fat cell will most likely lead to:

Activation of HSL and the release of fatty acids for storage in the muscle

Inhibition of HSL and the release of fatty acids for storage in the muscle

Activation of HSL and the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in the fat cell

Inhibition of HSL and the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in the fat cell

None of the above will occur as Insulin does not affect HSL activity

Hormonal stimulation of glucose transporter translocation is most likely a result of:

Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the MAPK pathway

Glucagon mediated cAMP stimulation of PKA

Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the PI-3Kinase pathway

Glucagon mediated cAMP stimulation of AMPK

None of the above will induce glucose transporter translocation

Hormonal stimulation of lipolysis is most likely a result of:

Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the MAPK pathway

Epinephrine mediated cAMP stimulation of PKA

Insulin mediated IRS stimulation of the PI-3Kinase pathway

Epinephrine mediated cAMP stimulation of PDE

None of the above will induce lipolysis

Which of the following are most likely responsible for the inhibition of Fatty acid transport into the mitochondria during exercise?

Limiting levels of free acetyl CoA in the matrix of the mitochondria reducing CPT 2 activity

Reduced Free carnitine levels in the inner mitochondrial matrix reducing CPT activity

The accumulation of Hydrogen ions in the cytosol inhibiting CPT1 activity

Limiting levels of free CoA in the cytosol reducing the availability of Fatty Acyl CoA for CPT1

All of the above mechanisms may be responsible for the inhibition of fatty acid transport into the mitochondria during exercise.

Which of the following is NOT a possible fate for glutamate produced during the utilisation of branched chain amino acids in skeletal muscle during exercise?

React with Ammonium to produce Glutamine for transport to the Liver

React with Glutamate Dehydrogenase and produce NADH, Ammonium, hydrogen ions and alpha-ketoglutarat

React with pyruvate to produce Alanine for transport to the Liver

All of the above are possible fates for glutamate produced in skeletal muscle

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Lactate production?

Lactate production can occur at anytime, as it is a consequence of glycolysis producing pyruvate at a greater rate than the mitochondria can remove it

Lactate production occurs at greater rates during high intensity exercise because of the increased reliance on muscle glycogen as a fuel at high intensities.

Lactate production occurs when glycolysis is a predominant metabolic pathway for ATP production because there is no oxygen in the cell

Lactate production in the muscle results in its release into the blood and uptake by the Liver as a readily available fuel for gluconeogenesis

Lactate production is likely to occur when there is a mismatch between ATP demand and ATP supply

Which of the following enzymes is directly involved in the synthesis of Ammonium ions during high intensity exercise?

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