Chapter 1
Toxicology Knowledge Quiz
Test your knowledge of toxicology with our comprehensive quiz covering a variety of essential topics. Dive deep into the world of poisons, antidotes, and their effects on human health. Whether you're a student, teacher, or just someone interested in the field, this quiz is for you!
Key Topics Include:
- Types of Toxicity
- Mechanisms of Action
- Famous Poisonous Compounds
- Safety Guidelines in Toxicology
Examples would be adverse effects on the kidney or central nervous system resulting from the chronic ingestion of mercury
Local toxicity
Systemic toxicity
Delayed toxicity
Chronic toxicity
An example would be the development of silicosis following a long-term exposure to silica in workplaces such as foundries.
Local toxicity
Chronic exposure
Chronic toxicity
Systemic toxicity
An example would be chemical asphyxiation from exposure to a high concentration of carbon monoxide (CO).
Local toxicity
Chronic exposure
Delayed toxicity
Acute toxicity
First correlated between chemical and biological properties of poisons
Moses Maimonides
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure
Dioscorides
Paracelsus
Venomous: Alflatoxin. Poisonous: Snake
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Ergot: Claviceps purpurea. Physostigmine: Calabar bean
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Lithium: Causes Diabetes insipidus. Arsenic: Densest metal used in prep of slides in EM
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Accidental: those in which the poison was given willfully and with intent to cause death to the victim. Suicidal: those in which the poison was taken by the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life.
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Example of this is perforation produced by corrosive are large and ragged while those caused by diseases are small, oval or rounded with smooth edges.
Chemical evidence
Symptomatic evidence
Post-mortem evidence
Moral evidence
This is true about oral administration:
Any factor that slows down stomach motility will decrease the amount of time that a chemical stays in the stomach, prolonging the gastric emptying time (GET).
The shorter the GET, the slower the duration of a chemical’s presence within the stomach.
The longer the GET, it is less susceptibile to gastric enzyme degradation and acid hydrolysis, in spite of any increase in pH.
The dosage form in therapeutic use is usually aerosolized in a metered dose inhaler.
This is true about dermal routes, EXCEPT:
Topical administration is the most common form of dermal application.
Epidermal and upper dermal injections have the best absorption capabilities of the parenteral routes primarily because of limited circulation.
Ï‚· Lipid-soluble chemicals are slowly but readily absorbed by non-ionic passage through the epidermal layers.
The integumentary system (skin) allows for the greatest surface area for physiological contact with the external environment.
The greater the Vd, the greater the potential for accumulation in some physiological compartment. Heavy metals do not accumulate in adipose tissue, kidneys and bones.
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Lipid-soluble compounds / non-ionic state / less prone to tissue binding
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EDTA: Renal tubular necrosis. Penicillamine: Vit. B6 deficiency
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MOA: Prevent the metal-induced inactivation of enzymes, EXCEPT:
Dimercaprol/British Anti-Lewisite
EDTA
Oral and water-soluble congener of BAL
Deferoxamine
Gastric Lavage: Stomach Only. Whole Bowel Irrigation: Duodenum to Anus
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Whole Bowel Irrigation: AE - Pneumomediastinum (gas in the peritoneal cavity). It is effective under certain conditions, particularly when activated charcoal lacks efficacy.
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Properties of a Typical Antidote, EXCEPT:
It should be capable of being taken in small dose without danger
It should be capable of combining with the poison immediately, at a temperature equal or below that of the body.
Its action should be quick.
It should deprive the poison of its deleterious effects.
Toxic ingestions with drugs having an enterohepatic circulation (e.g. cabamazepine, :theophylline, phenobarbital, TCAs, phenothiazines, digitalis ) generally require that the charcoal be re-administered every 4 hours to prevent reabsorption during circulation. Ipecac onset of emesis usually occurs within 30 minutes after administration.
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Stimulate vomiting center in the brain/CTZ
Local Emetics
Central Emetics
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