APWH unit 3 test review
APWH Unit 3 Test Review
Prepare for your AP World History exam with our comprehensive quiz focused on Unit 3. This quiz covers major themes, events, and concepts from the period, including economic exchanges, demographic changes, and cultural interactions.
- 55 multiple-choice questions
- Diverse topics reflecting key historical events
- Instant feedback on answers
The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?
The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks
The beginning of the process of industrialization
The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies
The rapid growth of China’s population under the Song and Ming dynasties
He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico.
He was an opponent of the practice of slavery.
He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.
He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible.
Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage?
Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa
The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia
The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas
European imports of sugar and tobacco
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s?
It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.
It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean.
It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power.
It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin
“Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind.”
Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby’s argument in the passage above?
Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492.
Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage
The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492.
By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.
Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the colombian exchange
The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas
The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas
Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas
European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia
Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments.
They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.
They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces.
They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.
Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America.
Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes?
Terraces and cacao
Encomiendas and corn
Horses and potatoes
Slave labor and sugar
The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following?
The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor
The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence
The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery
The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé
A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following?
The Spanish authorities’ preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments
The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity
The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest
The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ?
The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable
Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals
International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas
The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was
The demand for weapons among African elites
Bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners
The desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network
The ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas
All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT
The shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast
Destabilization of local African societies
The exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market
Increased violence through widespread use of firearms
Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map?
Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.
Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards.
African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam.
African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.
The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?
The use of art to glorify rulers
The sponsorship of art by new elites
Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations
The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the
European use of steam power
High demand for European agricultural produce in China and India
Lower prices of European manufactured products
Opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. To maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas?
The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole
The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas
New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans
The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus
*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?
The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange
The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills
Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive tropical diseases
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above?
To demonstrate their wealth and power
To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies
To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion
Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted?
Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period.
Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry.
In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood.
Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.
The development of new religions in the Americas
The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas
The impact of European colonization on the native population of the Americas
The intensification of traditional peasant labor in the plantation system
Opposition to growing syncretic religions
Concerns about the spread of epidemic diseases
Frustration over the establishment of forced labor systems
Resistance to European colonial expansion and control
To encourage rebellion among the subjects of the Inca Empire
To gain help from Christian missionaries in completing the conversion of his subjects
To characterize the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate
To increase the political reach of the Inca Empire to its pre-conquest borders
The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants
The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals
The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease
The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies
An important reason for China’s rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was
The introduction of new crops from the Americas
The end of the bubonic plague in Asia
The widespread adoption of the European three-field system
Unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires
The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.
The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China.
Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China.
The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.
Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China.
Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China.
Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.
Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.
States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies.
States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities.
States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.
States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.
Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?
The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe.
The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.
The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 to
Expand educational opportunities for the lower classes
Limit trade and other contacts with foreigners
Advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts
Develop national joint-stock companies
The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade
The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean
The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk
The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production
�The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side.” *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage?
Sufi efforts to spread Islam along trade routes to the east
Safavid support for the conquest of India by the early Mughal emperors
The expansion of trade in gunpowder weapons in the Indian Ocean and Africa
Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia
�The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side.” *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500–1750 ?
Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver
Competition between European joint-stock companies
Conflicts between the Shi‘a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires
Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires
The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?
States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.
The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.
The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.
States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT
The Safavid Empire
The Qing (Manchu) Empire
The Aztec (Mexica) Empire
The Ottoman Empire
The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 ?
It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew.
It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations.
It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire.
It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.
The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.
Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi‘a Muslims.
Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite.
The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
�In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . Who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur.” *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey’s claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies
The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration
The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas
The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.?
Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes.
Asian societies produced most of the world’s manufactured goods.
Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes.
Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.
Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription
Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity
Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule
Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not.
The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not.
The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?
The Ottomans’ use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army
The Ottomans’ use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops
The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology
The Ottomans’ exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades
The motivations for European colonization of the Americas
The relative importance of Europe in the global economy
The significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500
The justification for European claims of economic superiority
Importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia
Different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia
Exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy
Significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas
Source 1: “[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any ‘exceptional’ European ‘qualities’ permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century].” Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: “The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world.” David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008
Easing of tensions among European states
Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans
Europeans’ increased interest in foreign languages and cultures
Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia
The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes?
The interaction of humans and the environment
The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions
Competition between traditional elites and the wealthy urban class for control of cultural traditions
The spread of missionary religions over global trade networks
Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.
Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism.
Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine.
Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.
�Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as ‘dancing,’ and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . And this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle.” *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750?
Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia
The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world
The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia
The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire
Promote religious war against fellow Christians
Encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
Demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
Reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ?
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Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?
Developing professional militaries
Promoting free trade
Adopting the religious practices of minority groups
Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities
Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ?
The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns.
The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations.
Christianity was prohibited in both empires.
Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia.
Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. Interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief?
Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived.
A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases.
Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.
An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.
The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. Shared which of the following characteristics?
Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance.
Both empires formally restricted foreign trade.
Both empires were ruled by a single religious official.
Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century?
In each, the majority of the people were Muslims.
Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies.
Each had developed an efficient administrative structure.
Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states.
Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.
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