Neuro 2
Catecholamines are synthesized from ________.
Acetyl coenzyme A and choline
glutamate
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Serotonin is synthesized from ________.
Acetyl coenzyme A and choline
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Glutamate v
Oxytocin is involved in __________.
reward
Addiction
Social relationships
Pain
_________________ are a neuroactive lipids.
Catecholamines
Endorphins
Endocannabinoids
Indolamines
Sedative drugs such as __________ enhance the effects of GABA.
Pilocarpine
Scopolamine
Nicotine
Benzodiazepines
The perceptual distortions resulting from the administration of LSD are likely due to the activation of which of the following receptor subtypes?
5-HT2A
GABA
Nicotinic acetylcholine
Muscarinic acetylcholine
Which of the following is consistent with the definition of pharmacokinetics?
Antidepressant blocking reuptake of serotonin
Alcohol causing aggressive behavior
Amphetamine increasing the heart rate
The liver metabolizing a drug
Which of the following is consistent with the definition of pharmacodynamics?
The intestines absorbing a drug
Amphetamine increasing the heart rate
The liver metabolizing a drug
The bloodstream delivering a drug to an organ
___________ mimic or enhance the effects of specific neurotransmitters.
Expressors
Agonists
Antagonists
Activators
___________ is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
___________ is considered the workhorse transmitter for excitatory signaling pathways in the brain.
Glutamate
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Serotonin
Vasopressin
When an individual’s reaction to a drug decreases with repeated exposure to that drug what has occurred?
Tolerance
Sensitization
Habituation
Pharmacokinetics
Which of the following is a direct effect of nicotine administration?
The activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors
The blocking of dopamine receptors
The blocking of nicotinic cholinergic receptors
The activation of dopamine receptors
The ability of a drug to bind closely to a neurotransmitter receptor is called ________.
efficacy
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Affinity
Curare is a muscle relaxant that blocks which receptors?
Nicotinic acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Muscarinic acetylcholine
Which of the following is an amino acid?
Epinephrine
GABA
Vasopressin
Serotonin
Which of the following is a catecholamine?
Glutamate
Dopamine
Oxytocin
Acetylcholine
Which of the following is an indolamine?
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Psychoactive drugs affect neural transmission by enhancing or blocking the actions of natural transmitters in the synapse
True
False
All psychoactive substances are CNS depressants
True
False
Alcohol is classified as a psychoactive drug with diverse CNS effects.
True
False
________ is a neurochemical involved in reward, motor systems, and addiction.
Dopamine
______ are one type of peptide neurotransmitter and are involved in both pain and reward processes.
Endorphins
In both free-living and captive animals, play consumes as much as ________ of an animal’s daily energy expenditure
30%
50%
10%
20%
The ________ is important for the reward aspects of play
Nigrostriatal pathway
Mesolimbic dopamine system
Raphe nuceli
prefrontal cortex
Psychostimulants such as Ritalin prescribed to children with ADHD appear to _________________.
Have no effect on the play response
Increase impulsive behavior
Increase the play response
Diminish the play response
Genetic trends influenced by life events of an individual that can extend beyond an individual’s lifetime across several generations are called ____________.
Interactional
Biomimetic
Genetic
Transgenerational
Adult offspring of more attentive mother rats exhibit __________.
diminished exploration in a novel environment
Enhanced territorial aggression
diminished startle responses
Enhanced startle responses
The addition of an acetyl group to a histone changes the shape of nearby DNA, ______________.
Permanently inactivating those genes
mutating those genes
Making those genes more likely to be expressed
Temporarily inactivating those genes
______________ refers to the brain’s ability to restructure itself.
Neuroplasticity
Neurospecificity
Neuroelasticity
Neurospasticity
The second stage of neural development is______________.
Synaptogenesis and circuit formation
Migration
Aggregation and differentiation
Neurogenesis
Neurons deemed unnecessary after circuit formation will undergo programmed cell death known as ___________.
Neuropathy
Apoptosis
Neurodegeneration
Necrosis
Certain glial cells known as ___________ will help developing
Radial cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
During early neural development ________________ facilitates the growth of axons and dendrites and enhances the probability of neuronal survival.
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Testosterone
Progesterone
glutamate
What fact about brain development could explain why adolescent humans show higher risk-taking behavior than humans at other developmental stages?
Specifically because the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed. Also, the limbic system (which underlies emotions and desires) *is* fully developed, but isn't yet regulated by a fully functioning prefrontal cortex!
________ is detecting information about our environmental context.
Bottom-up processing
Sensation
Top-down processing
Perception
________ is interpreting sensory information about our environmental context.
Sensation
Top-down processing
Perception
Bottom-up processing
Measuring a person’s perceptions in response to a changing sensory stimulus is the basis of ________
Biopsychology
Psychophysics
Psychology
Sensory physiology
Weber’s law states. _________________.
The just noticeable difference (JND) is the same as the absolute threshold
The just noticeable difference (JND) only applies to visual stimuli
The absolute threshold is relative
The just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus
The simultaneous integration of multiple sensory systems is called _______.
sensory perception
Sensory adaptation
Sensory specialization
Multisensory integration
A superadditive neural response occurs when ____________
An integrated response is the simple sum of its components
An integrated response is much smaller than any of its components
An integrated response is much stronger than any of its components
An integrated response is smaller than any of its components
A receptive field is defined as __________.
The sensory area that a sensory neuron receives information from
The duration of the signal emitted by sensory receptors
The sensory modality that a sensory neuron receives information from
The intensity of the signal emitted by sensory receptors
The McGurk effect describes how __________.
We integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with tactile cues (the mouth-feel/texture of food)
We integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with semantic cues (how the words make us feel)
We integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with visual cues (lip movements)
We integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with gustatory cues (the taste of food)
The axons of the ______________ cells from the optic nerve
bipolar
ganglion
Horizontal
amacrine
The most densely populated area of ___________ is in the fovea, where our vision is the sharpest.
Amacrine cells
Cones
horizontal cells
rods
The conversion of physical energy to neural energy is called ___________.
Transformation
Transmission
Transduction
Translation
The first brain region to receive visual information from the retina is the ________________.
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Optic chaism
Striate cortex
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
Simple cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus?
The end of a bar-shaped stimulus
Specific shapes.
A bar-shaped stimulus anywhere in the visual field.
A bar-shaped stimulus, in specific part of the visual field, in a specific orientation
Area V2 responds to ___________.
Motion
Outlines or defining shapes
Objects and color
Form and motion
Damage to the ___________ leads to the inability to recognize particular faces.
Parahippocampal cortex (PHC)
Dorsal stream
V5
fusiform gyrus
The ___________ contributes the “where” of a visual stimulus.
Ventral stream
Dorsal stream
Parahippocampal cortex (PHC)
Fusiform gyrus
The eardrum is also known as the ________ membrane.
Tympanic
Ossicular
Tectoral
Basilar
________ are sensitive to light touch and are concentrated in sensitive skin areas, such as fingers and lips.
Merkel’s discs
Pacinian corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Meissner’s corpuscles
Olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the ________.
Olfactory cortex
Entorhinal cortex
olfactory bulbs
amygdala
When stimulation of one sense triggers additional, seemingly unrelated perceptual experiences, this is called ________.
Schizophrenia
Synesthesia
Hallucination
delusion
Which of the following supports a close association between olfaction and emotion?
The fact that a single neuron in the piriform cortex has extensive projections to limbic areas
The presence of axonal connections between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb.
The fact that children of women who use alcohol to counter negative emotional states have no reaction to the smell of alcoholic beverages.
The fact that the VNO is much smaller in humans than in in rats.
The ________ neural pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the skin.
Dorsal column–medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic (anterolateral)
Ventral stream
Dorsal stream
According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens when “yellow” photoreceptors become fatigued?
A gray afterimage will appear
A green afterimage will appear
A red afterimage will appear
A blue afterimage will appear
When light activates the photopigment in a rod cell _________________.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels rise
The rod cell depolarizes
Sodium channels close
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is inhibited
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, specialized receptor cells respond preferentially to medium, short, and long wavelengths of light.
True
False
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უიზი გაკეთებულია „სამოქალაქო საზოგადოების განვითარების ცენტრის“ ტრანზიტული საგნმანათლებლო პროგრამის ფარგლებში
ავტორი: სპეციალური პედაგოგი - ნინო კაკალაშვილი
ქართული ანბანი
ქართული დამწერლობა — ანბანური დამწერლობა, რომელსაც იყენებს ქართული ენა და მისი მონათესავე ქართველური ენები, თანამედროვე ქართულ ანბანს 33 ასო აქვს, ძველ ანბანში კი 38 ასო-ნიშანი იყო, რომელთაგან ხუთი თანამედროვე ქართულში აღარ გამოიყენება. 33 ასოდან 5 ხმოვანია და 28 თანხმოვანი.
ქართლის ცხოვრების თანახმად, ქართული დამწერლობა იბერიის პირველმა მეფემ ფარნავაზმა შექმნა.
ქართული დამწელობა შედგება სამი ისტორიული სახისაგან, ასომთავრული , ნუსხური და მხედრული. თითოეულ მათგანს თავისი გრაფიკული დამახასიათებელი სტილი აქვს.
ასომთავრული:
ნუსხური : მხედრული:
თანამედროვე ქართულში „მხედრულის მთავრული“ ასოები გამოიყენება
მსოფლიოს ხუთ ყველაზე ლამაზ დამწერლობას შორის ქართული მე-3 ადგილზეა. ქართული ამბანი არის მსოფლიოში ერთ-ერთი უძველესი სრულყოფილი ანბანური სისტემა.
635