Neuro 2

Catecholamines are synthesized from ________.

Acetyl coenzyme A and choline

glutamate

Phenylalanine

Tryptophan

Serotonin is synthesized from ________.

Acetyl coenzyme A and choline

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Glutamate v

_________________ are a neuroactive lipids.

Catecholamines

Endorphins

Endocannabinoids

Indolamines

Sedative drugs such as __________ enhance the effects of GABA.

Pilocarpine

Scopolamine

Nicotine

Benzodiazepines

The perceptual distortions resulting from the administration of LSD are likely due to the activation of which of the following receptor subtypes?

5-HT2A

GABA

Nicotinic acetylcholine

Muscarinic acetylcholine

Which of the following is consistent with the definition of pharmacokinetics?

Antidepressant blocking reuptake of serotonin

Alcohol causing aggressive behavior

Amphetamine increasing the heart rate

The liver metabolizing a drug

Which of the following is consistent with the definition of pharmacodynamics?

The intestines absorbing a drug

Amphetamine increasing the heart rate

The liver metabolizing a drug

The bloodstream delivering a drug to an organ

___________ mimic or enhance the effects of specific neurotransmitters.

Expressors

Agonists

Antagonists

Activators

___________ is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Glycine

GABA

Glutamate

Serotonin

___________ is considered the workhorse transmitter for excitatory signaling pathways in the brain.

Glutamate

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Serotonin

Vasopressin

When an individual’s reaction to a drug decreases with repeated exposure to that drug what has occurred?

Tolerance

Sensitization

Habituation

Pharmacokinetics

Which of the following is a direct effect of nicotine administration?

The activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors

The blocking of dopamine receptors

The blocking of nicotinic cholinergic receptors

The activation of dopamine receptors

The ability of a drug to bind closely to a neurotransmitter receptor is called ________.

efficacy

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Affinity

Curare is a muscle relaxant that blocks which receptors?

Nicotinic acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Muscarinic acetylcholine

Psychoactive drugs affect neural transmission by enhancing or blocking the actions of natural transmitters in the synapse

True

False

______ are one type of peptide neurotransmitter and are involved in both pain and reward processes.

Endorphins

In both free-living and captive animals, play consumes as much as ________ of an animal’s daily energy expenditure

30%

50%

10%

20%

The ________ is important for the reward aspects of play

Nigrostriatal pathway

Mesolimbic dopamine system

Raphe nuceli

prefrontal cortex

Psychostimulants such as Ritalin prescribed to children with ADHD appear to _________________.

Have no effect on the play response

Increase impulsive behavior

Increase the play response

Diminish the play response

Genetic trends influenced by life events of an individual that can extend beyond an individual’s lifetime across several generations are called ____________.

Interactional

Biomimetic

Genetic

Transgenerational

Adult offspring of more attentive mother rats exhibit __________.

diminished exploration in a novel environment

Enhanced territorial aggression

diminished startle responses

Enhanced startle responses

The addition of an acetyl group to a histone changes the shape of nearby DNA, ______________.

Permanently inactivating those genes

mutating those genes

Making those genes more likely to be expressed

Temporarily inactivating those genes

______________ refers to the brain’s ability to restructure itself.

Neuroplasticity

Neurospecificity

Neuroelasticity

Neurospasticity

The second stage of neural development is______________.

Synaptogenesis and circuit formation

Migration

Aggregation and differentiation

Neurogenesis

Neurons deemed unnecessary after circuit formation will undergo programmed cell death known as ___________.

Neuropathy

Apoptosis

Neurodegeneration

Necrosis

Certain glial cells known as ___________ will help developing

Radial cells

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

During early neural development ________________ facilitates the growth of axons and dendrites and enhances the probability of neuronal survival.

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

Testosterone

Progesterone

glutamate

What fact about brain development could explain why adolescent humans show higher risk-taking behavior than humans at other developmental stages?

Specifically because the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed. Also, the limbic system (which underlies emotions and desires) *is* fully developed, but isn't yet regulated by a fully functioning prefrontal cortex!

________ is detecting information about our environmental context.

Bottom-up processing

Sensation

Top-down processing

Perception

________ is interpreting sensory information about our environmental context.

Sensation

Top-down processing

Perception

Bottom-up processing

Measuring a person’s perceptions in response to a changing sensory stimulus is the basis of ________

Biopsychology

Psychophysics

Psychology

Sensory physiology

Weber’s law states. _________________.

The just noticeable difference (JND) is the same as the absolute threshold

The just noticeable difference (JND) only applies to visual stimuli

The absolute threshold is relative

The just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus

The simultaneous integration of multiple sensory systems is called _______.

sensory perception

Sensory adaptation

Sensory specialization

Multisensory integration

A superadditive neural response occurs when ____________

An integrated response is the simple sum of its components

An integrated response is much smaller than any of its components

An integrated response is much stronger than any of its components

An integrated response is smaller than any of its components

A receptive field is defined as __________.

The sensory area that a sensory neuron receives information from

The duration of the signal emitted by sensory receptors

The sensory modality that a sensory neuron receives information from

The intensity of the signal emitted by sensory receptors

The McGurk effect describes how __________.

We integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with tactile cues (the mouth-feel/texture of food)

We integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with semantic cues (how the words make us feel)

We integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with visual cues (lip movements)

We integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with gustatory cues (the taste of food)

The axons of the ______________ cells from the optic nerve

bipolar

ganglion

Horizontal

amacrine

The most densely populated area of ___________ is in the fovea, where our vision is the sharpest.

Amacrine cells

Cones

horizontal cells

rods

The conversion of physical energy to neural energy is called ___________.

Transformation

Transmission

Transduction

Translation

The first brain region to receive visual information from the retina is the ________________.

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Optic chaism

Striate cortex

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Simple cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus?

The end of a bar-shaped stimulus

Specific shapes.

A bar-shaped stimulus anywhere in the visual field.

A bar-shaped stimulus, in specific part of the visual field, in a specific orientation

Area V2 responds to ___________.

Motion

Outlines or defining shapes

Objects and color

Form and motion

Damage to the ___________ leads to the inability to recognize particular faces.

Parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Dorsal stream

fusiform gyrus

The ___________ contributes the “where” of a visual stimulus.

Ventral stream

Dorsal stream

Parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Fusiform gyrus

________ are sensitive to light touch and are concentrated in sensitive skin areas, such as fingers and lips.

Merkel’s discs

Pacinian corpuscles

Free nerve endings

Meissner’s corpuscles

Olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the ________.

Olfactory cortex

Entorhinal cortex

olfactory bulbs

amygdala

When stimulation of one sense triggers additional, seemingly unrelated perceptual experiences, this is called ________.

Schizophrenia

Synesthesia

Hallucination

delusion

Which of the following supports a close association between olfaction and emotion?

The fact that a single neuron in the piriform cortex has extensive projections to limbic areas

The presence of axonal connections between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb.

The fact that children of women who use alcohol to counter negative emotional states have no reaction to the smell of alcoholic beverages.

The fact that the VNO is much smaller in humans than in in rats.

The ________ neural pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the skin.

Dorsal column–medial lemniscus

Spinothalamic (anterolateral)

Ventral stream

Dorsal stream

According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens when “yellow” photoreceptors become fatigued?

A gray afterimage will appear

A green afterimage will appear

A red afterimage will appear

A blue afterimage will appear

When light activates the photopigment in a rod cell _________________.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels rise

The rod cell depolarizes

Sodium channels close

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is inhibited

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, specialized receptor cells respond preferentially to medium, short, and long wavelengths of light.

True

False

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Neuro 2

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