Urogenital development
Mesonephroi, find true:
- Are derived from endoderm
- Are derived from intermediate neuroectoderm
- Are derived from mesoderm
- Each mesonephros consists of renal corpuscles and mesonephric tubules, which open into mesonephric duct
- Each mesonephros proper degenerates, mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts) are derivates in males
- Lie caudal to pronephroi
- They begin to develop in 8th week
- They begin to develop late in 16th week
- They consist of approximately 40 glomeruli
- They begin to develop late in 4th week
- They consist of approximately 400 glomeruli
During the gonadal system development, both paramesonephric Müllerian ducts and mesonephric are present in both sexes:
- In females Wolffian ducts degenerate
- In females Wolffian ducts regress in the absence of testosterone
- In the females the Müllerian ducts differentiate into the oviduct, uterus and upper part of the vagina
- In males the Müllerian ducts degenerate due to action of AMH
- In males Wolffian ducts differentiation is under maternal estrogens control
- Paramesonephric (Müllerian ducts) are newly produced ducts as invagination of mesodermal epithelium
- Wolffian ducts are formed during the metanephros development
Find true regarding metanephros:
- Begins development in the fifth week
- Begins development in the 25th week
- C cells produce calcitonin
- C cells produce parathormone
- It is a primordium of permanent kidney
- It is a primordium of permanent ovary
- It is a primordium of permanent testis
- There are 2 sources for metanephros: ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm
Kidney is of:
- Ectodermal origin
- Endodermal origin
- Mesenchymal origin
- Mesodermal origin
- Mixed ectodermal and endodermal origin
- Neuroectodermal origin
Paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts give rise to:
- Efferent ductules
- Female external genitalia
- Ovaries
- Oviducts
- Upper part of vagina
- Uterus
Paramesonephric (Müllerian ducts):
- Are female specific
- Are formed during the pronephros development
- Are male specific
- Are newly produced ducts as invagination of endodermal epithelium
- Are newly produced ducts as invagination of mesodermal epithelium
- In females, differentiate into the oviducts, uterus and upper part of vagina
- In males, differentiate into the oviducts, uterus and upper part of the vagina
- In males, the ducts degenerate due to the action of Antimüllerian hormone (AMH)
Genital system development:
- Both mesonephric Wolffian ducts and paramesonephric Müllerian ducts are present in both sexes
- Female zygote contains XX set of sex chromosome
- Female zygote contains XY set of sex chromosome
- Gonadal development is performed in the absence of primordial germ cells
- Gonadal Development is limited in the absence of primordial germ cells (gonocytes)
- Gonad development includes indifferent stage and stage of differentiation
- Under SRY protein influence female gonad development occurs
- Male gonad is differentiated under placental and maternal estrogens
- Paramesonephric Müllerian ducts are specific for male
- In females, gonadal development is unlimited regarding the number of primordial germ cells (gonocytes)
Genital system development:
- In females the Müllerian duct will differentiate into the oviducts, uterus and upper part of the vagina
- Includes indifferent stage and stage of differentiation
- Male zygote contains XY set of chromosome.
- In females, gonadal development is unlimited regarding the number of primordial germ cells (gonocytes)
- Gonadal development does not include indifferent stage and stage of differentiation
- Mesonephric Wolffian ducts are specific for male
- Morphological differences are not observed in indifferent gonad in the both sexes
- Paramesonephric Müllerian ducts are specific for female
- SRY protein influences on Male gonad development
- The key to sexual dimorphism is the gene on short arm of Y chromosome
- The key to sexual dimorphism is the gene on short arm of X chromosome
Male gonad development, find true:
- Begins at 7th week of prenatal life
- Begins at 17th week of prenatal life
- Primitive germ cells are derived from ectoderm of amnion
- Primitive germ cells are derived from yolk sac
- Toward the hilum, cells of the cords form tiny tubules – rete testis
- The tunica albuginea separates the testis cords from the surface epithelium
- Is influenced by SRY protein, product of gene on short arm of Y chromosome
- Sertoli cells are derived from mesoderm
- Sertoli cells are derived from endoderm of yolk sac
- Is developed only in the absence of SRY protein
Leydig cells, find true:
- Are derived from mesenchyme of the genital ridge
- Are derived from mesoderm
- By the eighth week of gestation they begin production of testosterone
- Lie in the medulla of the testis cords
- Lie between testis cords
- They release testosterone under the stimulation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Are haploid cells
- Located in interstitial tissue of testis
- In the 5th week they begin to produce testosterone
Hormonal control of female sex differentiation – find true:
- Estrogens are included in this process
- Estrogens are unnecessary for this process
- The only source for hormones involved in sex organs differentiation is placenta
- Uterine tube development depends on maternal estrogens
- The development of ext. genitalia is stimulated by placental estrogens
- Only maternal hormones are involved in sex organs differentiation
Ovary development, find true:
- Firstly, the cell clusters with primitive germ cells occupy the medullary part of ovary.
- Occurs by 10th week of gestation
- Occurs earlier than testis development
- Occurs later than the testis development
- Oogonia arise from endoderm of yolk sac wall.
- Primordial germ cells differentiate into the oogonia
- Starts at 7th week of gestation
- The cell clusters with primitive germ cells occupy the medullary part of ovary
- The cell clusters surround one primitive germ cells to form primordial ovarian follicle
- Cortical cords remain close to the surface
- Primordial germ cells develop into Graafian follicles
Permanent kidneys arise from:
- Both: meso- and pronephroi
- Both: meta- and pronephroi
- Mesonephroi
- Metanephroi
Find true:
- Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is secretory product of Sertoli cells.
- In females the Müllerian duct degenerates due the action of AMH
- Leydig cells are formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells
- Pronephros is nonfunctional organ in human.
- Leydig cells by the 8th week of gestation begin production of testosterone
- Mesonephros proper degenerates
- The definite kidney becomes functional near the 12th week
- AMH or MIS is secretory product of sertoli cells
- Primordial of kidney and gonads derive from intermediate mesoderm
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