Spanning Tree Protocol
Which bridge is elected as the Root Bridge in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) topology?
The bridge with the highest MAC address
The bridge with the highest priority value
The bridge with the lowest priority value and MAC address
The bridge with the highest bridge ID
In which STP state does a port learn MAC addresses but not forward frames?
Blocking
Listening
Learning
Forwarding
What is the purpose of the Root Port in STP?
To block all traffic
To forward traffic to and from the Root Bridge
To create redundant links
To connect to end devices
What happens to a port in the blocking state in STP?
It forwards all traffic
It learns MAC addresses
It only receives BPDUs and does not forward them
It learns and forwards MAC addresses
Which protocol is used by MSTP to map multiple VLANs into a single spanning tree instance?
PVST+
RSTP
802.1D
MSTP
In Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), which state is not used?
Discarding
Learning
Listening
Forwarding
What is the main advantage of using RSTP over STP?
Faster convergence
Lower CPU usage
Better VLAN support
Simplicity
What is a BPDU guard used for in STP?
To prevent the use of unauthorized BPDUs
To ensure all ports forward traffic
To protect the Root Bridge from attacks
To automatically disable a port when a BPDU is received on a port that should not receive them
Which command is used to enable BPDU guard on a Cisco switch?
Spanning-tree guard root
Spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default
Spanning-tree bpduguard enable
Spanning-tree bpdufilter enable
What is the function of a designated port in STP?
It connects to end devices
It forwards traffic away from the Root Bridge
It blocks traffic to prevent loops
It is an alternative path to the Root Bridge
In STP, what does a BPDU contain?
MAC address information
Port configurations
Root Bridge ID, sender bridge ID, and path cost
VLAN information
What is the result of enabling PortFast on an STP port?
The port will immediately enter the forwarding state
The port will remain in the blocking state
The port will alternate between listening and learning states
The port will become a Root Port
What is the role of the TCN (Topology Change Notification) BPDU in STP?
To elect the Root Bridge
To notify switches of a topology change
To set port priorities
To establish a redundant link
Which timer in STP controls how long a port stays in the listening and learning states?
Hello timer
Forward delay timer
Max age timer
Hold timer
What mechanism does RSTP use to achieve faster convergence compared to STP?
Backup ports
Alternate ports
Rapid transition to forwarding state
All of the above
In a spanning tree topology, what happens if the Root Bridge fails?
Network traffic stops until a new Root Bridge is manually configured
The network automatically elects a new Root Bridge
All ports go into blocking state
The network will not be affected
Which command is used to configure a switch as the Root Bridge for VLAN 10 in a Cisco environment?
Spanning-tree vlan 10 root primary
Spanning-tree vlan 10 priority 4096
Spanning-tree vlan 10 root
Spanning-tree vlan 10 priority 0
What is the maximum age timer in STP used for?
To determine how long a BPDU is valid
To set the interval between BPDU transmissions
To control how long a port stays in the forwarding state
To control the time between TCN BPDU transmissions
Which STP enhancement allows for the immediate transition of edge ports to the forwarding state?
BPDU guard
PortFast
Root guard
Loop guard
What does the "root guard" feature do in STP?
Blocks any port from becoming a Root Port
Prevents a designated port from becoming a Root Port
Prevents unauthorized BPDUs
Disables ports receiving superior BPDUs
In MSTP, what is the purpose of an IST (Internal Spanning Tree)?
To manage a single VLAN
To handle all VLANs as a single instance
To connect MST regions
To provide faster convergence
Which Cisco command shows the current STP status of a specific VLAN?
Show spanning-tree
Show vlan stp
Show spanning-tree vlan
Show stp vlan
How does the "loop guard" feature enhance STP?
By preventing temporary loops during convergence
By protecting against unidirectional link failures
By ensuring ports move directly to forwarding state
By blocking unauthorized BPDUs
In RSTP, what is a backup port?
A port that provides a backup path to the Root Bridge
A port that provides an alternate path to the Root Bridge
A port that takes over if the designated port fails
A port that is blocked and does not participate in frame forwarding
What type of BPDU is used by RSTP for rapid transition to forwarding state?
TCN BPDU
Configuration BPDU
Proposal BPDU
Agreement BPDU
How can you verify the root bridge for a specific VLAN in a Cisco switch?
Show spanning-tree root
Show spanning-tree vlan
Show vlan root
Show stp vlan
What is the primary function of a BPDU filter?
To prevent the reception of BPDUs
To block BPDU transmission on edge ports
To filter out unauthorized BPDUs
To enhance security on trunk ports
What is the function of the "spanning-tree portfast" command?
Enables BPDU guard on the port
Immediately transitions the port to the forwarding state
Prevents the port from participating in STP
Sets the port as a Root Port
Which spanning tree version allows multiple VLANs to be mapped to the same spanning tree instance?
PVST
RSTP
MSTP
802.1D
How does the "Root Guard" feature protect the network?
By preventing a port from becoming a Designated Port
By ensuring only authorized ports receive BPDUs
By disabling ports that receive superior BPDUs
By blocking unauthorized ports from connecting
What is the main purpose of the "loop guard" feature in STP?
To protect against broadcast storms
To prevent temporary loops during network convergence
To guard against unidirectional link failures
To secure the Root Bridge
What is the result of enabling BPDU filter on a switch port?
The port will block all traffic
The port will not send or receive BPDUs
The port will become a Root Port
The port will forward traffic normally but not participate in STP
Which Cisco command displays the current STP configuration for all VLANs?
Show vlan stp
Show spanning-tree
Show spanning-tree vlan
Show stp all
In an MSTP environment, what is the role of a CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree)?
To manage a single VLAN
To handle all VLANs as a single instance
To connect MST regions
To provide a separate instance for each VLAN
What is the effect of setting the bridge priority to 0 in STP?
It makes the switch the Root Bridge
It blocks all ports on the switch
It prevents the switch from participating in STP
It sets the switch as a backup Root Bridge
Which command is used to enable PortFast on a specific interface in Cisco switches?
Spanning-tree portfast default
Spanning-tree portfast enable
Spanning-tree portfast
Spanning-tree portfast edge
How does a designated port differ from a Root Port in STP?
A designated port forwards traffic towards the Root Bridge
A designated port forwards traffic away from the Root Bridge
A designated port only learns MAC addresses
A designated port is always in the blocking state
What triggers a topology change in STP?
The election of a new Root Bridge
The addition of a new switch
A link failure or port status change
A BPDU configuration change
Which STP feature prevents a port from becoming a Root Port if it receives superior BPDUs?
BPDU Guard
Loop Guard
Root Guard
PortFast
In RSTP, what is an alternate port?
A port that provides a backup path to the Root Bridge
A port that transitions immediately to forwarding state
A port that only learns MAC addresses
A port that forwards traffic away from the Root Bridge
How often are BPDUs sent by default in STP?
Every 1 second
Every 2 seconds
Every 5 seconds
Every 10 seconds
What is the function of the "spanning-tree guard loop" command?
To enable BPDU guard on a port
To protect against unidirectional link failures
To block BPDUs on an edge port
To prevent a port from becoming a Root Port
Which spanning tree mode should be used to support both standard and rapid convergence?
PVST
RSTP
MSTP
802.1D
How does MSTP handle VLANs in a network?
Each VLAN is managed by a separate spanning tree instance
All VLANs are mapped to a single spanning tree instance
VLANs are grouped into instances to reduce the number of spanning trees
MSTP does not support VLANs
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