Daniel 1.2

Refers to the hierarchical structure and components of a computer system that work together to execute instructions and perform various tasks.

The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control unit.

Used to store data and instructions that the CPU can access quickly.

These devices allow the computer to interact with the outside world.

Like hard drives and solid-state drives, are used for long-term data storage. They provide a means to store data even when the computer is powered off.

Are communication pathways that connect various components of the computer, allowing data and instructions to flow between them

Manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and enables the execution of software programs.

Word processors, web browsers, and games, are built to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer.

Used to write software programs. These languages are translated into machine code that the CPU can understand and execute

Most modern computers follow this architecture, which separates program and data storage from the CPU and memory. Instructions and data are fetched from memory into the CPU for processing.

Separate memory units are used for program instructions and data. This architecture is common in embedded systems and some specialized computing devices.

This cycle represents the sequence of steps that the CPU goes through to execute a program's instructions. It involves fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it, executing it, and storing the result.

Some computer systems use multiple CPUs or cores to perform tasks concurrently, which can significantly increase processing speed.

The physical components of the computer system.

The organization and design of the CPU, including the ALU, registers, and pipelines.

The interface between hardware and software, defining the CPU's instruction set and addressing modes.

The software layer that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications.

The top layer, where user-facing software applications run.