According to Heckhausen’s General Model of Motivated Behavior, which expectancy does NOT influence someone’s behavior

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The situation-outcome expectancy, if the action-outcome expectancy is high

The action-outcome expectancy, if the situation–outcome expectancy is high

The outcome-consequence expectancy, if the situation-outcome expectancy is low

The outcome-consequence expectancy, if the action-outcome expectancy is high

The situation-outcome expectancy, if the action-outcome expectancy is low

Among Nico Frijda’s Laws of Emotion, the Law of Hedonic Asymmetry implies that…

Emotional responses to pleasure and displeasure are asymmetrical

Pleasure is always contingent upon change

Displeasure (pain) may persist as long as adverse conditions persist

Individuals are motivated to act soon after experiencing pleasure, because it does not persist

All of the above

In flow experience the major motivational incentive is…

Outcome-intrinsic

Extrinsic consequence-related

activity-intrinsic

Outcome-extrinsic

Activity-extrinsic

Intrinsic incentives are NOT based on

The external consequences of an action

The enjoyment of the activity itself

The dreading of the activity itself

The direct outcome of the activity

Internal consequences of self-evaluation

Research investigating how people adapt to divorce and widowhood, shows that those who respond strongly when the event first happens, ________ after several years, whereas those who initially react little, show _________later in life

Totally recover, crisis

Still are negatively affected, no symptoms

Get better, decline

Attain levels better than pre-loss, attain levels worse than pre-loss

Are clinically depressed, post-traumatic stress disorder

What are the three phases of coping with a stressful life event which researchers of coping with life events study?

Crisis Phase, Struggle Phase, and Recovery Phase

Primary Control Phase, Secondary Control Phase, Tertiary Control Phase

Baseline Phase, Reaction Phase, Adaptation Phase

Primary Appraisal Phase, Secondary Appraisal Phase, Tertiary Appraisal Phase

Despair Phase, Coping Phase, Social Support Phase

What is the relationship between drive states, homeostasis, and set point.

Homeostasis in a physiological system is maintained by drive states kicking in when the set point is reached.

If the current level for a physiological system is significantly departing from its set point, homeostasis is no longer maintained and a drive state is generated.

Drive states motivate homeostasis in a physiological system to aim for a given set point.

Set points in a physiological system are avoided by drive states in order to maintain homeostasis.

Drives states have the following effect on attention.

They broaden attention to the social context of goals.

They disengage attention from what was relevant immediately before.

They narrow down attention toward information relevant for the drive.

They engage attention to alternative paths of action and goals.

Which two major factors make people commit to a goal? The sense that...

the goal is worthwhile and others will appreciate you for attaining it.

The goal is challenging and intrinsically satisfying.

The goal is beneficial to the community and to yourself.

The goal is valuable and can be attained.

Self-regulation of goal choice and goal pursuit is done in two sequential phases.

Deliberative phase, implemental phase

Implemental phase, deliberative phase

Actional phase, post-actional phase

Pre-decisional, post-actional phase

Which self-regulatory capacity predicts long-term outcomes in people's lives?

Delay of goal pursuit

Persistence in goal pursuit

Delay of gratification

Pursuit of gratification

Which is NOT one of the interpersonal (self-regulatory) functions of emotion?

To facilitate quick action with little conscious awareness

To convince others that we mean what we say

To prepare the body for immediate action

To motivate future behavior

How are emotional expressions involved in social referencing?

Tell you how to address your superiors

let others know what you don't want

Look for another person's emotional expression to clarify a situation

Look for another person's emotional expression to see their current state

Personality traits reflect

Inherent bimodal characteristics of the individual

Continuous distributions of characteristics among individuals

Distinct personality types

Qualitative maxima of personal uniqueness

The three criteria for distinguishing personality traits from other psychological characteristics are:

Invariable, normative, alleostatic

identifiable, variable, expressive

Corresponsive, homogeneity, multi-facetted

Individual differences, stability, consistency

The person-situation debate suggested that

People's behavior differs across situations

Behavior is driven by specific combinations of situations and social-cognitive processes

Cross-situational consistency of behavior is based on individual differences in social-cognitive processes

All of the options given here are correct.

Absolute stability is consistency of the__________of a personality attribute over time, differential (or relative) stability is consistency of the __________of a personality attribute over time.

Grouping, level

Rank-ordering, grouping

Level, rank-ordering

neither of the options given here are correct

Which of the sets of mechanisms addressed in the acronym ASTMA coined by Brent Roberts for the mechanisms producing personality stability and change refer to stability only?

Attraction (A), Selection (S), Transformation (T)

Attrition (A), Manipulation (M), Transformation (T)

Attraction (A), Selection (S), Manipulation (M), Attrition (A)

Transformation (T), Attraction (A), Attrition (A), Manipulation (M)

The Developmental Intergroup Theory of gender role development states that

Adults' strong focus on gender differences enhances children's attention to gender

Intergroup differences in gender lead children to stereotyped beliefs about gender

Adults' focus on intergroup differences makes children reactant to gender beliefs

Children's experience of gender group differences leads them to focus on gender

Benevolent sexism supports the notion that

Women are more valuable then men

Women need protection from men

Men are more valuable then women

Men deserve respect from women

How do projective tests of personality work?

The reality is projected into the test items.

People systematically interpret pictures according to the projected visual field.

The person’s personality is projected into his/her responses to pictures.

Stories project an ideal self that can be interpreted by the researcher.

Individuals respond to test questions that project on personality variables.

Motives are

Unconscious and guide behavior

Conscious and guide behavior

Unconscious and determine the self concept

Conscious and determine the self concept

Both A and C are correct.

What are the three most researched motives?

Achievement, altruism, aggression

Power, affiliation, dominance

Affiliation, achievement, power

altruism, affiliation, achievement

Aggression, power, affiliation

What is the core incentive for the power motive?

Being better than others

Dominating and suppressing others

Being a successful bully

Having an impact on others’ behavior

Getting money by using power

What is the “lexical approach” in personality psychology?

Taking advantage of the wisdom contained in language terms.

Using the sedimentation lexicon to identify personalities.

It is based on a few hundred words in the English language that refer to personality.

It is a few thousand words that were generated out of 16 personality factors.

It uses behavioral as well as physical appearance terms.

Which three personality traits are part of the Big Five?

Openness to experience, consciousness, neuroticisms

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Agreeableness, neuroticism, consciousness

Neuroticism, extraversion, altruism

Altruism, openness, extraversion

By knowing someone’s position on a question of basic political and moral values, one can predict

Whether that person would make a good politician

That person’s personality

That person’s motives

That person’s position on other political/moral values.

that person’s overall popularity

Social stereotypes have a bad reputation. Which of the following statements about social stereotypes is NOT TRUE.

Using social stereotypes makes someone a bad judge of other people

Stereotypes are useful to quickly classify people

Stereotypes are based on interrelations between personal attributes

Using stereotypes can be helpful for informed guesses about someone we know little about

Stereotypes are often simplified and more extreme than reality

What can be said about the political values of liberals and conservatives?

Liberals have more diverse values than conservatives.

Conservatives have more diverse values than liberals.

Conservatives do not care much about fairness and protecting people from harm

Liberals value fairness and protecting people from harm above all other concerns.

Both B and D are correct.

What makes social stereotypes useful in everyday interactions with others

Social stereotypes help to avoid conflicts between groups

Social stereotypes help us organize our experience with people we do not usually encounter

Social stereotypes are based on the associations between different characteristics of people

Social stereotypes increase inter-group aggression

Both B and C are correct.

When asking people about their own and others’ political views, the views offered are

Pretty close to the actual views of the person’s ingroup

Pretty close to the actual view of the person’s outgroup

Somewhat exaggerated for the own ingroup

Somewhat exaggerated for the own outgroup.

All of the above.

Which of the following is a moral taboo violating the value of purity

Saying something bad about your nation (which you don't believe to be true) while calling in, anonymously, to a talk-radio show in a foreign nation.

Making a disrespectful hand gesture to your boss, teacher, or professor

Make cruel remarks to an overweight person about his or her appearance.

Throwing out a box of ballots, during an election, to help your favored candidate win

Having an incestuous or romantic relationship with a sibling.

The concept of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) describes a belief that

Members of one's in-group deserve dominance in society

Groups in society are not equal because some groups are better than others

One needs to comply with people in power because they are the leaders

leadership is critical to everyone's benefit

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) combines sorting words into good and bad categories along with sorting them into categories of people. This test allows researchers to

Uncover personality characteristics

Speed up people's fluid intelligence capacities

Identify blatant prejudice against other groups

Predict feelings and behavior toward other groups

Social identity theory proposes that people

classify everyone they see into social categories

identify with the dominant group in society

Cannot help but classify themselves as a member of a social group

Favor their own group over other groups

Fiske's Stereotype Content Model uses the following two dimensions to map how groups relate to each other in society:

Dominance, agreeableness

Warmth, competence

prejudice, aversion

Sympathy, mastery

The availability heuristic is based on

People who are more available are liked less

people who are more available are liked more

Events which easily come to mind are more frequent

Events which easily come to mind are less frequent

Affective forecasting of one's own emotional responses is

Almost always accurate

Accurate about positivity versus negativity of feelings

Accurate about degree or strength of feelings

Accurate about precursors of feelings

Hot cognitions refer to cognitions

About sex

About embarrassment and shame

influenced by feelings and desire

Influenced by warm weather

In Seligman et al.’s experiment about learned helplessness, what was the most adaptive aspect of the dogs’ behavior in the helplessness condition.

The dogs tried to avoid the shock even when it was unavoidable.

The dogs that never experienced escapable shocks stopped trying to avoid it.

The dogs that experienced escapable shocks learned to avoid it.

The dogs that never experienced the shock stayed cheerful.

The dogs that experienced some shocks adjusted their mood to it.

In the study by Wrosch and Miller on disengagement and depression in adolescents

Youth who engaged with goals more were found to be least depressed later

Youth who were depressed earlier were more engaged with goals later

Youth who increased in disengagement capacity were less depressed later

Youth who were ore depressed earlier were more capable of disengaging later

both C and D are correct

In what way can depression be an adaptation?

By working through depressive moods one can avoid a major clinical depression later on.

The low mood that comes with depression can help to disengage from futile goals.

The panic that comes with depression can help to avoid dangerous situations.

The pessimism that comes with depression can help to avoid excessive challenges.

Both B and D are correct.

The meta-analyses by Smith, Glass et al. About the effectiveness of various psychotherapies, showed that

Most psychotherapies are largely ineffective

Only the long-term psychotherapies such as psychoanalyses are effective

Only the short-term focused psychotherapies such as behavioral therapy are effective

Most psychotherapy approaches are somewhat effective

Psychotherapy is only effective if coupled with psycho-pharmacological treatment.

What are the disadvantages of randomized clinical trials for evaluating the effectiveness of therapies?

The control over how the intervention is to be done is not rigorous enough.

The assignment of subjects to different therapy conditions is haphazard.

Patients are seen at varying intervals and different numbers of sessions.

The patients are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions irrespective of their need.

The patients included usually have multiple disorders.

Which statement about depression is wrong?

It is relatively rare, only 3 to 7% of the population get it.

It is relatively common; between 13 and 20% of the population get it.

More common among women than men

More adolescents and young adults get it than children or middle-aged and older adults

Is often triggered by negative life events.

Symptoms of clinical depression

Always include sadness

May include anhedonia

Last for one or two weeks

Do not impair everyday functioning

What are criteria of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

Unipolar

Last at least two years

No history of manic disorder

All of the options given here are correct

Which age period is the highest risk for developing a bipolar or unipolar mood disorder?

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Old age

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) refers to

A whole community being affected by irrational fears

Anxiety being generalized from one event to the next

Someone worrying about each and all of his loved ones

Excessive worries about small and big issues most of the time

For Posttraumatic Stess Disorder (PTSD) to be diagnosed the patient must have experienced the following:

been directly exposed to a threatening event

Witnessed the threatening event happen to someone else

Find out that the event happened to a close relative or friend

All of the options given here are correct.

A major tool of psychoanalysis is _______________, and of person-centered therapy is _____________.

Conditional positive regard, free association

Guided association, unconditional positive regard

free association, unconditional positive regard

Unconditional positive regard, guided association

Mindfulness-based therapy uses______________to____________.

Physio-mental therapy; reduce stress

Meditation and yoga; reduce stress

Physio-mental therapy; enhance happiness

Meditation and yoga; enhance happiness

According to the Motivational Theory of Lifespan Development, it is best if people select goals to pursue when goal controllability is ____________, and to disengage from goals when goal controllability is ___________.

High, high

Low, low

High, low

Low, high

Intermediate, intermediate

Acute and chronic health problems respond to individuals’ attempts to control them.

Chronic problems require primary control striving to get better.

Acute problems require primary control striving to get better

Acute and chronic problems require primary control striving

Acute and chronic problems require secondary control striving

Neither strategy helps with either acute or chronic health problems.

Amelie has been told by her physician that she has breast cancer. She (1) reads up on the diagnosis and possible treatments and (2) rejects the idea that the cancer is due to her poor life style choices. What are (1) and (2) examples of?

Disengagement, self-protection

Self-protection, disengagement

Secondary control, primary control

primary control, secondary control

Disengagement, engagement

In research about social inequality and health, which factors play a role in the social inequalities in health? Different social classes differ in

Health-related behavior

Access to health care

Environmental factors (e.g., neighborhoods, discrimination)

Psychological factors (e.g., negative affect, lack of control)

all of the above.

In the Motivational Theory of Lifespan Development, primary control strategies are directed at_____________________, and secondary control strategies are aimed at ________________________.

Expanding the control over the physical environment, maximizing the control over the social environment

Expanding the control over the environment, maximizing the control over the self

The line of first defense, the second line of defense

What one notices first in a challenging situation, what one notices only after some reflection

both B and D are correct.

What is a Gini Coefficient?

The likelihood that people in a given country can climb the social ladder

The percentage of the Gross National Product which is owned by the people with the highest income

A measure of social inequality in a country

The risk of a ghost escaping from a bottle

The mortality of people at the lowest rung of the social ladder

Causes of subjective well-being are

Mostly internal

Mostly external

Internal and external

Neither internal nor external

Different countries differ a lot in the mean happiness of their people. Which societal or geographical factors predict low happiness?

Cold climate

Lack of religious faith

High conflict

Short lifespan

When Ed Diener says that money has diminishing returns for happiness, what does he refer to?

Money has no relationship to happiness.

Among poor people, money has little effect on happiness.

Among rich people, money has much effect on happiness.

Money affects happiness less and less the more money one has.

The Biopsychosocial Model of Health states that in the developmental of disease

Social and psychological factors are less important than biomedical factors

Social and psychological factors are more important than biomedical factors

Social and psychological factors are as important than biomedical factors

Psychological factors are mediating between social and biological factors

Feeling stressed and overwhelmed most of the time can make you

More susceptible to develop a cold

More susceptible to develop a heart attack

More susceptible to changes in hormonal levels

All of the options given here are correct

Which of the following is not one of the five factors contributing to resilience against stress?

Exercise

Coping

Self-efficacy

Social relationships

For college students an important strategy to avoid getting sick is to focus on

good grades and social life

Social life and getting enough sleep

Getting enough sleep and good grades

Getting enough sleep during finals

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