MGT
Which is the correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, Social, Safety, Esteem, Self-Actualization
Safety, Physiological, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization
Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization
According to Maslow, what motivates your behavior?
The lowest unsatisfied need
Desire for food and shelter
Desire for enlightenment
Animal instinct
What does Maslow believe about satisfied needs?
They lead to enlightenment
They are no longer motivational
They only happen at a certain age
If a need is frustrated, what will the employee experience, according to Maslow?
Less motivation
Lowering on the hierarchy of needs
Going higher on the hierarchy
What does Herzberg say is the only way to motivate employees?
Higher pay
Specialization
Enrichment
Community
A peak experience is...
The best possible working conditions
When you are fully aware of what's happening with five senses
Momentary self-actualization
Enlightenment
Which of these things does research NOT say about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
There are only 2 or 3 needs
Everybody climbs the hierarchy at the same rate
A satisfied need can still motivate
Once people have self-actualization they want more
What need is the highest level of personal motivation?
Physiological
Safety
Esteem
Self-Actualization
How many people reach the highest level of personal motivation?
Most people
Nobody
Few people
T/F: The highest level of personal motivation can be fully satisfied.
True
False
What needs are typically unsatisfied in most organizations and why?
Physiological and Safety because of wages
Safety and Social because offices discourage groups
Esteem and Self-Actualization because most jobs are specialized
How would you apply Maslow’s theory of motivation if you were a manager?
Remove important needs so people strive to get them
Satisfy all basic needs so people can focus on being better
Motivate people based on their point in the hierarchy
What are the three needs in ERG theory that can motivate behavior?
Enlightenment, regulation, gratification
Existence, relatedness, growth
Enforceability, realization, goodness
How do the three needs in ERG theory match up to the five needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Existence: Physiological and Safety; Relatedness: Social and Esteem; Growth: Self-Actualization
Existence: Self-Actualization; Relatedness: Safety and Social; Growth: Physiological and Esteem
Existence: Esteem and Self-Actualization; Relatedness: Social; Growth: Physiological and Safety
What does Alderfer’s ERG theory say about a satisfied need?
It disappears from the mind
It never fully goes away
It can still motivate
What is the frustration-regression principle in ERG theory and what does it say about need frustration?
If your needs are frustrated you will revert to a previous state of need
If your needs are frustrated you will become more childlike
If your needs are frustrated you will do worse work
What is the opposite of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction?
Job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction
Frustration and excitement
No job satisfaction and no job dissatisfaction
What is a motivator factor?
Job satisfaction
Excitement
The work and the feelings from it
Your environment
What is a motivator related to in 2-factor theory?
Specialization
Enrichment
Enlargement
What are motivators on the job?
Interesting work you have control over
A paycheck, your benefits
External environment
Motivators are like what needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-esteem and Actualization
Safety and Social
Social and Esteem
What is a hygiene factor?
Job dissatisfaction
An external factor
On-site facilities
What are hygienes on the job?
The content of your work
Pay, benefits, coworkers
The feelings you get when you go to work
Hygienes are like what needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-Actualization
Physiological, Safety, Social
Social and Esteem
What is the effect of good pay, good supervision, good benefits, etc…on job dissatisfaction?
It prevents it
It has no effect
It can either increase or decrease it
T/F: According to Herzberg, hygiene factors can motivate people.
True
False
What type of satisfactions would a person have if they have an enriched job with low pay?
Job satisfaction and no job dissatisfaction
Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
No job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
What type of satisfactions would a person have if they have a specialized job with good pay?
No job satisfaction and no job dissatisfaction
No job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
Which is NOT a problem with Herzberg's 2-factor theory?
It assumes that all employees are motivated by job enrichment
It is a one best way theory so it is wrong
It is based on accountants and engineers
There were no interviews conducted
Some people's hygienes are others' motivators
Assumes everyone has an expressive motivation
What is the basic premise behind goal setting theory?
People need a goal or they won't work very hard
People are inherently selfish
Our intentions and what we actually do are directly connected
What does SCARF mean in goal setting theory?
Satisfaction, Caring, Attitudes, Respect, Freedom
Scanning Regressing Factors
Specific, Challenging, Accepted, Rewarded, Feedback
How does one build greater of acceptance of specific and challenging goals?
Rewards, participation in goal setting, autocratic tell and sell
Increase self-confidence and sense of community
Introduce motivators, hygiene factors, and punishments
How do the autocratic tell and sell method and participation method of goal setting compare?
The autocratic method works best
The participation method works best
Either can work best in different situations
What is NOT a reason participating in goal-setting doesn't work?
Goals are too hard
There is no trust
Suboordinate doesn't want to participate
Manager is an autocrat
What is the autocratic tell-sell method of goal setting?
The manager comes up with the goal and then convinces people of its importance
The employee comes up with the goal and convinces the manager of its importance
The CEO comes up with the goal and convinces the public of its importance
When do you use the autocratic tell-sell method?
When employees have job dissatisfaction
When employees are incompetent
When participation doesn't work
In reinforcement theory, what is Thorndike’s law of effect?
A negative reinforcement causes a negative effect
Consequences for behavior determines behavior frequency
A positive reinforcement does not necessarily cause a positive effect
What is positive reinforcement? What does it do to the frequency of the behavior?
A behavior is followed by a consequence to decrease frequency
It is rewarding good behavior to increase frequency and punishing bad behavior to decrease it
It is only rewarding positive behavior to increase it
What is negative reinforcement? What does it do to the frequency of the behavior?
It is using removal of needs to increase frequency of good behavior and decrease frequency of bad behavior
It is only punishing bad behavior to decrease its frequency
It is removing negative consequences to increase frequency
What is an extinction spike?
When an extinct behavior suddenly returns
When there is an increase in extinct behaviors
When an unacknowledged action goes up in frequency before going down
T/F: The threat of punishment could be considered a negative reinforcement.
True
False
Which is NOT a problem with punishment?
It only tells you what you did wrong
It can lead to resentment or depression
It has effects that are too lasting on behavior
It replaces one bad behavior with another
What is the leave-alone zap trap? What does the manager do when you perform well? What does the manager do when you perform poorly or make a mistake?
It is a self-regulating system that rewards and punishes you based off of good and bad behaviors
It is a system of punishment that punishes you when you do bad and does nothing for good behavior
It is a manger-regulated system that rewards and punishes nothing in particular
What kind of work climate is created by the leave-alone zap manager?
Fear, avoidance, exculpatory behavior
Highly motivated and intense
Clinginess and desire for approval
How do you overcome the leave-alone zap trap as a manager?
Reward employees for good behavior
Evaluate situations on a case-by-case basis
Stop punishing negative behaviors
How many positive consequences to every negative consequence does it take for your subordinate not to perceive you as a punisher, in general?
1:1
2:1
4:1
What is the jelly bean motivation trap?
Gives everyone the same reward despite performance
Gives employees a small reward whenever they do something correct
Rewards and punishes by giving and taking away
How do you overcome the jelly bean motivation trap?
Give larger rewards to all
Give punishment as well as rewards
Tie rewards to performance
What type of motivation and performance does the jelly bean motivation trap produce?
Low motivation and performance
Higher motivation but lower performance
Highly motivated and self-sufficient people
What does a reward turn into when you use the assumed needs trap?
Punishments
Hygiene
Meaningful work
Extinction
What is the rewarding on assumed needs trap?
Not asking what your employee needs before you reward them
Rewarding incorrect behavior
Rewarding based on what the majority votes on
What is the concern of equity theory?
Everyone getting the same thing
Everyone getting what they perceive to be fair
Everyone getting something different
Which is NOT a basic postulate for equity theory?
People strive toward equity.
Inequity creates tension.
The greater the perceived inequity, the greater the tension.
People more readily perceive favorable equity than unfavorable equity.
T/F: Reality is more important than perception in equity theory.
True
False
T/F: Favorable inequity is being over-rewarded.
True
False
T/F: People usually restore equity through changing their behavior.
True
False
A person who wants to take and give equally is considered what type?
Entitled
Equity Sensitive
Benevolent
A person who wants to do less and thinks over reward is fair is what type?
Entitled
Equity Sensitive
Benevolent
What is the most and least prevalent equity type?
Most: Sensitive; Least: Entitled
Most: Sensitive; Least: Benevolent
Most: Entitled; Least: Benevolent
T/F: Leadership is influencing people to attain org goals through any means you see fit.
True
False
T/F: Leadership is just one function of management.
True
False
T/F: Supervision is complied with voluntarily because you are a good example.
True
False
Somebody doing something because you're the boss is what type of power?
Coercive
Expert
Legitimate
Referent
Somebody doing something because they admire you is what type of power?
Reward
Legitimate
Expert
Referent
Which two power types go hand-in-hand and are used by leaders?
Expert and Referent
Expert and Legitimate
Coercive and Legitimate
Which three power types go hand in hand and are used by supervisors?
Expert, Referent, and Coercive
Legitimate, Reward, and Coercive
Expert, Legitimate, and Coercive
Which power base exemplifies supervision and which exemplifies leadership?
Legitimate; Referent
Expert; Coercive
Coercive; Expert
What effect does reward power have on productivity?
Always increases
Only sometimes increases
No effect ever
What effect does coercive power have on productivity?
Always increases
Only sometimes increases
Decreases
What effect does expert power have on productivity?
Increases
Sometimes decreases
Decreases always
What effect does legitimate power have on productivity?
Increases
Decreases
No effect
Which is NOT a belief that underlies theory X: autocratic?
negative assumptions about employees
There is trust between employees and their leader
Employees should be supervised
Specialized jobs are best
Which is NOT a belief that underlies theory Y: democratic?
Positive assumptions about employees
Employees don't practice much self control
Employees should be led
Enriched jobs are best
What is the Pygmalion effect?
X and Y theories are self-fulfilling prophecies
People who are dumb will eventually get smarter
Studying management helps you be a better manager
What is the great man trait theory?
A person can learn to be the best person they can be
A person is born a natural leader
A person who is nurtured will be better
Why did the learned traits theory replace great man trait theory?
Scientific discoveries about neurons
Management became a college major
The field of psychology was created
Which is NOT a trait that most leaders have?
Tall
Intelligent
Visible
Jack-of-all-trades
Which trait tells you for sure if someone will be a leader?
Behavior flexibility
Intelligence
Amount of skills
Charisma
Why was behavioral flexibility not discovered until recently?
Psychology was only invented recently
People didn't care about management before
We look for consistency but it is an inconsistent trait
What is the focus of behavioral theory/Ohio State Studies?
What leaders do and how it affects employees
How leaders are perceived by employees
How employees act toward managers
What is initiating structure leadership behavior?
Task oriented; high supervision
Relationship oriented; trusting
Giving oriented; flexible
What is consideration leadership behavior?
Task oriented; high supervision
Relationship oriented; trusting
Giving oriented; flexible
Which combination of behaviors did theorists originally think would be best in every situation?
High initiating structure and low consideration
Low consideration and high initiating structure
High initiating structure and high consideration
Low initiating structure and low consideration
What was the major drawback of the original behavioral theory/Ohio State Studies?
It didn't consider hygiene factors
It didn't consider the situation
It had little research
What combination of leadership behaviors do theory X managers exhibit? (Opposite of theory Y)
High initiating structure and high consideration
Low initiating structure and low consideration
High initiating structure and low consideration
Low initiating structure and high consideration
What leadership behavior do managers of enriched jobs exhibit? (Opposite of specialized)
High initiating structure
Low initiating structure
In Fielder's contingency theory of leadership, work group performance is a function of what?
Leadership style and motivating factors
Leadership style and favorable situations
Motivating factors and hygiene factors
Initiating structures and consideration
According to Fiedler, can you ever change your leadership style?
No, it is based in your personality
No, it is based in your job
Yes, it can change daily
Yes, it is a choice
What is Fiedler's LPC scale to measure leadership?
Least Potent Combination; about the external factors of your work environment
Least Preferred Co-Worker; about the way you describe your least favorite person
Last Peace Confirmation; about what makes you feel satisfied in your job
What does a low LPC score mean?
Negative descriptors=low opinion=task orientation
Negative terms=bad personality=not a leader
Positive descriptors=high opinion=considerative
What does a high LPC score mean?
Negative descriptors=bad personality=not a leader
Positive descripters=high opinion=a leader
Positive descriptors=high opinion=relationship-oriented
There is a moderately favorable situation with some control. What LPC leader is the best?
High LPC
Middle LPC
Low LPC
Which LPC is best in any situation?
High LPC
Middle LPC
Low LPC
Which LPC leader is best in a very favorable or very unfavorable situation with a lot or a little control?
HIgh LPC
Middle LPC
Low LPC
What is another name for middle LPC leadership?
Hygiene oriented
Relationship focused
Behaviorally flexible
What is NOT an implication of Fiedler's contingency theory for managers?
Anybody can be a leader in the right situation.
If your work group isn't performing well, it is your fault
If your work group isn't performing well, the situation must change to fit your style
What is Vick Vroom & Yetton's normative theory of leadership really a theory of?
Managerial ethics
Subordinate decision making
CEO managing style
What is the basic idea behind Vroom & Yetton's normative theory of leadership?
Leaders situationally decide how much subordinates participate in decision-making
Leaders make better decision than subordinates
The less informed a person is, the worse a decision they will make
A manager goes to each individual subordinate, shares the problem, gets suggestions, and makes a solo decision. What decision making style is this?
A1
A2
C1
C2
G2
A manager uses available info without any input and makes a solo decision. What decision making style is this?
A1
A2
C1
C2
G2
A manager presents a problem to a group of subordinates, gets suggestions, and makes a joint decision. What decision making style is this?
A1
A2
C1
C2
G2
A manager gets information from individual subordinates and then makes a solo decision. What decision making style is this?
A1
A2
C1
C2
G2
A manager shares a problem with a group then makes a solo decision. What decision making style is this?
A1
A2
C1
C2
G2
What 2 situational factors in Vroom & Yetton's normative theory of leadership determine the best decision making method for the situation?
Participation and motivational factors
Leadership style and decision making style
Decision quality and subordinate acceptance
What is a feasible set?
The best decision for a situation
The most effective decision making methods for a situation
The best group of employees for a situation
T/F: Minimum man hours rule picks the farthest left on a feasible set and employee development rule picks the farthest right.
True
False
T/F: In a reciprocal theory of leadership, the leader influences other leaders and they influence them back.
True
False
T/F: In reciprocal theory, people in the out-group are led rather than supervised.
True
False
What has the research revealed when the manager is taught to lead the out-group as well as the in-group?
The in group still performs better than the out group
The out group performs better than the in group
The out group and the in group perform equally well
What is the basic idea behind implicit theory of leadership?
Leadership requires charisma
People consent implicitly to be led
Leadership is in the eye of the follower
What is the basic idea behind substitutes for leadership?
If you can substitute a leader they are irrelevant
Underperforming leaders must be replaced
The best follower can take the place of the leader
What do substitutes for leadership say about leaders receiving credit and blame?
It should go to the old leader
If it's beyond their control they don't deserve either
They will only take the credit
What factors substitute for leadership, making it irrelevant to subordinate satisfaction and performance?
Advanced computer technology
Experienced employees
An involved top management team
T/F: Informal groups can be created through the organization.
True
False
T/F: Informal groups might not represent organizational goals.
True
False
Which is NOT a need satisfied by groups?
Safety
Social
Escapism
Esteem
Reality
When employees get to know each other, what group development stage are they in?
Forming
Storming
Norming
At what stage of group development is group cohesiveness the greatest?
Forming
Storming
Norming
Adjourning
Increased problem solving and decision making skills happens at what stage of group development?
Storming
Norming
Performing
What stage of group development is most difficult to achieve?
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
T/F: As group size increases, effectiveness decreases.
True
False
What is the optimal size for group decision making?
2-4
5-7
9-11
What is the optimal size for teamwork in groups?
7
9
12
T/F: Cohesiveness is a measure of how much influence the group has over members.
True
False
T/F: Lack of threats and lack of initiation increases cohesiveness.
True
False
T/F: Groups can limit creativity due to conformity.
True
False
T/F: A norm is a written rule.
True
False
What is the worst case scenario for norms and cohesiveness in groups?
Low cohesive and high productivity
Low cohesive and low productivity
High cohesive and low productivity
Which is NOT an aspect of charismatic leadership?
Physically attractive
Aura of competence and success
Communicate high expectations and confidence
Dominance
Conviction in own beliefs
T/F: Charismatic leaders are best under circumstances of uncertainty and risk.
True
False
What is transformational leadership?
People change their character as an effect of leadership
The leader is changed by their followers
The followers transcend personal interests for the sake of the community
What is transactional leadership?
Focused mostly on earning a profit
Exchanging rewards for services rendered
Writing every command down physically
T/F: Transformational leaders create excitement by treating the group as a whole and dumbing down complicated ideas.
True
False
Which is NOT a skill of a transformational leader?
Having vision
Only communicating what is necessary
Building trust
Having positive self-regard
What is level 5 leadership?
A combination of determination and humility that builds enduring greatness
A situation in which the followers become the leaders
Eventually phasing yourself out as a leader because you have passed down your skills
What things does expectancy theory of motivation deal with?
Work efforts, performance levels, and outcomes
Hygiene factors, motivators, and reinforcement
Boss expectations and coworker expectations
What does the term "expectancy" refer to in expectancy theory?
What people want out of their job based on preconceptions
Perceived likelihood that efforts will help them reach their goals
People always want more out of life than what they put into it
What does the term "instrumentality" refer to in expectancy theory?
The methods used to attain a certain goal
A focus on tasks rather than fulfilment
Perceived likelihood that performance will achieve a particular outcome
What does the term "valence" refer to in expectancy theory?
The satisfaction a person has with their outcome
The likelihood of reaching goals based on efforts
Value someone places on an outcome
What must occur for motivation to be high in expectancy theory?
High expectancy and valence of best outcome
High expectancy, instrumentality, and total valence of all outcomes
High total valence of all outcomes
Most managers in the US have high levels of need for:
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
People with this need may be less concerned with high performance
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
This type of need can be personalized for negatives or socialized for good.
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
What combination of McClelland's 3 needs is associated with managerial success?
Low need for power and high need for achievement
Low need for affiliation and high need for achievement
Low need for affiliation and high need for power
T/F: Team maintenance specialists generally keep the team moving toward objectives with their abilities.
True
False
A superior leader obtains external support for their team. Which role are they engaged in?
Relating
Scouting
Persuading
Empowering
A superior leader has awareness of their group members and outside events. Which role are they engaged in?
Relating
Scouting
Persuading
Empowering
A superior leader delegates authority. Which role are they engaged in?
Relating
Scouting
Persuading
Empowering
A superior team leader investigates a problem systematically with help from the manager. Which role are they engaged in?
Relating
Scouting
Persuading
Empowering
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