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Chapter 55

1) How are matter and energy used in ecosystems?

A) Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not.

B) Energy is cycled through ecosystems; matter is not.

C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy.

D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter.

E) Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not

2) A cowʹs herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)

A) primary consumer.

B) secondary consumer.

C) decomposer.

D) autotroph.

E) producer.

3) To recycle nutrients, the minimum an ecosystem must have is

A) producers.

B) producers and decomposers.

C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers.

D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.

E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.

4) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?

A) heterotrophs

B) herbivores

C) carnivores

D) primary consumers

E) secondary consumers

8) What is the most important role of photosyntheti c organisms in an ecosystem?

A) converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds

B) absorbing solar radiation

C) producing organic detritus for decomposers

D) dissipating heat

E) recycling energy from other tropic levels

9) Ecosystems are

A) processors of energy and transformers of matter.

B) processors of matter and transformers of energy.

C) processors of matter and energy.

D) transformers of matter but not of energy.

E) neither transformers or processors of matter nor energy.

11) If the Sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster?

A) tropical rainforest

B) tundra

C) benthic ocean

D) grassland

E) desert

14 ) The producers in aquatic ecosystems include organisms in which of the following groups?

A) cyanobacteria

B) algae

C) plants

D) photoautotrophs

E) A, B, C, and D are all correct

15) Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary producti vity into net primary productivity?

A) the energy contained in the standing crop

B) the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration

C) the energy used by autotrophs in respiration

D) the energy fixed by photosynthesis

E) all solar energy

16) The difference between net and gross primary productivity would likely be greatest for

A) phytoplankton in the ocean.

B) corn plants in a farmerʹs field.

C) prairie grasses.

D) an oak tree in a forest.

E) sphagnum moss in a bog.

17) Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earthʹs net primary productivity?

A) tundra

B) savanna

C) salt marsh

D) open ocean

E) tropical rain forest

18) Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter?

A) savanna

B) open ocean

C) boreal fo rest

D) tropical rain forest

E) temperate forest

20) How is it that the open ocean produces the highest net primary productivity of Earthʹs ecosystems, yet net primary productivity per square meter is relatively low?

A) Oceans contain greater concentration s of nutrients compared to other ecosystems.

B) Oceans receive a greater amount of solar energy per unit area.

C) Oceans have the greatest total area.

D) Oceans possess greater species diversity.

E) Oceanic producers are generally much smaller than its con sumers.

21) Aquatic primary productivity is most limited by which of the following?

A) light and nutrient availability

B) predation by fishes

C) increased pressure with depth

D) disease

E) temperature

26) A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. 1,600 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces. 1,300 J are used in cellular respiration. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal?

A) .03%

B) 1%

C) 3%

D) 10%

E) 30%

27) Which of the f ollowing lists of organisms is ranked in correct order fr om lowest to highest percent in production efficiency?

A) mammals, fish, insects

B) insects, fish, mammals

C) fish, insects, mammals

D) insects, mammals, fish

E) mammals, insects, fish

28) The amount of chemical energy in consumersʹ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period is known as which of the following?

A) biomass

B) standing crop

C) biomagnification

D) primary production

E) secondary production

29) How does inef ficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top predators?

A) Top - level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed.

B) Predators have relatively large populati on sizes.

C) Predators are more disease - prone than animals at lower trophic levels.

D) Predators have short life spans and short reproductive periods.

E) A, B C, and D are all correct.

30) Trophic efficiency is

A) the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production.

B) the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

C) a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next.

D) usually greater than production efficiencies.

E) about 90% I n most cosystems

31) If you wanted to convert excess grain into the greatest amount of animal biomass, to which animal would you feed the grain?

A) chickens

B) mice

C) cattle

D) carp (a type of fish)

E) mealworms (larval insects)

32) In general, the total biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level?

A) producers

B) herbivores

C) primary consumers

D) tertiary consumers

E) secondary consumers

35) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy are esse ntially the same - they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that

A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers.

B) at each step, energy is lost from the system as a result of keeping the organisms alive.

C) as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment.

D) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores.

E) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet tha n primary producers.

36) Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?

A) Many primary and higher - order consumers are opportunistic feeders.

B) Decomposers compete with higher - order consumers for nutrients and energy.

C) Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.

D) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition.

E) Energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.

37) A secondary consumer, such as a fox, receives what percent of the energy fixed by primary producers in a typical field ecosystem?

A) 0.1%

B) 1%

C) 10%

D) 20%

E) 90%

38) Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that I s not converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels.

B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processe s through cellular respiration reactions.

C) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs to thermoregulate.

D) It is dissipated into space as heat in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

E) It is recycled by decomposers to a form that is once again usable by primary producers.

39) If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starts from seaweeds to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be tru e?

A) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can.

B) The total biomass of the seaweeds is lower than that of the seals.

C) Seal meat probably contains the highest concentrations of fat - soluble toxins.

D) Seal populations are larger than fi sh populations.

E) The seaweed can potentially provide more food for humans than the seal meat can.

40) Nitrogen is available to plants only in the form of

A) N2 in the atmosphere.

B) nitrite ions in the soil.

C) uric acid from animal excretions.

D) amino acids from decomposing plant and animal proteins.

E) nitrate ions in the soil.

41) In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are

A) Rhizobium bacteria.

B) nitrifying bacteria.

C) denitrifying bacteria.

D) methanogenic protoz oans.

E) nitrogen - fixing bacteria.

42) How does phosphorus normally enter ecosystems?

A) cellular respiration

B) photosynthesis

C) rock weathering

D) geological uplifting (subduction and vulcanism)

E) atmospheric phosphorous dust

43) Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling?

A) The phosphorus cycle involves the recycling of atmospheric phosphorus.

B) The phosphorus cycle is a cycle that involves the weathering of rocks.

C) The carbon cycle is a localized cycle that primarily involves the burning of fossil fuels.

D) The carbon cycle has maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of CO2 for the past million years.

E) The nitrogen cycle involves movement of diatomic nitrogen between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem.

45) Which of the following properly links the nutrient to its reservoir?

A) Nitrogen -- ionic nitrogen in the soil

B) Water -- atmospheric water vapor

C) Carbon -- dissolved CO2 in aquatic ecosystems

D) Phosphorous -- sedimentary rocks

E) A, B, C, and D are all correct

48) Human - induced modifications of the nitrogen cycle can result in

A) eutrophication of adjacent wetlands.

B) decreased availability of fixed nitrogen to primary producers.

C) accumulation of toxic levels of N2 in groundwater.

D) extermination of nitrogen - fixing bacteria on agricultural lands.

E) deprivation of nitrogen to ecosystems adjacent to nitrogen application.

49) Which of the following statements is true?

A) An ecosystemʹs trophic structure determines the rate at which ene rgy cycles within the system.

B) At any point in time, it is impossible for consumers to outnumber producers in an ecosystem.

C) Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes near deep - sea vents are primary producers.

D) There has been a well - documented increase in atmosph eric nitrogen over the past several decades.

E) The reservoir of ecosystem phosphorous is the atmosphere.

50) The high levels of pesticides found in birds of prey is an example of

A) eutrophication.

B) predation.

C) biological magnification.

D) the green world hypothesis.

E) chemical cycling through an ecosystem.

58) Which of the following probably contains the highest concentration of toxic pollutants (biological magnification)?

A) hawk

B) snake

C) shrew

D) grasshopper

E) grass

61) Which of the following describes carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor re - reflecting infrared radiation back toward Earth?

A) depletion of atmospheric ozone

B) turnover

C) biological magnification

D) greenhouse effect

E) eutrophication

62) Which of the following is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into lakes?

A) depletion of atmospheric ozone

B) turnover

C) biological magnification

D) greenhouse effect

E) eutrophication

63) Which of the following causes excessively high levels of toxic chemicals in fish - eating b irds?

A) depletion of atmospheric ozone

B) turnover

C) biological magnification

D) greenhouse effect

E) eutrophication

64) Agricultural lands frequently require nutritional supplementation because

A) nitrogen - fixing bacteria and detrivores do not cycle nu trients as effectively as they do on wild lands.

B) the nutrients that enter the plants are not returned to the soil on lands where they are harvested.

C) the prairies that comprise good agricultural land tend to be nutrient - poor.

D) grains raised for feed must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients.

E) cultivation of agricultural lands inhibits the decomposition of organic matter.

66) You have a friend who is wary of environmentalistsʹ claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you truthfully make in response to your friendʹs suspicions?

A) We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased in the last 150 years.

B) Through measurements and observations, we know that carb on dioxide levels and temperature fluctuations were directly correlated even in prehistoric times.

C) Global warming could have significant effects on United States agriculture.

D) Sea levels will likely rise, displacing as much as 50% of the worldʹs human population.

E) A, B, C, and D are all correct

69) Aquatic ecosystems that are most readily damaged by acid are those that lack an important buffer that dissolves into the runoff after a precipitation event. What is this buffer?

A) calcium

B) carbonic aci d

C) nitrate

D) bicarbonate

E) sulfate

1) Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level?

A) cyanobacterium -- primary producer

B) grasshopper -- primary consumer

C) zooplankton -- primary producer

D) eagle -- tertiary consumer

E) f ungus -- detritivore

2) Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? Multiple Choice

A) a salt marsh 0

B) an open ocean 1

C) a coral reef 0

D) a grassland 0

E) a tropical rain forest 0

3) Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by Multiple Choice

A) converting nitrogen gas to ammonia. 0

B) releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil. 0

C) converting ammonia to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere. 0

D) converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb. 1

E) incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds. 0

6) Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? Multiple Choice

A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top - level predators than to primary consumers. 1

B) Population s of top - level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 0

C) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 0

D) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. 0

E) The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. 0

7) The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earthʹs atmosphere over the past 150 years is Multiple Choice

A) increase d worldwide primary production. 0

B) increased worldwide standing crop. 0

C) an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. 0

D) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels. 1

E) additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population. 0

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