Neurodegenerative Diseases

There are six CARDINAL features of parkinson's disease, they include?

The cogwheel phenomenon is?

Early signs of parkinson's include?

Parkinson's disease is a ___ disorder?

There is dysfunction WHERE in the brain in parkinson's disease?

Parkinson's disease mainly manifests as an imbalance between what 2 neurotransmitters?

Parkinson's involves a progressive degeneration of neurons located where? (2 answers)

The progressive degeneration of neurons in parkinson's disease results in?

Protein misfolding or aggregation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, which is associated with parkinsons AND cause what characteristic pathology? (2 answers)

The substantia nigra innervates the striatum (which requires a balance of dopamine and acetylcholine) in an inhibitory or excitatory way?

If dopamine transmission decreases then cholinergic transmission increases/decreases?

Although usually idiopathic, parkinson's disease can also be caused via? (more than 1 answer)

The nigrostriatal pathway is a cholinergic/dopaminergic pathway that connects what 2 parts of the brain?

Levodopa is a(n)

Levodopa is readily absorbed in the GIT (leading to low bioavailability) and metabolised by what enzyme?

Levodopa gets converted to dopamine by what enzyme?

In order to reduce the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the peripheries and thus require less medication (and thus reduce side effects) what are 2 medications prescribed in conjunction with levodopa AND what do they do?

After 5 years of use, response to levodopa usually remains the same OR decreases?

Entacapone and tolcapone are also administered with levodopa to reduce its inactivation and this side effects, what enzyme does it inhibit?

Levodopa side effects include

Name 2 ERGOT derived dopamine receptor agonists and the receptors they target, are they associated with MORE or LESS dyskinesia than levodopa?

Name 2 ergot derived dopamine receptor agonists, which receptors do they act on?

Non-ergot derives drugs (which have replaced ergot-derived) pramipexole and ropinirole are associated with what side effects?

Enzymes that are involved in breaking down/deactivating/inhibiting dopamine include?

Which drug inhibits prolactin from the pituitary gland?

Dopamine breakdown inhibitors include?

Selegiline/Rasagiline is a(n)? Selegine has side effects of anxiety and excitement due to it's conversion to?

Name a drug that releases dopamine AND potentiates levodopas effects?

Amantadine functions by?

Benzotropine and benzhexol are forms of what?

What drugs were used before first line levodopa?

Choose 3 drugs that antagonise muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thus inhibit these receptors from inhibiting dopamine release at dopaminergic nerve terminals

Anticholinergic side effects include?

Anticholinergics (muscarinic receptor antagonists) is avoided in patients..

Anticholinergics such as benztropine and biperiden reduce what symptoms of parkinsons?