Polisci exam one
Exploring Just War Theory
This quiz delves into the intricate concepts of political science, focusing on the principles of just war theory as discussed by notable scholars such as Michael Walzer. Test your understanding of the moral and legal dimensions of warfare, and the philosophical underpinnings of liberalism as articulated by thinkers like John Dewey and Hayek.
- 36 comprehensive questions
- Engage with key political theories
- Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike
Michael Walzer says that the doctrine of realism holds that
In matters of war, morality does not apply
War is a moral reality subject to law
Human nature does not exist as such
ALL of the above
According to the lecture, in developing a theory of justice in war, Walzer rejects
Value relativism, but accepts cultural relativism, since wars are between cultures
Cultural relativism, which leads to war, but not value relativism, since individuals have no say in warfare
Both value relativism and cultural relativism
Neither value nor cultural relativism: Walzer is a relativism who just reports his feelings about war
In discussing strategy and morality, Walzer says
That both involve choices that can be correct or mistaken
That both are languages of war and offer justification for actions taken in war
That there is a moral reality in war just as there is strategic reality (victory or defeat)
ALL of the above
The distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello is between, respectively,
Justice among equals, and justice among unequals
Justice in the domestic affairs of a country, and international justice
Justice among aristocrats at war, and justice among conscripted armies
Justice in the decision to go to war, and justice in the way war is fought
Walzer denies that war is in its nature limitless, but says just war theory condemns
Wars that mobilize large numbers of soldiers and result in many deaths
Appeals to patriotism or duty to force men to fight
Aggression against another nation
All fighting that puts life at risk
The War Convention is
The plans made by the general staff of the aggressor nation
A treaty by which nations agreed not to go to war to settle their differences
A meeting of the United Nations to adjudicate disputes that might lead to war
The rules for fighting war and treating prisoners, based on the consent of mankind
Which of the following, according to Walzer, is NOT among the rights of states?
To maintain their territorial integrity
To preserve their political sovereignty
To demand that their allies appease aggressors whom they cannot defeat
To go to war to punish aggressors who attack other states but not theirs
Which of the following is NOT a part of the “legalist paradigm” defining the crime of war?
Non-democratic states cannot be members of international society
There is an international society of independent states
Nothing but aggression can justify war
Aggression is a criminal act
According to Walzer, military intervention by one state in the military affairs of another can be justified in all the following circumstances EXCEPT
As a preventive war to preserve the balance of power
To rescue people in the face of a gross violation of human rights
To come to the aid of a legitimate state trying to secede from another
As a counter-intervention when another foreign state has already intervened
Henry Sidgwick’s two rules for how we should fight wars look to
Proportionality and human rights
Proportionality and reciprocity
Victory and proportionality
Victory and human rights
Walzer says about the naked soldier or the soldier having a smoke that
He can only be shot if he is thinking about how to kill you
The laws of war allow snipers to shoot him
Shooting him would be a war crime
ALL of the above
According to Walzer, double effect is the principle that
Excuses all killing of civilians
Shows the futility of the laws of war
Doubles the liability for killing civilians
Accepts the foreseeable killing of civilians in certain circumstances, provided that it is not intended and that some effort is made to avoid it
How does Michael Walzer define terrorism?
Military action by paramilitary units
Assassination of civilian officials by insurgents
The waging of jihad by Islamic fundamentalists
The random murder of innocent people for a political end
Which of the following four solutions to the tension between jus ad bellum and jus in bello does Walzer think is right?
The War Convention is set aside when victory is morally urgent
A sliding scale allows more violations as the moral urgency of victory increases
The War Convention must be strictly respected, whatever the consequences
The War Convention can be overridden only in the face of imminent catastrophe
According to Walzer, what should we have done instead of atom-bombing Japan?
Invaded the island of Japan
Set off a demonstration atom bomb in Tokyo Bay
Firebombed Hiroshima with conventional incendiary bombs
Relinquished our demand for unconditional surrender and accepted surrender on negotiated terms
According to Walzer, individual citizens have moral responsibility for an unjust war
Always: leaders never go to war unless they know the people support them
Often, in most cases: any democracy that lets people vote is free enough they could have gone into exile
Sometimes, to some extent: if citizens voted for the war or could have protested it
Never: aggression is always the act of a few leaders, never the people
Morally speaking, writes Walzer, the ordinary soldier ordered to massacre the innocent can be expected
To follow the order, knowing only his commander will be charged with war crimes
To find a way to avoid obeying the order, by delay, evasion, etc.
To openly disobey the order, even at the risk of his life
To execute the commanding officer on the spot
About command responsibility, Walzer writes
It is just to hold the commander strictly liable for the deeds of his subordinates, whether or not he commanded their misdeeds or was able to stop them
It is just to hold the commander to a higher level of responsibility than ordinary soldiers
Commanders are responsible for the lives of their troops and must be excused if they sometimes find it necessary to violate the war convention
Commanders are merely tools of political authorities and cannot be justly accused of war crimes as political rulers can be
John Dewey writes that the temper of Locke’s liberal philosophy is
Relativistic
Colonialistic
Collectivistic
Individualistic
Bentham’s utilitarianism (seeking the greatest sum total of happiness) is based on
Custom: people are happiest when following tradition
Equality: everyone counts as one and no one counts as more than one
Liberty: like ancient stoicism, it would free men from pleasure and pain
ALL of the above
Modern liberalism, in contrast to classical or nineteenth-century liberalism, holds
There is a positive role for the state in extending liberties and securing welfare
Individual self-development is a danger to society and must be suppressed
Laissez faire capitalism best promotes individual liberty for all
ALL of the above
According to John Dewey, the values of liberalism are
Race, class, and gender
Liberty, equality, fraternity
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Liberty, individuality, and free intelligence
Dewey says that liberalism has entered a crisis because
Early liberals had no idea of historical relativity
The capitalists whose free enterprise was promoted by early liberalism themselves became a vested interest
True individuality is formed through human association, but social organization has been neglected by liberalism
ALL of the above
Dewey held that in his time the aims of liberalism could only be achieved by
Capture of the university by the political forces of liberalism
Restricting monopoly and reinvigorating the free market
Organized social planning
Prayer
Dewey says that people see that social change is a fact, but need to see that
Old assumptions about scarcity no longer apply in an age of abundance
Insecurity is no longer caused by nature, but rather by social organization
The new industrial order can be based on cooperation rather than competition
ALL of the above
When Dewey speaks of free intelligence, he has in mind especially
Religious liberty
. The scientific method, as applied in technology and in policy-making
Primary schools teaching the doctrines of the Declaration of Independence
ALL of the above
Does Dewey think that renascent liberalism requires violent revolution?
Yes, because the Constitution is inflexible
Yes, because a socialized economy can be established no other way
No, because a socialized economy will destroy the entrepreneurship on which our civilization depends
No, because a socialized economy can be established through reform, guided by social science
Writing in 1944, Hayek argues that totalitarianism in Germany as well as Russia has resulted from
Socialism
Liberalism
Unwarranted hostility from capitalists in the West
Specific flaws in the national character of those peoples
What important change to the meaning of “freedom” has contributed to the rise of socialism?
It used to mean only freedom of speech; now it includes economics.
It used to mean tyranny of the many; now it means liberty of the many.
It used to mean mainly religious freedom; now it includes freedom of speech.
. It used to mean freedom from coercion; now it means freedom from necessity.
Which of the following forms of government regulation would Hayek allow as consistent with the use of competition as the principle of social regulation?
Government setting prices for goods and services
Government restricting entry to the different trades
. Government rules limiting working hours
ALL of the above
According to Hayek, the key impersonal mechanism for transmitting economic information among individuals and thereby coordinating their economic activity is
Social networking
The price system
Planning
The state
Which of the following arguments does Hayek use against planning?
There is no complete ethical code for all men.
Within limits, individuals should be allowed to follow their own values.
No one person can comprehend the many different needs of different people.
ALL of the above.
What Hayek calls the great liberal principle of the Rule of Law ensures, he argues, that
The State knows the outcome of its planning
Wealth will be equally distributed in society
Lawyers will find a lucrative market and be able to command high prices
Individuals can foresee how authority will use coercive power and thus can make their own plans
Which of the following does Hayek NOT say:
The ultimate ends of the activities of reasonable beings are never economic
Money is one of the greatest instruments of freedom ever invented by man
Planners in public education typically want to control the free choice of occupation
No case can be made for reducing inequalities of opportunity that result from inherited property
The most important guaranty of freedom is
Correct indoctrination of all people in the tenets of freedom
A properly representative political party
The system of private property
Majority rule in a democracy
The virtues of individualism, according to Hayek, include
Economophobia
Ideological purity and obedience to government
Independence, self-reliance, willingness to take risks, confidence in one’s opinions, and willingness to cooperate with neighbors
ALL of the above
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