I. Physiology

A detailed illustration of human physiology, showcasing muscles, nerves, and the cardiovascular system in a vibrant and educational style.

Physiology Mastery Quiz

Test your knowledge and understanding of physiology with this comprehensive quiz designed for students, teachers, and anyone passionate about the human body and its functions.

Challenge yourself with questions covering various aspects of physiology, including:

  • Cell membrane potentials
  • Muscle contraction mechanisms
  • Neurotransmitter functions
  • Cardiovascular and muscular systems
129 Questions32 MinutesCreated by AnalyzingCell101
มž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž“แžนแž„แžšแžธแž€แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž‚แŸแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแžถแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แžŸแžผแž›แžปแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
100 mmol CaCl2
150 mmol NaCl
250 mmol KCl
250 mmol urea/urรฉe
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ K+ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž–แžธ 4 meq/L แž‘แŸ… 10 meq/L :
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ (The sodium conductance will increase/ la conductance du sodium va sโ€™accroitre )
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„(Potassium conductance will increase / conductance du potassium va sโ€™accroitre)
มž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž… (excitable/excitable) แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Na-K pump / pompe Na-K แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžถแžŒแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ K+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
Hyperpolarization / Hyperpolarisation แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Na+ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
K+ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Cl- แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Ca2+ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Resting potential / potentiel de repos แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘ แž–แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž”แž„แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ (concentration gradient / gradient de concentration) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžšแžฝ
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แž•แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแžแž•แž„?
Calmodulin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
มžแžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžฌ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžทแžแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ endplate potential/ potentiel de la plaque motrice แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž‘แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† (neuromuscular junction / jonction neuromusculaire) ?
มž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžฌแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”
Depolarization / dรฉpolarisation
Hyperpolarization / hyperpolarisation
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– (Action potential/Potentiel action)
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™ แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– (magnitude of the action potential/ampleur du potentiel dโ€™action) แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพ แŸ–
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž… (Magnitude of the stimulus/ampleur du stimulus)
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
"แžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž–แŸแž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€ (resting membrane potential/potentiel de repos de la membrane)"
มž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ Mg2+ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ Ca2+ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ acetylcholine esterase
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแŸ–
มž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžแžผแž…
มž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž—แžถแž–แžšแž›แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Periodic Hyperkalemie paralysis / Paralysie hyperkaliรฉmique pรฉriodique แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ แž แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž‹แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ?
Hyperpolarization / hyperpolarisation แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– channels / canaux แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ neurotransmitters/neurotransmetteurs แž–แžธ alpha motoneurons/ neurones moteurs alpha แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž—แžถแž– แžฌ แž—แžถแž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ–
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ body / corps แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแž› (depolarize/dรฉpรดlariser) แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
"แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แžŸแžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž‘แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœ แžšแžœแžถแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ (synaptic transmission between pain fibers/transmission synaptique entre les fibres de la douleur) แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ… แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž“แŸƒแžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ (spinal cord neurons/neurones de la moelle รฉpiniรจre) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžกแžพแž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแŸ– "
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Endorphins / Endorphines
Somatostatin / Somatostatine
"แžแžพแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžป แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแžแžถแž˜แž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แžขแŸแžกแžทแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแž‚แžธแž˜แžธ (electrochemical gradient/gradient รฉlectrochimique)? "
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ sarcoplasmic reticulum / rรฉticulum sarcoplasmique
มžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“ แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžšแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ distal แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ nepron / nรฉphron
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹ (adipose tissue/tissue adipeux)
"NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate) receptor /Rรฉcepteur NMDA แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™ แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ– "
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Histamine
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ :
มž€แžถแžšแž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแžกแžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž“แžถแž‘แžธ (cardiac output/dรฉbit cardiaque) แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŸแžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžถแž‘แžทแž€ (sympathetic)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž…แžปแž„ diastole
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
Electrocardiogram (ECG) แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžปแž€แžšแž€แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ— (peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜ coronary / coronaire
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ (aerobic exercise/exercise aรฉrobique) แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžบแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž fibrin monomers /des monomรจres de fibrine แž‚แžบแŸ–
Heparin / hรฉparine
Plasminogen / Plasminogรจne
Thrombin / Thrombine
Kininogen / Kininogรจne
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž› (central vein/veines centrales)แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž…แž›แž“แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ— (peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแžŸแž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แž†แŸ’แž˜แžถแžš (Capillary permeability/permรฉabilitรฉ capillaire ) แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‘แžถแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ–
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž•แžถแž› (rate)
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแŸ–
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžพแž€
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžขแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแžผแž‚แŸ’แžšแžธแž
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ carotid sinus / sinus carotidien แž“แžนแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžš แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ แŸ–
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
Total peripheral resistance / Rรฉsistance pรฉriphรฉrique total
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“ (Venous compliance/Compliance veneuse)
มž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แž“แŸƒ total cardiac output / dรฉbit cardiaque total แž…แŸ‚แž€แž…แžถแž™แž‘แŸ…แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžแŸ‹ แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž‘แŸ…แž›แžพ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ† (magnitude) แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ† (magnitude) แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แŸแž› diastole
Resistance แž•แž›แž’แŸ€แž”แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แž“แŸ‹ (resistance) แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ— (peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique) แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž›
Warfarin (Coumarin) แž‡แžถแžฑแžŸแžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžœแžถแž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Heart attack / Crise cardiaque แŸ” แž€แŸแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚ แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžฑแžŸแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž แžฝแžŸ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžขแžถแž…แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ” แž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš Warfarin แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แŸ–
Aspirin / Aspirine
Heparin / Hรฉparine
T-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) / Activateur plasminogรจne tissulaire
Vitamin K
Citrate แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแŸ–
มž‡แžถ Buffer basic groups of coagulation factors / Groupements basiques tamponรฉs de facteurs de coagulation
มž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ factor XII
มžœแžถแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ K
มžœแžถแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€ calcium
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒ Lymph / lymphe แžแžปแžŸแž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž… (capillaries/capillaires) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžแžทแž…
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแžแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžขแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแžแŸแž›แŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“ valves
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
มžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ?
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž› diastole
Central vascular resistance / rรฉsistance vasculaire central
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ…แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ‚แž€แž…แžถแž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž“แžถแž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Arteries / Artรจres
Arteriols / Artรฉrioles
Precapillary sphinters / Sphincter prรฉcapillaires
Postcappilary venules / Vรจnules postcapillaires
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‡แžถ anaphylactic shock / choc anaphylactique แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž„ hypovolemic shock / choc hypovolรฉmique แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
Cardiac output / dรฉbit cardiacque แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (ventricle/ventricule) แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž› แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
Creatinin / Crรฉatinine แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžœแžทแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B12 แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž”แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum / IIรฉon
มžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“ paracrine แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž”แŸ‚แž” inhibitory feedback/ retroaction inhibitrice แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡แž‚แžบ
Gastrin
Somatostatin
Histamine
Enterogastrone
มžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถ putative inhibitory neurotransmitter / neurotransmetteur inhibiteur putatif แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžขแžถแž แžถแžš?
Dopamine
Vasoactive intestinal peptide / peptide intestinal vasoactif
Somatostatin
Substance P
มžขแžšแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ motor complexes / complexes moteurs แž‚แžบแŸ–
Gastrin / gastrine
Motilin / Motiline
Secretin / Secrรฉtine
Cholecystokinin / Cholecystokinine
Basal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™acide basal แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
Acidification of the antrum / Acidification de lโ€™antre
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพ H2 receptor antagonist / Antihistaminique H2
Vagotomy / Vagotomie
Alkalinzation of the antrum / Alcalisation de lโ€™antre
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ trypsinogen / trypsinogรจne (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžขแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ duodenum / duodรฉnum แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ trypsinogenแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ trypsin (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
Enteropeptidase
Procarboxypeptidase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“
มž™แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž” แžŸแžฝแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž–แžธแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ Na+-H+
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžšแžฝแž˜(Cotransport) แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ potassium
Electrogenic transport / transport electrogรจnique
Neutral NaCl absorption / Absorption neutre de NaCl
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแž™แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Basal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™acide basal
Maximal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™ acide maximal (แžŸแž˜แžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž•แž›แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžแžทแž”แžšแž˜แžถ)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแžถแž˜แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡?
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžถแž˜แžธแžŽแŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ duodenum / duodรฉnum
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš atropine
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹ แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ cholecystokinin / cholรฉcystokinine
Acidification of the duodenum / acidification de duodรฉnum แž“แžนแž„ แŸ–
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ bicarbonate แž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹
"แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแž’แžทแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แž–แžธแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ crypt cells แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ? "
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“ microvilli / microvillositรฉ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ’แžข
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž” แž“แŸƒ NaCl แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸƒ brush border hydrolase / hydrolase de bordure en broche
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ (sรฉcrรฉtion)แž“แŸƒ NaCl แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€
มžแžพแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ facilitated diffusion / diffusion facile ?
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Sucrose
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž”แž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž“แŸƒแž–แžฝแž€แžœแžทแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ แžแžพแžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™ (diffusion)?
Vitamine C
Folate
Vitamine D
Niacin
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแž”แŸ„แž“แžœแŸ‚แž„ แž–แžฝแž€แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแž”แŸ„แž“แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜ แŸ–
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถ Chylomicrons แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžš
มžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž€แžถแžกแžผแžšแžธ แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž˜แžทแž“แž›แŸ’แžข
มž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž”แž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแžšแž›แžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B12 แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ Intrinsic factor / Facteur intrinsรจque แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™ chief cells / cellules principales แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B12 แž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ intrinsic factor / facteur intrinsรจque แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™ แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B12 แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžกแžพแž„แžแžถแž˜แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แž™แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ chyme แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ bicarbonate แž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“ segmentation แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž›แžปแž™แž€แžผแžŸแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… แž แŸ…แžแžถแŸ–
Glut-2 (Glucose transporter 2 / Transporteur du glucose 2)
Glut-5 (Glucose transporter 5 / Transporteur du glucose 5)
SGLT1 (Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 / Transporteur 1 du glucose dรฉpendant du sodium)
SGLT2 (Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 / Transporteur 2 du glucose dรฉpendant du sodium)
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸƒแžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แžถแž”แŸ„แž“แžแŸ’แž›แžธ (short-chain fatty acid / acide gras ร  chaรฎne courte) แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžšแžแŸ‚แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž–แžธแŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon
ADH (antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressine) แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™ posterior pituitary / post-hypophyse แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ Na+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ K+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ pH แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแžแžท glucose แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ (reabsorption) แž‚แžบแŸ–
0 mg/mn
120 mg/mn
165 mg/mn
200 mg/mn
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพ แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“ แž“แŸ…แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‚แž“แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž‘แŸ แŸ–
Clearance / clairance แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ glomerule
มžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
Clearance / clairance แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰ supraoptic nuclei / noyau supraoptique แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž“แžผแžœแž˜แžถแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™? (แžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ‹แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž•แžนแž€แž‘แžนแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€)
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแžถแžœแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž˜แžถแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแžถแžœแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž›แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž˜แžถแž“ chronic respiratory acidosis / acidose respiratoire chronique ?
Alveolar Ventilation / Ventilation alvรฉolaire
Arterial PCO2 / PCO2 artรฉrielle
Arterial PO2 / PO2 artรฉrielle
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
PH แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ distal nephron / tube distal แžขแžถแž…แž‘แžถแž”แž‡แžถแž„ pH แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
Gradient แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ sodium แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„ (wall/paroi) แž“แŸƒ distal nephron / tube distal แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มž˜แžถแž“ buffer / tampon แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ distal nephron/tube distal แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ distal nephron / tube distal แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มžแŸ†แžŽแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸแžแžผแž…แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแŸ€แž (tight junctions/jonctions รฉtroite) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ distal nephron / tube distal แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแž›แžถแž™แžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŸแŸ’แžแžธแžขแŸ†แž–แžธ Renin / Rรฉnine แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™ proximal tubule / tube proximal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ Renin / Rรฉnine แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ Renin / Rรฉnine แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž“แŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
Renin / Rรฉnine แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ angiotensinogen / angiotensinogรจne แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ angiotensin I / angiotensine I
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžพแžŸแž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ แž“แžนแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Alkalosis / alcalose
Acidosis / acidose
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ HCO3- แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ H+ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž•แžนแž€แž‘แžนแž€ แŸข แž›แžธแžแŸ’แžš แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸแž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸ แŸ–
มž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„ แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถhypertonic / hypertonique
มž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„ แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถhypertonic / hypertonique
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽ potassium แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž“แžนแž„แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพ แŸ–
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž“แŸ…แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ Distal แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Aldosterone แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžแžถแž˜แžขแžถแž แžถแžš แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž”แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž“แŸƒ Na+ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ distal แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž–แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚ afferent แž“แŸƒ glomerulus / glomรฉrule แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž“แžนแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™ แŸ–
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž—แžถแž‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ (The Filtration fraction / Fraction de filtration)
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’ Oncotic / oncotiques แž“แŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜ peritubular / pรฉritubulaire
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Metabolic alkalosis / alcalose mรฉtabolique แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‚แŸแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Aldosterone แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ (Hyperaldosteronism/hyperaldostรฉronisme)
Hyperventilation
มžšแžถแž‚แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ NaCl แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹ ascending limb of loop of Henle /tube ascendant de Henle แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™ macula densa แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แŸ–
ADH
Aldosterone
Adenosine
Renin / Rรฉnine
Metabolic acidosis / Acidose mรฉtabolique แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ aldosterone (Hypoaldosteronism/hypoaldostรฉronisme)
Hyperventilation
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ collection duct / tube de collection แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แžนแž€ ADH แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ collection duct / tube de collection แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ–
มžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“
Ammonium
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžขแŸŠแžปแž™แžšแŸ‰แŸ
Potassium แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแŸ–
Atropine
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Lactic acid / Acide lactique
มž˜แžถแžŒแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แŸ–
มŸฅ% แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มŸกแŸ % แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มŸขแŸ % แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มŸคแŸ % แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹ แžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜?
มž แžพแž˜ (Edema/Oedรจme)
Hypertension
มžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž˜ แžฌ แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ (Anemia/Anรฉmie)
Uremia / Urรฉmie
มžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžขแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แž›แžธแž“ แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† แž‚แŸ’แž›แžปแž™แž€แžผแžŸ แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž› (gradient) แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ adipocytes
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžขแŸแž–แžธแžแŸแž›แŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž˜แžปแž„แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มžแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ glucagon แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มžœแžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€ glycogen แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžœแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ แžขแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แž›แžธแž“
มžœแžถแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž… gluconeogenesis / gluconรฉogรฉnรจse แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžœแžถแžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„ adenyl cyclase
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แž‘แžธแžšแŸ‰แžผแžขแŸŠแžธแž (thyroid hormone/hormone thyroide) แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžปแž€แžŸแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžแŸ†แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž–แž–แžฝแž€แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžผแžกแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแžšแžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
มžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ primary hyperaldosteronism / hyperaldosteronisme primaire (Connโ€™s syndrome / syndrome de Conn) แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
Hypertension
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž˜แžถแžŒแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž›แžพแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ Adrenalectomy/Adrรฉnolectomie แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“:
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ insuline
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž…แž›แŸแž แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžแžถแž˜แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚ แž“แžทแž„ shock แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžกแžพแž„
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒ angiotensin II / Angiotensine II แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ–
มž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžšแžแžผแž…แŸ—แž“แŸ…แž‡แžถแž™แŸ— (peripheral arteriole / atรฉriole pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแŸ†แž”แžทแž›แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ aldosterone
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž…แž‘แžนแž€
Islets of Langerhans / ilรดt de Langerhans แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„แŸ–
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžƒแžพแž‰แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸฃแŸ % แž“แŸƒแž‘แž˜แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž›
มž˜แžถแž“ แŸฆ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ insulin / insuline แž“แžทแž„ glucagon
"Progesterone แŸ– "
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™ corpus luteum / corps lutรฉal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžปแž€ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž‘แžธ แŸฆ แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž˜แžถแž“ implantation
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžฑแžŸแžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€ (Anti-inflamatory / anti-inflamatoire) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‚แžทแžแžแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แŸ— (capillary/capilaire) แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž leukotrienes แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ pyrogen / pyrogรจne แž–แžธ granulocyte แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸ lysosome แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแžšแž—แžถแž–
มžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แžŒแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ gastrin / gatrine แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแŸ–
Secretin / Sรฉcrรฉtine
Cholecystokinin / Cholรฉcystokinine
Motilin / Motiline
Vosoactive intestinal polypeptide / polypeptide intestinal vasoactive
มžแžพแžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž‡แžธแžœแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แžŠแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™ receptor / rรฉcepteur แž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–?
Progesterone
Estrogens / Estrogรจne
Cortisol
Epinephrine
มžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Oxytocin / Oxytocine
Progesterone
Estradiol
Insulin / Insuline
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒ capillaries/capillaires แž‚แžบ แŸ–
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžœแžทแž‰
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†
มžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžผแžšแžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“
มž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแžงแžŸแŸ’แž˜แŸแž“
"แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แŸƒ capillaries/capillaires แž”แžถแž“แž‚แžบ แŸ–"
มž‘แžนแž€แžšแž„แŸƒ
มž€แžถแž”แžผแž“แžŒแžธแžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž
มž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€
มžขแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“
มž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„ capillary/capillaire แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž–แžธแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แŸ–
Nerve cells/Cellules nerveuses
Muscle cells/Cellules musculaires
Endothelial cells/Cellules endothรฉliales
Epithelial cells/Cellules รฉpithรฉliales
Epithelial cells/Cellules รฉpithรฉliales
15-20 ยตm
8-10 ยตm
25-30 ยตm
5-10 ยตm
"แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แžŸแžฝแž (Pulmonary vein/Veines pulmonaires) แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜ แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบ แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžˆแžถแž˜ แŸ–"
Oxyhaemoglobin/Oxyhรฉmoglobine
Deoxygenated/Dรฉsoxygรฉnรฉ
Red blood cells/Globules rouges
Oxygenated/Oxygรฉnรฉ
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“ แŸ–
Superior Vena Cava/Veine cave supรฉrieure
Portal Vene/Veine porte
Pulmonary vein/Veine pulmonaire
Inferior Vena Cava/Veine cave infรฉrieure
"แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แž‡แŸ’แžˆแž˜แžŽแŸ’แžŒแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž…แžทแžแŸ’แž (the center of all mental activity/Centre de toutes les activitรฉs centrales) แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ แŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแž‚แžทแžโ€‹ (thinking/pensรฉe)โ€‹
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž“ (learning/apprentissage)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšโ€‹ digesting/digestion)
มž€แžถแžšแž…แž„แž…แžถแŸ† (memory/mรฉmoire)
"แžŠแžผแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™,แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แžกแžพแž„แž–แžธแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—โ€‹ แž‚แžบ แŸ– แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›,แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„, แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘ แž“แžทแž„ โ€‹แŸ–"
Ganglia/ganglion
Axon/Axone
Neurons/Neurones
Bone/Os
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž“แžทแž„แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž“แŸƒ แŸ–
"แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžœแž™แŸแž (Autonomic nervous system /System nerveux autonome) "
"แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž› Central nervous system /System nerveux centralย )"
มžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„ (Cerebrospinal fluid/Liquide cรฉrรฉbrospinal)
"แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž‡แžถแž™ (Peripheral nervous system /Systรจme nerveux pรฉriphรฉrique)"
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž“แžทแž„แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„ แž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸ–
มž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž–แžธแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž”แžธแžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž”แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹
"แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แž”แžธแž“แŸƒแžŽแžบแžšแŸ‰แžผแž“ (neuron/neurone)แŸ–"
Axon/Axone
Myelin/Myรฉline
Pons
Bone/Os
"แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แžนแž€แžšแž„แŸƒ (lymphatic system/Systรจme lymphatique) แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“ แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แžพแžŸโ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แžˆแžถแž˜โ€‹แžœแžธแž‰แž‚แžบ แŸ–"
Clear/clair
Interstitial/interstitiel
Red-colored/colorรฉe en rouge
Thoracic/thoracique
Thymus แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž’แŸ†แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžœแŸแž™ แŸ–
มž‡แŸ†แž‘แž„แŸ‹ ( teen/adolescent )
มž‘แžถแžšแž€ (infant/enfant)
มž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹ (adult/adulte)
มž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžš (puberty/pubertรฉ)
Thymus แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžšแžฝแž˜แžแžผแž…แžœแžทแž‰แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžœแŸแž™ แŸ–
มž‡แŸ†แž‘แž„แŸ‹ ( teen/adolescent )
มž‘แžถแžšแž€ (infant/enfant)
มž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹ (adult/adulte)
มž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžš (puberty/pubertรฉ)
"แžแžพแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸƒแžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž–แžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž–แžธโ€‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™ แžขแžถแž แžถแžš ?"
มžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜
มž˜แŸ‰แžผแž›แŸแž‚แžปแž›
มžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœ
"แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ– แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹, แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แžถแžš, แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡, แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…, แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แž’แŸ† แž“แžทแž„ "
Pharynx
Larynx
Pancreas
Liver/foie
"แž…แž›แž“แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž แžผแž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžขแŸ„แž™แž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแžแž‡แžถแž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜ แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™โ€‹แžขแžถแž แžถแžšโ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž แŸ…แžแžถ แŸ–"
Peristalsis/Peristaltisme
Rhythm/Rythme
Mastication
Hydrolysis/Hydrolyse
"แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš (digestive tract )แž˜แžถแž“ แŸค แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž‚แžบmucosa, submucosa, muscular layerแž“แžทแž„ "
Lumen
Lamina propria
Serous layer or serosa/Couche sรฉreuse
Muscularis mucosa/Mucus musculaire
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž€แžถแžšแž‚แžถแŸ†แž‘แŸ’แžš,แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš,แž…แž›แž“แžถ,แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžšแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แžทแž„แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž”แžบแžแž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แž…แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžปแž›
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™
มž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“ แŸข แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž‚แžธ Compact แž“แžทแž„ .
Yellow marrow/moelle jaune
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone/Os spongieux
Periosteum/Perioste
Osseous tissue/Tisssu osseux
มž†แŸ’แž†แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แžขแžถแž™แžปแž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžŽแž‡แžถ แŸ–
มŸกแŸฅ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มŸฉ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มŸขแŸ  แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มŸขแŸจ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
"แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžœแŸ‚แž„แž‡แžถแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžšแžถแž„แžœแŸ‚แž„แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž แŸ…แžแžถ Diaphysis /Diaphyse แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„โ€‹แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž“แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„แž แŸ…แžแžถแŸ–"
Lunate
Carpals
Epiphysis/Epiphyse
Spongy bone/Os spongieux
มž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹แŸ–
มŸกแŸฉแŸ 
มŸขแŸขแŸ 
มŸกแŸจแŸฅ
มŸขแŸ แŸฆ
มžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ–
มŸฅ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘
มŸฃ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘
มŸข แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘
มŸคโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘
"แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแž‰แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€แž–แžธ แŸ– แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“(Pocket Valves ) ,โ€‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แžธแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžแžถแž˜โ€‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“(Smooth Muscle ),แž…แž›แž“แžถแžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜ ( Respiratory Pump ), แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž‘แžถแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ (Gravity ) แž“แžทแž„"
มž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž…แž›แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แž„แŸ€แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
"แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž€แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—, แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™ แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แŸ†แžŽแž€แžˆแžถแž˜, แž“แžทแž„"
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพ
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžšแŸ„แž‚
มžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžš
มž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸแžšแžปแž”แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžŽแž‡แžถ แŸ–
มŸฃแŸ .แŸ แŸ %
มŸคแŸ .แŸ แŸ %
มŸฆแŸ .แŸ แŸ %
มŸจแŸ .แŸ แŸ %
Haemoglobin/Hemoglobine โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžฝแž™แžขแŸ„แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‡แžถ แŸ–
Deoxygenated/Dรฉsoxygรฉnรฉ
Oxygenated/Oxygรฉnรฉ
Acidosis/Acidose
Leukophilia/Leucophilie
"แžŸแžฝแžแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แŸขโ€‹ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž” ( lobes ) แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž”โ€‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸ–"
มŸข แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž”
มŸฃ แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž”
มŸค โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž”
มŸฅ แž€แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž”
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžแžŽแŸ’แžŒแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸก แž“แžถแž‘แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸ–
มŸจ แž‘แŸ… แŸกแŸ  แžŠแž„
มŸกแŸข แž‘แŸ… แŸกแŸฅ แžŠแž„
มŸขแŸ  แž‘แŸ… แŸขแŸฅ แžŠแž„
มŸฃแŸ  แž‘แŸ… แŸฃแŸฅ แžŠแž„
"แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ (Parts of the lower Respiratory Tract/Parties de la voie respiratoire basse) แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ–Trachea/Trachee, โ€‹Bronchi/Bronche, โ€‹Bronchioles, Alveoli/Alvรฉoles, แž“แžทแž„"
Larynx
Diaphragm/Diaphragme
Pharynx
Epiglottis/Epiglotte
"แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ (Parts of the Upper Respiratory Tract/Parties de la voie respiratoire haute) แžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ– Mouth/Bouche, Pharynx ,Larynxแž“แžทแž„"
Nose & nasal cavity/Nez et cavitรฉ nasale,
Sinus
Esophagus/Oesophage
Epiglottis/Epiglotte
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ (Kidneys/reins) แž‘แŸ†แžถแž„แŸขแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž‘แŸ’แžšแžผแž„แž‘แžธ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžธ แŸก
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž‘แŸ’แžšแžผแž„แž‘แžธ แŸฉแž“แžทแž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžธ แŸข
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž‘แŸ’แžšแžผแž„แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ แž“แžทแž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžธ แŸข
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž‘แŸ’แžšแžผแž„แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸข แž“แžทแž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แž„แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžธ แŸฃ
"แž”แŸ’แž›แŸ„แž€แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜โ€‹ แžขแžถแž…แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡โ€‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แŸ– "
มŸฃแŸ แŸ  แž‘แŸ…แŸฅแŸ แŸ โ€‹ แž˜แž›
มŸคแŸ แŸ  แž‘แŸ… แŸฆแŸ แŸ  แž˜แž›
มŸฅแŸ แŸ  แž‘แŸ…แŸงแŸ แŸ โ€‹ แž˜แž›
มŸฆแŸ แŸ  แž‘แŸ…แŸจแŸ แŸ โ€‹ แž˜แž›
"แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžแžŽแŸ’แžŒโ€‹แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท (Urinary substance/Substance urinaire) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžแžถแž˜แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“ แŸ–"
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžš
มž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž€แžพแžแž–แžธแž˜แŸแžแžถแž”แžผแž›แžธแžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹
มž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜
มž–แž„แžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแžŸ ( Testes/Testicules) แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžถแž‘แžธ แŸ–
มž•แž›แžทแžแž‘แžนแž€แž€แžถแž˜
มž•แž›แžทแžแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸ
มž•แž›แžทแžแž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž› (sperm/sperme )โ€‹แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž—แŸแž‘แž”แžปแžšแžŸ
มž•แž›แžทแžแž‹แžถแž˜แž–แž›
"แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžธแž›แžธแž›แžธแžแŸ’แžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž€แžถแž˜แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแž แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž›(sperm/sperme)โ€‹ แžŸแžšแžปแž”แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸ–"
มŸก แž›แžถแž“ แž‘แŸ… แŸฃ แž›แžถแž“แž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž›
มŸกแŸฅ แž›แžถแž“ แž‘แŸ… แŸฅแŸ  แž›แžถแž“แž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž›
มŸขแŸ  แž›แžถแž“ แž‘แŸ… แŸฆแŸ  แž›แžถแž“แž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž›
มŸฅแŸ  แž›แžถแž“โ€‹โ€‹ แž‘แŸ… แŸกแŸฅแŸ  แž›แžถแž“แž˜แŸแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แž›
"Ovaries/Ovaire แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžถแž‘แžธ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ hormone แž—แŸแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธ ( Estrogen /Oestrogรจne, Progesterone ) แž“แžทแž„ ."
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžšแŸ†แžขแžนแž›
มžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž“แŸ gonads/gonades
มž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‚แžแŸŒ
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž–แž„แžขแžผแžœแžปแž›แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„ แŸ–โ€‹
มžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฃ แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžœแžŠแŸ’แžแžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ
มžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ  แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžœแžŠแŸ’แžแžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ
มžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸกแŸค แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžœแžŠแŸ’แžแžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ
มžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸขแŸจ แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžœแžŠแŸ’แžแžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ
"แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž–แž„แžขแžผแžœแžปแž› แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸƒแžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แŸก แž—แžถแž‚ แŸฃโ€‹ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แžšแž„แŸ‹แž…แžถแŸ†แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€โ€‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›โ€‹ "
มŸจ แž‘แŸ… แŸกแŸข แž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„
มŸขแŸค แž‘แŸ… แŸคแŸจ แž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„
มŸฃ แž‘แŸ… แŸฅ แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ
มŸค แž‘แŸ… แŸฅ แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžแžผแž…แžแžถแžแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžบ แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ Endocardium/endocarde
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ Myometrium/myomรจtre
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ Endometrium/endomรจtre
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ Perimetrium/pรฉrimรจtre
"แž‘แŸ’แžœแžถแžšแž˜แžถแžŸ แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžถแž‘แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ แžฒแŸ’แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžŠแžผแžœแž แžผแžšแž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž”แžถแž“,โ€‹ แžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘ ,แžฑแŸ’แž™แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž”แžถแž“ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ แŸ– "
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‚แžแŸŒ
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž“แžผแžœแžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž•แŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ—
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž•แž›แžทแžแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž—แŸแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ แžฌ แž–แž„
"แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‚แžบ แž—แžถแž–แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹ (contractibility/contractibilitรฉ)โ€‹, แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž แž…แž›แž“แžถ(for movement/pour mouvement), แž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™ ( body stability/stabilitรฉ corporelle)แž“แžทแž„ แŸ–"
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‘แžนแž€แžšแž„แŸƒ
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ แŸ–
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž”แŸ‚แž”แž†แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸˆ (voluntary muscles/muscles volontaires)
มžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžธแžšแŸˆ
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž”แŸ‚แž”แžขแž†แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸˆ (Involuntary muscles/muscles involontaires )
มžšแž›แŸ„แž„ ( smooth/lisse )
"แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถ แž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‚แžบ แŸ–"
Connective tissue/tissue conjonctive, (แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ )
Nerve tissue/Tissu nerveux (แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘ )
Blood or vascular tissue/sang et tissu vaculaire (แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜ )
Epithelial tissues/Tissus รฉpithรฉliales (แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹)
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžธแžšแŸˆ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ แŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž‘แž„แžŸแžฝแž
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžฝแž
"แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž›แžพแž€โ€‹แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ แŸ–"
"แž˜แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽ mitochondria/mitochondriesโ€‹โ€‹ แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€ แžขแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžŸแžธแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžฝแž™โ€‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‹แžถแž˜แž–แž›แž–แžธ แžŸแŸ’แž€แžš แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแŸ”"
มž˜แžถแž“แžขแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž€แŸ’แž›แžผแž”แŸŠแžธแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹ แž„แžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€โ€‹แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แžขแžปแž€โ€‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ‚แŸ’แžŸแž“แŸ”
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‚แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‚แž„แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžข
"แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžฒแŸ’แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž›แžพแž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†,โ€‹ แžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„,โ€‹ แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†,โ€‹ แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†,โ€‹ แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹โ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€, แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แŸ–"
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž–แžŽแŸŒแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžปแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
"แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แž–แžธแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ แŸ–"
มž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž–แžธแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…
"แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž…แž›แž€แžš (motor neuron /neurone moteur)"
มž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž–แžฝแžš ( tendon )
มž˜แžถแž“ ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
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