PSYC 410: Exam 2 Ch. 5-8
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
Pre-perceptual auditory memory.
Primary auditory memory.
Echoic memory.
Iconic memory.
Information remains in sensory memory for
15-30 seconds.
As long as it is rehearsed.
Seconds or a fraction of a second.
1-3 minutes.
Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus.
Appearance
Meaning
Sound
Modality
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
A. short-term memory has unlimited capacity.
B. short-term memory consists of a number of components.
Working memory has unlimited capacity.
Working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
A. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.
The length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.
Due to its differing wavelengths, the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out.
The trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler.
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
A. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
Trying to remember a map of the area
The word-length effect reveals that
Longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words.
STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages.
Working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information.
The phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?the visuospatial sketch pad
The visuospatial sketch pad
The phonological loop
Delayed response coding
The STM recency effect
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory.
Autobiographical
Long-term
Sensory
Short-term
Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
20% : 50 % : 70% correct
70% : 40% : 60% correct
30 % : 30% : 30% correct
80% : 40% : 30% correct
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
Declarative and non-declarative
Personal semantic and remote
Semantic and episodic
Implicit and procedural
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory.
Implicit
Short-term
Long-term
Sensory
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Implicit
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
Encoding specificity
The propaganda effect
Release from proactive inhibition
The self-reference effect
A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Following a story in a book
Recognizing people he has recently met
Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
Word-completion
Personal semantic memory
Recognition
Recall
The predominant type of coding in LTM is
Visual.
Semantic.
Concrete.
Phonological.
Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.
Episodic; semantic
Self; others
Aware; unaware
Primacy; recency
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably
Both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
Are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
Represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
The physical features of the word.
The category of a word.
The pleasantness of a word.
The meaning of a word.
_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrograde
Encoding
Retrieval
Processing
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
Long and across several days.
Short and across several days.
Long and all on a single day.
Short but all on a single day.
Graded amnesia occurs because
Emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
Remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.
Nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
Recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
Presynaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters.
Postsynaptic neuron.
Synapse.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.
Auditorially; auditorially
Auditorially; semantically
Semantically; visually
Semantically; auditorially
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
By agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
By a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
By the person whose memory will be tested.
Using visual images.
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
Uninvolved in memory consolidation.
Strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
Strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. Presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
Recent
Emotional
Remote
Anterograde
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
What is involved in a particular experience.
A sequence of actions.
Items appropriate to a particular setting.
Information stored in both semantic and episodic memory.
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
One week.
One hour.
24 hours.
One month.
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
Scripting.
Repeated recall.
Pre-cueing.
Source monitoring.
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
Failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
Inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
Source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
Increased confidence due to postevent questioning.
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
Rehearsal cannot account for them.
People's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).
They are permanent and resist forgetting.
____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
Automatic narrative
Pragmatic inference
Observer perspective
Prospective memory
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____
In a manner that bypassed normal neurological “blocks.”
Less efficiently than normal.
Using stronger semantic connections than normal.
Using more visual encoding than normal.
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file.
Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.
The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because
MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring.
MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
The original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.
MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail.
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
Verbatim recall.
Cryptomnesia
Constructive memory processes.
The effect of scripts.
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