Gen Bio 2 (Replication) HARD AF

A detailed and colorful illustration of DNA replication, showcasing DNA helicase, DNA polymerases, and Okazaki fragments in a dynamic process with labels indicating each enzyme's fun<wbr>ction.

Mastering DNA Replication Quiz

Test your knowledge on DNA replication with this challenging quiz designed for advanced biology enthusiasts! Dive into questions that focus on the functions of various enzymes, the mechanisms of replication, and the intricate details involved in the process.

Prepare to explore:

The roles of DNA polymerases
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication
Functions of nucleases and topoisomerases
Common consequences of replication errors

30 Questions8 MinutesCreated by NavigatingCell12

Which of the following statements about the function of DNA Polymerase 1 is true?

A) It adds new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand.

B) It removes RNA primers from the 5' end of Okazaki fragments

C) It repairs errors in newly synthesized DNA strands

D) It initiates DNA synthesis by adding the first nucleotide to a growing strand

Which of the following is NOT a function of DNA Polymerase III?

A) Synthesizing the leading strand

B) Proofreading for errors

C) Removing RNA primers

D) Unwinding the DNA double helix

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA Polymerase I and DNA Polymerase III?

A) Proofreading ability

B) Role in lagging strand synthesis

C) 3' to 5' exonuclease activity

D) Ability to synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A) Number of origins of replication

B) Presence of telomeres

C) Use of DNA polymerases

D) Replication direction

Which of the following statements best describes a replication bubble?

A) A region of the DNA double helix where the two strands have separated and DNA synthesis is occurring

B) A protein complex that helps to stabilize the replication fork

C) An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

D) A site on the DNA molecule where replication begins

Which of the following is the most likely reason why the lagging strand lags during DNA replication?

A) The replication machinery moves faster on the leading strand than on the lagging strand

B) The lagging strand is more difficult to unwind than the leading strand

C) The lagging strand undergoes more frequent replication errors than the leading strand

D) The replication machinery has difficulty synthesizing DNA in the 5' to 3' direction on the lagging strand

Which of the following describes the replication machinery?

A) The set of enzymes and proteins responsible for initiating DNA replication

D) The group of proteins and enzymes involved in the replication of DNA, including DNA polymerase, helicase, and primase

C) The cellular machinery responsible for repairing DNA damage

B) The complex of enzymes and proteins involved in the synthesis of RNA during transcription

Which of the following describes a nuclease?

A) An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication

B) A protein that recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences

C) A type of RNA molecule that functions as a template for protein synthesis

D) A protein that unwinds the double helix during DNA replication

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a disease affecting the primase enzyme during DNA replication?

A) The inability to initiate of DNA synthesis

B) The formation of DNA adducts and other types of DNA damage

C) The disruption of the DNA helix due to altered base pairing

D) The inability of DNA polymerase to add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a disease affecting the helicase enzyme during DNA replication?

A) The inability of DNA polymerase to add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

B) The formation of DNA adducts and other types of DNA damage

C) The failure of DNA strands to separate, leading to stalled replication forks

D) The alteration of DNA sequence due to errors in base pairing during replication

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a disease or substance affecting the topoisomerase enzyme during DNA replication?

A) The failure of DNA strands to separate, leading to stalled replication forks

B) The inability of DNA polymerase to add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

C) The alteration of DNA sequence due to errors in base pairing during replication

D) The formation of DNA adducts and other types of DNA damage

Which of the following is a possible mechanism by which topoisomerase enzymes relieve supercoiling in DNA?

A) Breaking one or both strands of DNA and rejoining them after rotation

B) Adding or removing nucleotides from the DNA strand

C) Unwinding the DNA double helix structure

D) Coiling the DNA around histone proteins to reduce tension

Which of the following is a possible characteristic or function of Kornberg's enzyme?

A) A type of DNA polymerase with high proofreading activity

B) An enzyme that breaks down RNA during transcription

C) A helicase that unwinds DNA during replication

D) An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

Which of the following is a possible reason why the primer is made of RNA instead of DNA during DNA replication?

A) RNA is more stable than DNA and less prone to mutation

B) RNA polymerase has higher fidelity than DNA polymerase

C) RNA is more flexible than DNA and better able to form complex structures

D) DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for RNA than for DNA

Which of the following is a possible direction in which primase adds its primers during DNA replication?

A) 3' to 5' direction

B) 5' to 3' direction

C) In both the 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' directions

D) In a random direction

Which of the following is a possible mechanism by which ligase "glues" Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

A) Ligase removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

B) Ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups of adjacent DNA fragments

C) Ligase unwinds the DNA double helix and exposes the unpaired nucleotides in the Okazaki fragments

D) Ligase recruits other enzymes to fill the gaps between the Okazaki fragments

Does DNA replication require ATP?

A) Yes, ATP is required to activate the DNA polymerases.

B) No, ATP is not directly required for the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication

C) Both A and B are correct

D) The answer depends on the specific type of DNA polymerase involved.

What happens when an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during replication?

A) The polymerase will immediately stop synthesizing the new strand and release the incorrect nucleotide.

B) The polymerase will pause, allowing a proofreading mechanism to remove the incorrect nucleotide and replace it with the correct one.

C) The incorrect nucleotide will be permanently incorporated into the new strand

D) The polymerase will continue to incorporate correct nucleotides, but the final sequence will contain a mutation.

Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the process of Mismatch Repair in DNA replication?

A) Recognition of the mismatched base by the MutS protein

B) Binding of the MutL protein to the MutS protein

C) Excision of the incorrect nucleotide by the MutH protein

D) Polymerization of the correct nucleotide by DNA polymerase

What is the nucleotide sequence typically found at the end of eukaryotic telomeres?

A) ATCGGTT

B) GCTAGCT

C) TTAGGG

D) CGATCGA

What is the primary function of telomeres in eukaryotic cells?

A) To protect the genome from damage caused by mutagens

B) To facilitate DNA replication by serving as a template for polymerase activity

C) To aid in the sorting and separation of chromosomes during mitosis

D) To regulate gene expression by serving as a binding site for transcription factors

Which of the following is the primary reason for the shortening of DNA/telomeres after each round of replication?

A) Exposure to mutagens and other DNA-damaging agents

B) Errors in DNA replication and repair mechanisms

C) Limited availability of nucleotide building blocks required for DNA synthesi

D) Incomplete replication of the ends of linear chromosomes

What is the primary function of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

A) To facilitate DNA replication by serving as a template for polymerase activity

B) To repair DNA damage caused by mutagens and other agents

C) To regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure

D) To prevent the loss of genetic information by extending the length of telomeres

What is the primary function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

A) To catalyze DNA replication and repair

B) To act as a barrier against DNA-damaging agents

C) To store and regulate cellular energy

D) To package and organize DNA into chromatin structure

Which of the following best describes chromatin?

A) A type of DNA polymerase enzyme involved in DNA replication

B) A lipid molecule that forms the structural basis of cell membranes

C) A class of protein molecules that play a role in gene regulation and DNA packaging

D) A type of RNA molecule involved in protein synthesis

Which of the following best describes the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A) Heterochromatin is located at the center of the nucleus, while euchromatin is located at the periphery.

B) Heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, while euchromatin is loosely packed and transcriptionally active.

C) Heterochromatin is composed primarily of histones, while euchromatin is composed primarily of non-histone chromosomal proteins.

D) Heterochromatin is involved in DNA replication and repair, while euchromatin is involved in gene expression and regulation.

A DNA sample is analyzed and found to contain 35% adenine (A) bases. What is the percentage of guanine (G) bases in the sample according to Chargaff's Rule?

A) 15%

B) 35%

C) 40%

D) 65%

Why does the origin of replication usually start at the base pairings of A and T?

A) Because A and T have the strongest hydrogen bonding interactions.

B) Because A and T have the weakest hydrogen bonding interactions.

C) Because A and T have the highest affinity for each other.

D) Because A and T have the lowest affinity for each other.

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