Atmospheric Pollution
Which'factors'contribute'to'sea'level'rise'due'to'climate'change?'
Increased'numbers'of'floods'
Rapid'melting'of'arctic'ice'
Thermal'expansion'and'melting'of'land,bound'ice'
Slow'sinking'of'the'continents'
Enhanced'precipitation'
The'green'house'gas'effect'can'be'explained'by'
Enhanced'concentration'of'dust'and'carbon'monoxide'in'the'atmosphere'
Enhanced'reflection'of'long'wave'radiation'by'GHG'
The'elliptic'path'of'the'earth'around'the'sun'
Ozone'depletion'in'the'stratosphere'
A) Wavelength'dependence'of'absorption'of'radiation'by'GHG'
Because'saturation'vapour'pressure'depends'on'the'surface'on'which'it'occurs'
Clouds'grow'rapidly'when'ice'particles'are'introduced'
Small'drops'grow'at'the'cost'of'large'drops'
Mixing'of'warmer'and'colder'air'masses'can'lead'to'mixing'fog'
Lifting'of'air'masses'leads'to'condensation'
Airborne'radionuclide'concentrations'are'especially'relevant'for'
Inhalation'and'Submersion'
Ingestion'and'Submersion'
Infiltration'and'Submersion'
Exposition'and'Ingestion'
Ingestion'and'Inhalation'
Occult'deposition'is'
Deposition'by'fog,'dew,'etc.'
An'as'yet'undiscovered'deposition''
Deposition'pollutants'attached'to'aerosols'
Deposition'that'is'not'yet'fully'understood'
For'the'development'of'the'ozone'hole'in'the'Antarctic'the'following'are'decisive:'
High'CFC'concentration'and'climate'change'
High'CFC'concentrations'and'temperatures'below'zero'
Temperatures'below',80°C'and'little'air'mass'exchange'
High'CFC'concentrations'an'lack'of'solar'radiation'
The'double'strategy'in'Austrian'air'pollution'policy'consists'of'
Limiting'emission'according'to'state,of,the,art'technology'and'to'stay'within'air'quality''
Increasing'stack'heights'and'emission'standards'
Limiting'synergistic'pollutants'simultaneously'
Requiring'the'pollutants'and'the'affected'to'contribute'to'emission'reductions'
An'endIofIpipe'measure'is'e.g.:'
Using'more'efficient'technologies'
Implementing'an'emission'trading'scheme'
Filter'flue'gases'
Technological'improvements'in'the'process'
Desulfurization'of'oil' '
Present'day'GHG'emissions'of'the'average'Austrian'are'around'
50't'per'year'
1't'per'year'
100't'per'year'
Not'quantifiable'
10't'per'year'
Climate'change'does'not'involve:'
Changes'in'precipitation'
Frequency'of'extreme'events'
More'intense'earthquakes'
Melting'of'polar'ice'
Temperature'changes'
Which'are'not'typical'effects'of'mountain'valleys'or'basins?'
Inducing'thermally'driven'circulations'
Strong'dispersion'of'pollutants'
Development'of'cold'air'basins'due'to'drainage'flow'
Inversions'
Channelling'flow'
Stratospheric'ozone'concentration'
Is'falling'in'midlatitudes'in'winter,'constant'in'summer'
Is'falling'worldwide'
Is'falling'in'equatorial'regions'in'winter'
S'falling'in'midlatitudes,'and'strongly'falling'over'Antarctica'
In'the'climate'debate'tipping'points'are'understood'to'describe'
Points'at'which'the'planet'becomes'uninhabitable'
Points'beyond'which'positive'feedback'mechanisms'can'no'longer'be'contained'by'humans'
Points'of'time'in'policy'debate'when'decisive'steps'are'taken'
Geographical'locations'where'decisive'climate'process'
Under'clear'sky'conditions'in'summer'ozone'levels'are'especially'high'in'Vienna'
On'weekdays'
During'traffic'peaks'
On'Sundays'and'holidays'
On'Mondays'
On'Saturdays'
In'the'early'morning'
What'is'NOT'true'of'radioactive'decay'
Is'the'only'way'to'deplete'radio'nuclein
Disappears'after'5'half,life'times'
Depends'only'on'the'radio'nuclide'
Is'independent'of'external'influences'
Can'vary'over'several'orders'of'magnitude'
Which'of'the'following'issues'is'not'a'mesoscale'pollution'problem'
Fine'particles'(PM)''
Tropospheric'zone'
Persistent'organic'compounds'(POP)'
Green'house'gases'
Radio'active'substances'
The'IPAT'equation'or'Kaya'Identity'can'be'used'to'explain
The'impact'of'population,'air'pollution'and'technology'on'environmental'degradation'
The'impact'of'green'house'gas'emissions'on'climate'
The'extent'to'which'ecological'boundaries'have'been'crossed'
The'impact'of'world'population,'affluence'and'technology'on'green'house'gas'emissions'
The'impact'of'lifestyles'on'environmental'quality'and'tipping'points'
What'was'the'original'definition'of'smog?'
A'combination'of'smoke'and'fog'
High'concentrations'of'photo'chemicals'
Cigarette'smoke'
High'ozone'concentrations'
Dispersion'models'typically'consist'of'3'modules:'
Transport'Module,'Immission'Module,'Impact'Module'
Meteorology'Module,'Chemistry'Module,'Deposition'Module'
Emission'Module,'Transmission'Module,'Immission'Module'
Meteorology'Module,'Chemistry'Module'and'Transport'Module'
Meteorology'Module,'Transport'Module,'Deposition'Module'
Trajectories'are'an'important'part'of'which'kind'of'dispersion'models?'
Gaussian'models'
Diffusions'models'
Langrangian'models'
Richardson'models'
Eulerian'models'
Near'the'earths'surface'temperature'increases'with'height'
When'wind'speed'increases'with'height'
When'wind'speed'is'low'and'the'radiation'balances'at'the'surface'is'negative'
Because'the'distance'from'sun'decreases'
When'atmospheric'radiation'exceeds'terrestrial'radiation'
When'warm'air'rises'from'heated'surfaces'
When'an'inversion'breaks'up'
Chronic'damage'caused'by'air'pollution'can'be'prevented'
Standards'expressed'in'high'percentiles'
Limiting'maximum'concentration'
Short'term'standards,'e.g.'hourly'means
Long'term'standards,'e.g.'yearly'means'
In'an'idealised'valley'the'following'local'circulations'are'to'be'expected'in'fair'weather'on'the' early'afternoon'
Only'valley'wind'
Valley,'and'down'slope'wind'
Valley'and'up'slope'wind'
Only'down'slope'wind'
Mountain'and'down'slope'wind'
In'order'for'a'cloud'to'rain,'cloud'droplets'must'grow'
Through'coagulation'and'coalescence'with'other'droplets'
Through'freezing'and'melting'
And'reach'a'size'100'times'that'a'small'cloud'droplet'
Through'transpiration'and'evaporation'
Through'compression'and'density'increase
Through'condensation'and'diffusion'
Which'of'the'following'radiative'processes'leads'to'energy'conversion?'
Reflexion'
Absorption'
Refraction
Diffusion'
Concentrations'caused'at'a'specific'point'by'a'continuous'point'source'vary'strongly'
In'inversions'
In'unstable'layers'
In'neutral'layers'
In'stable'layers'under'strong'wind'conditions'
In'isothermal'layers'near'the'ground'
The'troposphere'
Is'the'bottom'layer'of'the'atmosphere'in'which'temperature'decreases'with'height'
Is'the'lower'part'of'the'planetary'boundary'layer'
Is'the'lower'part'of'the'stratosphere'and'characterized'by'temperature'increase'with'height
Consists'of'the'planetary'boundary'layer'and'the'turbulent'surface'layer'
Boundaries'of'the'global'ecological'system'seem'to'have'been'exceeded'regarding'
Climate'change,'nitrogen'cycle'and'phosphorus'cycle'
Nitrogen'cycle','phosphorus'cycle'and'biodiversity'loss'
Ocean'acidification,'nitrogen'cycle'and'biodiversity'loss'
Climate'change,'nitrogen'cycle'and'biodiversity'loss'
Climate'change,'ocean'acidification'and'biodiversity'loss
The'following'is'NOT'correct'regarding'albedo:'
Averaged'over'the'whole'globe,'albedo'is'about'5%'
Albedo'is'higher'for'snow'than'for'bitumen'
Albedo'is'reflectivity'averaged'over'all'wave'lengths'
Albedo'is'the'ration'of'reflected'to'incoming'radiation'
Albedo'increases'with'the'temperature'of'the'reflecting'body'
The'atmosphere'is'characterised'by'
About'80%'nitrogen,'20%'oxygen'and'1%'Argon'content'
About'0,03'CO2'and'0,05'water'vapour'content'
About'80%'oxygen'and'20%'hydrogen'content'near'the'surface'
Rapid'increase'of'CO2'and'decrease'of'oxygen'concentrations'
Good'mixing'of'gases'up'to'120km'height'
Which'of'the'following'does'not'heat'up'faster'than'global'average?'
Continents'
Arctic'
Alpine'region'
Oceans'
In'what'latitudes'do'the'highest'stratospheric'ozone'concentrations'occur?'
20°'
60°'
80°'
45°'
The'declared'aim'of'the'policy'of'high'stacks'was'to'
Enhance'the'chimney'effect'and'create'higher'effective'stack'heights'
Make'use'of'higher'wind'speeds'
Reduce'maximum'immissions'on'the'ground'
Delay'deposition'
Distribute'pollutants'over'larger'areas'
Global'temperature'increase'over'the'last'150'years'is'about''
0,2°C'
1,2°C'
0,8°C'
0,4°C'
What'process'is'not'part'of'dispersion'of'pollutants'in'air?'
Interception'
Diffusion'
Decay'
Deposition'
Sedimentation'
Clinical'studies'to'determine'concentration'limits'for'humans'help'to'
Replace'experiments'using'animals'
Study'exposures'under'normal'conditions'
Understand'systematic'dose,effect'relationships'
Study'the'effects'of'high'exposures'
What'is'characteristic'of'an'Eulerian'model?
The'limited'amount'of'input'data'and'numerical'capacity'needed'
A'coordinate'system'that'is'fixed'relative'to'the'earth'surface'
The'good'representation'of'point'sources'
A'grid'with'increasingly'smaller'dimensions'
What'is'the'dual'role'of'CFCs'in'the'atmosphere?'
Enhance'chemical'reactions'and'produce'stratospheric'ozone'
Enhance'chemical'reactions'and'destroy'tropospheric'ozone
Contribute'to'global'warming'as'GHG'and'deplete'ozone'
Destroy'ozone'and'contribute'to'Global'Dimming'
Inversions'can'cause'high'immission'concentrations'near'the'ground'
When'pollutants'are'emitted'below'the'inversion'
Because'heating'is'especially'intense'in'these'periods'
When'pollutants'are'emitted'into'the'inversion'through'high'stacks'
Because'pollutants'are'pressed'downward'
Sulfates'can'cover'large'distances'in'the'atmosphere'because'
They'are'released'in'great'heights'
They'are'not'easily'washed,out'
Their'lifetime'in'the'atmosphere'is'long'
They'are'especially'light'compared'to'their'size
What'data'are'not'relevant'for'emission'inventories?'
Geographical'position'of'sources'
Flue'gas'temperature'
Stack'height'
Wind'speed'
Emission'rates'of'different'pollutant'groups'
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