Lecture 6-8 Health Practice test
What percentage of the population has some form of chronic condition?
25%
50%
75%
10%
What percentage of prescription medication use is accounted for by the chronically ill?
80%
70%
90%
50%
What percentage of younger adults struggle with at least one form of chronic condition or illness?
75%
10%
50%
33%
Are chronic conditions only confined to older adults?
Sometimes
Not sure
No
Yes
What are the three levels of severity for chronic conditions?
Easy, medium, hard
Low, medium, high
Simple, complex, difficult
Mild, moderate, severe and life-threatening
What are the four components of quality of life?
Physical functioning, psychological status, social functioning, and disease- or treatment-related symptoms
Physical health, mental health, social life, and symptoms
Physical fitness, emotional well-being, social interactions, and symptoms
Physical abilities, mental state, social connections, and symptoms
Why is it important to study the quality of life among those with chronic conditions?
There is no need to study the quality of life among those with chronic conditions.
Documentation of how illness affects the activities of daily living can guide interventions designed to improve quality of life.
Studying the quality of life among those with chronic conditions has no practical implications.
It is not important to study the quality of life among those with chronic conditions.
What can quality-of-life measures help pinpoint?
The overall quality of life for all patients with chronic conditions
The effectiveness of all treatments for chronic conditions
Exactly which problems are likely to emerge for patients with which diseases
The severity of all chronic conditions
What can quality-of-life information be used for?
To determine the cause of chronic conditions
To predict the outcome of chronic conditions
To develop new medications for chronic conditions
To compare treatment therapies/techniques and inform practitioners about care that will maximize long-term survival with the highest quality of life possible
What are some beliefs that patients may have about chronic illness?
They may believe that chronic illness is caused by bad luck
They may believe that they can prevent the reoccurrence of the disease through good health habits or sheer force of will
They may believe that chronic illness is a punishment from a higher power
They may believe that chronic illness is contagious
Why is it important to evaluate chronically ill patients for anxiety and depression?
Because anxiety and depression have no impact on the quality of life for chronically ill patients
Because anxiety and depression only affect the physical symptoms of chronic illness
Because anxiety and depression can be cured through medication
Because anxiety and depression can be high among chronically ill patients
What type of medication may be appropriate for patients suffering from depression and/or anxiety associated with chronic illness?
Psychopharmacological medication
Painkillers
Antibiotics
Vitamins
What are some important differences between psychotherapy with medical patients and psychotherapy with patients who have primarily psychological disorders?
There are no differences between psychotherapy with medical patients and psychotherapy with patients who have primarily psychological disorders
Therapy with medical patients does not require respect for patients' defenses
Therapy with medical patients is more likely to be episodic than continuous
Collaboration with the chronically ill patient's physician and family members is not important in therapy with medical patients
Why is it important for the therapist working with a medical patient to have a comprehensive understanding of the patient's illness and its modes of treatment?
The therapist's understanding of the patient's illness and its modes of treatment does not affect the therapy
Illness and treatments themselves may produce psychological problems
The therapist does not need to understand the patient's illness and its modes of treatment
The therapist can rely on the patient to provide all the necessary information
What is a common intervention for patients who have psychosocial complications due to chronic illness?
Individual therapy
Physical therapy
Group therapy
Occupational therapy
What is a potential benefit of coping skills training for chronic disease patients?
Improvement in functioning
Increase in anxiety
Reduction in feelings of purpose and meaning in life
Decrease in knowledge about the disease
What is an important resource for people with chronic illnesses?
Social support
Financial support
Educational support
Medical support
How can family support enhance a patient's physical and emotional functioning?
By isolating the patients from others
By promoting adherence to treatment
By discouraging adherences to treatment
By causing additional stress
What are some benefits of support groups for the chronically ill?
They discourage open communication
They create a competitive environment
They provide specific information about how others have dealt with problems related to chronic illness
They increase feelings of isolation
What are some beliefs that patients may have about chronic illness?
They may believe that chronic illness is contagious
They may believe that chronic illness is caused by bad luck
They may believe that they can prevent the reoccurrence of the disease through good health habits or sheer force of will
They may believe that chronic illness is incurable
Why is it important to evaluate chronically ill patients for anxiety and depression?
Because anxiety and depression can be cured by medication
Because anxiety and depression can be high among chronically ill patients
Because anxiety and depression are contagious
Because anxiety and depression have no impact on chronically ill patients
What type of medication may be appropriate for patients suffering from depression and/or anxiety associated with chronic illness?
Antibiotics
Painkillers
Vitamins
Psychopharmacological medication
What are some important differences between psychotherapy with medical patients and psychotherapy with patients who have primarily psychological disorders?
There are no differences between psychotherapy with medical patients and psychotherapy with patients who have primarily psychological disorders
Therapy with medical patients requires no collaboration with the patient's physician and family members
Therapy with medical patients is more likely to be episodic than continuous
Therapy with medical patients is more likely to be continuous than episodic
Why is collaboration with the chronically ill patient's physician and family members critical in therapy?
Collaboration with the physician and family members is not necessary in therapy
The physician can perform therapy sessions with the patient
The physician can provide free medication to the patient
The physician can inform the psychologist or other counselor of a patient's current physical condition
What should a therapist working with a medical patient have a comprehensive understanding of?
The patient's favourite hobbies
The patient's illness and its modes of treatment
The patient's favourite food
The patient's favourite TV shows
What is individual therapy often guided by when working with chronically ill patients?
Dance therapy
CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
Music therapy
Art therapy
What can coping skills training improve for chronic disease patients?
Functioning
Appetite
Sleep quality
Memory
What is an important resource for people with chronic illnesses?
Financial support
Medication
Social support
Physical exercise
What are some benefits of family support for chronically ill patients?
Increases the patient's medical bills
Worsens the patient's condition
Causes additional stress for the patient
Enhances the patient's physical and emotional functioning
At what age do most children think of death as 'a great sleep'?
During adolescence
Between ages 5 and 9
Around the age of 9 or 10
Up to age 5
What do children at a young age often think about death?
They may not understand that death is final and irreversible
They are frightened and saddened by death
They believe that death occurs because of a supernatural being
They have a biological understanding of death
What are some benefits of social support?
Increased stress levels and unsuccessful coping
Reduced stress levels and successful coping
Strained relationships and negative self-image
Increased risk of mortality and illness
What are some effects of social support on illness?
Lowers the likelihood of illness
Increases the risk of mortality
Has no effect on illness
Increases the likelihood of illness
What is social support?
The perception and actuality that one is independent and self-sufficient
The perception and actuality that one is isolated and alone
The perception and actuality that one is disliked and unvalued
The perception and actuality that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations
What is relaxation training?
Affects the emotional experience of stress
Affects the physiological experience of stress by reducing stimulation and arousal
Affects the psychological experience of stress
Affects the physiological experience of stress by increasing stimulation and arousal
What is self-affirmation?
Changing one's values
Positively affirming one's values through thoughts and speech
Negatively affirming one's values through thoughts and speech
Ignoring one's values
What is expressive writing?
A form of emotional disclosure that is individually focused
A form of emotional disclosure that is externally focused
A form of emotional suppression
A form of emotional avoidance
What is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)?
A therapy that encourages avoidance of difficult thoughts and feelings
A therapy that focuses on past events
A therapy that challenges thoughts directly
A CBT technique that incorporates acceptance, mindfulness, and commitment to behavior change
What is mindfulness meditation?
A state of mind marked by a heightened awareness of the future
A state of mind marked by a heightened awareness of the past
A state of mind marked by a heightened awareness of the present
A state of mind marked by a lack of awareness
What are some outcomes that signify successful coping?
Negative self-image
Increased stress levels
A reduction or elimination of stressors
Strained relationships
What is one of the most potent external resources with regards to health?
Employment
Socioeconomic status
Education
Friends
What is resilience?
The ability to bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations
The ability to ignore bad experiences and stressful situations
The ability to avoid bad experiences and stressful situations
The ability to prevent bad experiences and stressful situations
How does self-esteem affect coping?
High self-esteem is only tied to practicing better health habits
High self-esteem is tied to effective coping and practicing better health habits
High self-esteem has no impact on coping
High self-esteem is only tied to ineffective coping
What is psychological control?
The belief that one can only control one's behaviour but not the environment
The belief that one can determine one's own behaviour, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes
The belief that one can only control the environment but not one's behaviour
The belief that one has no control over one's behaviour and environment
What is optimism?
An optimistic nature only influences coping but not illness
An optimistic nature only influences illness but not coping
An optimistic nature can help people cope more effectively with stress and reduce their risk for illness
An optimistic nature has no impact on coping and illness
How is negative affectivity related to health?
Negative affectivity is related to poor health, chronic disorders, and all-cause mortality
Negative affectivity has no impact on health
Negative affectivity is only related to mental health
Negative affectivity is related to good health and longevity
What is negative affectivity?
A broad personality trait that refers to the stable and pervasive tendency to experience no emotions
A broad personality trait that refers to the stable and pervasive tendency to experience both positive and negative emotions
A broad personality trait that refers to the stable and pervasive tendency to experience positive emotions
A broad personality trait that refers to the stable and pervasive tendency to experience negative emotions
What are stress moderators?
Factors that have no impact on stress
Factors that reduce stress
Factors that modify how stress is experienced and its effects on individuals+1
Factors that cause stress
How does personal and circumstantial factors affect stress?
People with many resources may experience stressful events more intensely
Personal and circumstantial factors only affect the duration of stress
People with many resources may experience stressful events less intensely+1
Personal and circumstantial factors have no impact on stress
What is coping?
The thoughts and behaviours used to avoid stressful situations
The thoughts and behaviours used to manage the internal and external demands of stressful situations+1
The thoughts and behaviours used to create stressful situations
The thoughts and behaviours used to ignore stressful situations
How does personality influence coping?
Personality has no impact on coping
Personality only influences the perception of stress
Personality characteristics influence how a person copes with a stressful event+1
Personality only influences the duration of stress
At what age do most children develop the idea that death is final?
During adolescence
Between ages 5 and 9
Around the age of 9 or 10
Up to age 5
What do some children personify death as?
An altered state, like Snow White or Sleeping Beauty
A supernatural being that takes the person away
A shadowy figure, such as a ghost, the Grim Reaper, or the devil
A great sleep
What is a main theme in adolescence related to death?
Understanding death as permanent, universal, and inevitable
Establishing identity and building relationships with peers
Acting out risky behaviors
Feeling immortal or being exempt from death
What may teenagers' realization of their own death subconsciously threaten?
Their ability to act out risky behaviors
Their relationship with authority figures
Processes such as establishing identity, finding independence, and building relationships with peers
Their understanding of death as permanent, universal, and inevitable
What may middle-aged individuals fear about death?
Loss of physical appearance, sexual prowess, or athletic ability
The development of chronic health problems
The fear of dying alone
The realization that their work may be meaningless
What are some common chronic health problems that may ultimately kill middle-aged individuals?
Cancer, stroke, or heart failure
Infectious diseases or organ failure
Degenerative diseases
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, obesity
Why may some individuals make abrupt life changes in middle age?
To pursue new opportunities
To find a new sense of purpose
To escape from chronic health problems
To postpone death (i.e., midlife crisis)
Why may dying be easier for the elderly compared to the young?
The elderly have better access to healthcare
The elderly are generally more prepared to face death
The elderly have a stronger support system
The elderly have fewer chronic health problems
At what age do most children think of death as "a great sleep"?
During adolescence
Up to age 5
Around the age of 9 or 10
Between ages 5 and 9
What do children at a young age often think about death?
They have a biological understanding of death
They believe that death occurs because of a supernatural being
They may not understand that death is final and irreversible
They are frightened and saddened by death
At what age do children typically have an understanding that death is final?
Between ages 5 and 9
During adolescence
Around the age of 9 or 10
Up to age 5
What do some children personify death into at the age of 5 to 9?
A supernatural being
A shadowy figure, such as a ghost, the Grim Reaper, or the devil
A great sleep
A sleeping beauty waiting for the prince
What is a main theme in adolescence related to death?
Acting out risky behaviors
Establishing identity and building relationships
Understanding death as permanent, universal, and inevitable
Feeling immortal or being exempt from death
Why do teenagers sometimes act out in response to their realization of their own death?
They are influenced by external surroundings
They want to rebel against authority figures
It threatens their processes of establishing identity, finding independence, and building relationships with peers
They are afraid of death
What may the fear of death be symbolically acted out as in middle age?
A fear of loss of physical appearance, sexual prowess, or athletic ability
A fear of midlife crisis
A fear of work becoming meaningless
A fear of chronic health problems
What are some common chronic health problems that may develop in middle age?
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, obesity
Infectious diseases or organ failure
Cancer, stroke, or heart failure
Degenerative diseases
Why may some people make abrupt life changes in middle age?
To postpone death (i.e., midlife crisis)
To establish identity
To find independence and build relationships
To rebel against authority figures
Why are the elderly generally more prepared to face death than the young?
They have a better understanding of death
They have seen friends and relatives die and may have thought about their death and made some initial preparations
They have more support from family and friends
They are physically healthier
According to Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying, which stage involves anger and resentment towards healthy individuals?
Bargaining
Acceptance
Anger
Depression
In Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying, which stage involves making deals or bargains in exchange for better health or more time?
Bargaining
Anger
Depression
Acceptance
According to Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying, which stage involves coming to terms with lack of control and mourning the prospect of one's own death?
Depression
Anger
Acceptance
Bargaining
In Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying, which stage involves a tired, peaceful calm and making preparations for the end of life?
Acceptance
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
What is the psychological response to bereavement?
Depression
Anger
Acceptance
Grief
How long does the grieving process usually last?
A few days
A few weeks
Several decades
Months to a few years
What is one of the problems associated with survivors after the death of a family member?
Feeling of hollowness or emptiness
Yearning for the deceased person
Expressions of hostility toward others
Inability to concentrate on activities
What is the stage in Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying where the patient may show resentment through death jokes and sarcastic remarks?
Depression
Anger
Acceptance
Bargaining
In Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying, which stage involves feeling a sense of peace and making preparations for the end of life?
Bargaining
Anger
Depression
Acceptance
What is the stage in Kübler-Ross’s five-stage theory of death and dying where the patient acknowledges that little can be done to avoid or get rid of their illness?
Depression
Anger
Acceptance
Grief
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