MCQ Basic-science (Part B) Ratini !!!

Create an engaging visual representation of essential vitamins, hormones, and their fun<wbr>ctions in the human body, showcasing colorful illustrations of vitamins like A, B, C, D, E, K, and hormones like insulin, cortisol, adrenaline in a vibrant, educational style.

Essential Vitamins and Hormones Quiz

Test your knowledge on essential vitamins, hormones, and their biochemical roles in the human body. This quiz covers various aspects of nutrition and metabolism, suitable for students and health enthusiasts alike.

Key features of the quiz:

  • Multiple choice format
  • Focus on vitamins and hormones
  • Ideal for revision and learning
251 Questions63 MinutesCreated by LearningNutrient47
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ E แž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแžถแžกแžธ
มž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„แž•แŸ’แž€แžถแžˆแžผแž€แžšแŸแžแŸ’แž“
มž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„แžขแžผแž›แžธแžœ
มž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžธ
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ K แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มžšแžปแž€แŸ’แžแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž›แžนแž€แž”แŸƒแžแž„
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹
มžแŸ’แžšแžธ
มž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แž‚แžบแŸ–
A
C
D
K
มž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ B1 แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแŸแžŸ (ricket/rachitisme)
มž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„(Anemia/Anรฉmie)
มžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€ (beriberi/bรฉribรฉri)
Pellagra/pellagre
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ pyruvic acid / acide pyruvique แž“แžทแž„ lactic acid / acide lactique แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แŸ–
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid / acide pantothenique
มžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“B12แŸ–
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžปแž€แž‘แžปแž€แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแž–แŸŒแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž€แžถแž™แž‘แŸ
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžปแž€แž‘แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžปแž€แž‘แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžปแž€แž‘แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ reticulum endothelial (reticulum endothelial cells)
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž acid phosphatase / phosphatase acid แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ serum แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
Metastatic carcinoma of prostate / carcinome mรฉtastatique de la prostate
Myocardial infarction / Infarctus du myocarde
Wilsonโ€™s disease / Maladie de Wilson
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž alkaline phosphatase / Phosphatase alkalin แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ serum แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
Hypothyroidism/Hypothyroidie
Carcinoma of prostate/Carcinome de la prostate
Hyperparathyroidism/Hyperparathyroidie
Myocardial ischemia/Ischemie myocardique
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž lipase แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ serum แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
Pagetโ€™s disease/Maladie de Paget
Gaucherโ€™s disease/Maladie de Gaucher
Acute pancreatitis/Pancrรฉatite aigue
Diabetes Mellitus/Diabรจte sucrรฉ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Acute pancreatitis/pancrรฉatite aigue แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› 5 แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Serum amylase/Amylase sรฉrique
Serum lactate dehydrogenase/Lactate dรฉhydrogรจnase sรฉrique
Urinary lipase/Lipase urinaire
Urinary amylase/Amylase urinaire
มžแžพแžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ (Plasma) ?
Lipoprotein lipase
Amylase
Aminotransferase
Lactate dehydrogenase
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜(Ca)แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžแžถแž˜แŸ–
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มžŠแŸ‚แž€(Fe)แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž’แžถแžแžปแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Hemoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Transferase
Transaminase
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŠแŸ‚แž€แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ?
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹(organ meat)
มž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡
มž”แŸ‰แŸแž„แž”แŸ„แŸ‡
มžŠแŸ†แžกแžผแž„แž”แžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„
Cobalt (Co) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แŸ–
B1
B6
B12
Folate
มžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžผแžŠ(I2)แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแŸ–
T3 แž“แžทแž„ T4
PTH
Insulin
Adrenaline
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แŸแžแžถแž”แžผแž›แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž’แžถแž“ (basal metabolic rate / taux du mรฉtabolisme de base) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแŸ–
Hypothyroidism/Hypothyroidie
Leukemia/Leucรฉmie
Cardiac failure/Insuffisance cardiaque
Hyperthyroidism/Hyperthyroidie
Hormone แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ anterior pituitary/antรฉhypophyse แž‚แžบแŸ–
Growth hormone/Hormone de croissance
Vasopressin/Vasopressine
Oxytocin/Oxytocine
Epinephrine/Adrรฉnaline
Hormone แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ posterior pituitary/posthypophyse แž‚แžบแŸ–
Vasopressin/Vasopressine
Thyrotrophic hormone/Hormone thyrotrophique
Prolactin/Prolactine
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Acromegaly/Acromรฉgalie แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแŸ–
Thyroxine
Growth hormone/Hormone de croissance
Insulin/Insuline
Glucagon
ACTH แž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แŸ–
Glucocorticoids
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Luteinizing hormone/Hormone lutรฉale
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ hormones แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถglucocorticoid/glucocorticoide ?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Dehydroephiandrosterone
Androstenedione
Cortisol แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
Zona fasiculata/Zone fasciculaire
Zona glomerulosa/Zone glomรฉrulaire
Zona reticularis/Zone rรฉticulaire
Chromaffin cells/Cellules Chromaffin
Hormon/Hormone แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž€แžผแž“ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Progesterone
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ melanin/mรฉlanine (melanogenesis/mรฉlanogenรจse) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
MSH
FSH
LH
HCG
ADH แž“แžถแŸ†แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แž‘แžนแž€แžœแžทแž‰แž–แžธ renal tubule/tube rรฉnal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แž–แžธ renal tubule/tube rรฉnal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แž–แžธ renal tubule/tube rรฉnal
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แžŠแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแžแŸแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž‘แžถแž” (specific gravity/densitรฉ)
Adrenaline แž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž… glycogenolysis / glycogรจnolyse แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
4-hydroxypyrazolopyridine (synthetic nucleotide analogue/nuclรฉotide de synthรจse) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แŸ–
Acute nephritis/Nรฉphrite aigue
Gout/Goรปte
Cystic fibrosis/Fibrose kystique แž“แŸƒแžŸแžฝแž
Multiple myeloma/Myรฉlome multiple
Vasopressin (ADH)แŸ–
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž‘แžนแž€แžœแžทแž‰(Reabsorption)
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž‘แžนแž€แžœแžทแž‰
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž‚แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž›แžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแž (over doses) แž“แŸƒแŸ–
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜(Na+)
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜(K+)
มžŸแŸแž„แŸ’แž€แžŸแžธ(Zn++)
มž˜แŸ‰แžถแž‰แŸ‰แŸแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜(Mg++)
PH แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž‚แžบแŸ–
7
7.1
7.2
7.4
มž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜ (oedema) แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แŸ–
Plasma Na แž“แžทแž„ Plasma Cl แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ / Na plasmatique แž“แžทแž„ Cl plasmatique แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Plasma Na แž“แžทแž„ Plasma Cl แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ / Na plasmatique แž“แžทแž„ Cl plasmatique แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Plasma proteins/Protรฉine plasmatique แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Plasma protein/Protรฉine plasmatique แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Furosemide แžšแžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€ แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž€แŸ’แž›แžš แžœแžทแž‰แž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
Proximal convoluted tubules/Tube proximal
Loop of Henle/Angle de Henle
Distal convoluted tubules/Tube distal
Collecting ducts/Tube de collection
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแŸˆแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แž›แžทแž erythropoietin/รฉrythropoiรฉtine แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž?
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž•แžถแž›
มžŸแžฝแž
มžแžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แžถแŸ†แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžErythropoietin / Erythropoiรฉtine ?
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“(O2)แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžฝแžแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“(O2)แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“(O2)แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžงแžŸแŸ’แž˜แŸแž“แž€แžถแž”แžผแž“แžทแž€(CO2)แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“(O2)แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž…แžผแžšแžšแž€แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžแžŽแŸ’แžŒแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแž แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž“ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡?
มž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„(anemia/anรฉmie)
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž”แžšแžทแž™แžถแž€แžถแžŸแž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แžถแž”
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžฌ แžŸแžฝแžแž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž…แŸ„แŸ‡
มž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜(Renal calculi/calcul rรฉnal)
มž€แžถแžšแžแžผแž…แžแžถแžแž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
Normoblasts / normoblastes แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ peripheral blood / sang pรฉriphรฉrique แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแŸ–
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
Extramedullary erythropoiesis / รฉrythropoiรจse extramรฉdullaireแžฌ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’ O2แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžข
มž€แžถแžšแžแžผแž…แžแžถแžแž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž แžผแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแž–แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
Thrombopoietin / Thrombopoiรฉtine
มž…แžผแžšแžšแž€แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžปแž„แž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Hemoglobin / HemoglobineแŸ–
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† O2 แž–แžธแžŸแžฝแžแž‘แŸ…แžฒแŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† CO2 แž–แžธแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‘แŸ…แžŸแžฝแž
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† CO2 แž–แžธแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‘แŸ…แžŸแžฝแž
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“แžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ† O2 แž–แžธแžŸแžฝแžแž‘แŸ…แžฒแŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™ (แž€) แž“แžทแž„ (แž)
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ HIV-positive แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŠแžนแž„แžแžถแž“แžนแž„แžˆแžถแž“แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžพแž symptomatic AIDS แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
CD4 lymphocyte count
HIV antibody test
HIVRTPCR
Neopterin
HIVp24antigen
มžแžพแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ acute febrile rash แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แž›แŸ’แžข (immunocompetent) แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“ aplastic crises in persons with sickle cell disease แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“ ?
Rubeola
Varicella-zoster
Parvovirus
Rubella
Herpes simplex
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ herpes simplex แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ simplex virus, แž‡แžถ แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ common human pathogen แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž›แŸ’แžข แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
The CNS แž“แžทแž„ visceral organs แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ antibody titer แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแž”แžœแžทแž‰แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžแŸ‹แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž (emotional disturbances) แžฌแž แžถแž›แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž™แžผแžš (prolonged exposure to sun-light)
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš intestinal absorption แž“แŸƒ the virus
Infection แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš type1virus
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ HIV-positiveแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžขแžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžฝแž€AZT, DDI,แž“แžทแž„saquinavir แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ CD4 lymphocyte แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพHIVRNA viral loadtest แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแžทแž“แŸ” CD4 : 50CD4lymphocytes per microliter HIVRNA : 750,000 copies per ml แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžถแž“แŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแŸˆ
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš opportunistic infection แž™แžผแžšแž‘แŸ
มžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› แŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†, แž‡แŸ„แž‚แžœแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž‚แžบแž›แŸ’แžข(The5-year prognosis is excellent)
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ HIV แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ screening test แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ‚ negative
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“ infectious
The viral load of 750,000 copies per ml แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แž“แžถ แŸฃแž˜แžปแž (triple therapy) แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ
Infectious mononucleosis, แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ viral disorder แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™, แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“ prevalent แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„ แŸกแŸคแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ rhabdovirus
มž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž แŸแžแžปแž‚แžบ Epstein-Barrvirus
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™ production แž“แŸƒ heterophilanti - bodies
Ribavirin แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›
มžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž“แŸƒ arbovirusinfection แž˜แžถแž“แŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แŸฃแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบencephalitis, hemorrhagicfever, orfeverwithmyalgia แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ arboviruses?
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžฝแž€ arthropodvectors
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸŠแžถแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž (Areusuallyresistant toether)
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžœแžถแžขแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแŸ‚แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ(Usuallycausesymptomaticinfectioninhumans)
มž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžทแžแžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแžแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™parvoviruses
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ Delta แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“ แžแŸ‚แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ แžฌแžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸƒแŸ” แž—แŸ’แž„แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ Delta แž‚แžบแŸˆ
AnincompletehepatitisBvirus
RelatedtohepatitisAvirus
AhepatitisBmutant
AnincompleteRNAvirus
Hepatitis C
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ (The most sensitive test) แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแžšแž€แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžš แžŠแŸ„แž™ herpes simplex (HSV) แž‚แžบแŸˆ
HSVIgGantibody
HSVpolymerasechainreaction (PCR)
HSVculture
Tzancksmear
Cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)proteinanalysis
มž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแžŠแŸ„แž™virus แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„ แž“แŸ…UnitedStatesแž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“10แž‘แŸ…15% แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™Mumpsvirus(virusd'oreillons)แŸ”แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžœแžถแž‚แžบแŸˆ
มžœแžถแž„แžถแž™แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžพแžแž˜แŸ’แžแž„แž แžพแž™แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœแž†แŸ’แž›แž„ (Isapttorecurperiodicallyinmanyaffectedpersons)
มž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบmumpsorchitis แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™
Ismaintainedinalargecaninereservoir
Usuallyproducesseveresystemicmanifestations
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™immunization (Ispreventablebyimmunization)
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž‘แžพแž”แž€แžพแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽ cytomegalovirus (CMV) 1:32 แžแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŸแŸ„แŸ‡แŸ” แžแžพแž™แžพแž„แž‚แžฝแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
CMV แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ— (RepeattheCMVtiterimmediately)
มžšแž„แž…แžถแŸ†แŸฆแžแŸ‚แž‘แžพแž”แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแž›แžพแž‘แžถแžšแž€ (Wait 6 months and obtainanotherrtiteronthe baby)
มž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ CMVtiter แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž”แž„แž”แŸ’แžขแžผแž“แžœแžถ (siblings)
มž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ anti-CMVIgMtiter แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™
มž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ anti-CMVIgMtiter แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž‘แžถแžšแž€
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฃแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แž€แž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™ แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž แŸ€แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ„ แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜ แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ Koplik แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แŸ” แžแžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ viruses แžŽแžถ แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ ?
Adenovirus
Herpesvirus
Picornavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxovirus
มž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž€แžถแž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™ (sexuallytransmitteddiseases) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™ viruses แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž„แžถแž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ cervicalcarcinoma แŸ” แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ viruses แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžป ?
Cytomegalovirus
Papillomavirus
Epstein-Barrvirus
Herpessimplexvirus
Adenovirus
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแž croupsyndrome แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžแžผแž…แŸ—, แž“แžทแž„แžœแžถแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ mammalian, แžœแžถแž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ… (hemabsorbred bloodcells) ?
GroupBcoxsackievirus
Rotavirus
Parainfluenzavirus
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ E (HepatitisE), แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ hepatitisvirus แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—, แž˜แžถแž“แŸก แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜(Itisnotathreattothebloodsupply)
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ blood-bornehepatitis
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“ prevalent แž“แŸ… NorthAmerica
มžœแžถแž‡แžถ single-strandedDNAvirus
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžŠแžผแž… hepatitis C
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžš (Meningitis) แž“แŸ…แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แžšแžนแž„แž€ แŸ” Asepticmeningitis แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แŸ” แž“แŸ…แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แŸขแŸคแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒ asepticmeningitis แž‘แžนแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸˆ
Proteincontent แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Glucoseconcentration แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Lymphocytosis
Polymorphonuclearleukocytosis
Eosinophilia
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ hepatitis D virus (HDV ; delta agent) แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž–แŸแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ hepatitis B virus (HBV) แžฌแž€แŸแž‡แžถแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ HDV, แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแžถ HDV แž‡แžถ virus แž˜แžถแž“ replicativefunction แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšHBVแŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž serologic แžŽแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“ HDV แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ HBV ?
HBsAg
HBcIgM
HBeAg
HBsIgM
HBsIgG
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ encephalitisvirus แž›แžพแž–แžฝแž€แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแžŸแŸแŸ‡ (Easternequine) แž‡แžถแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžผแžšแžแŸ‚แž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹ (eradication) แž–แžฝแž€ :
Horses
Birds
Mosquitoes
Fleas
Ticks
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™ (varicella) แž€แžถแž›แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„ แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž แž”แžถแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แžŸแž›แŸ‹แž‘แžปแž€แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž„แž‡แžพแž„แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“ viralfamilies แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ viralfamilies แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Herpesvirus
Poxvirus
Adenovirus
Myxovirus
Paramyxovirus
Germanmeaslesvirus (rubella), แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแžฝแž˜แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแžพแžšแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€(exanthems) แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžš ?
Measles (rubeola) แž“แžทแž„ Germanmeasles (rubella) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ
มž–แŸแž› Incubation แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž› แŸข แž‘แŸ… แŸฃ แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™
Vesicularrashesarecharacteristic
Onsetisabruptwithcough, coryza, and fever
Specificantibodyintheserum แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžป Negri แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžผแž“แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸˆ
Mumps
Infectiousmononucleosis
Congenitalrubella
Asepticmeningitis
Rabies
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ hepatitisBsurfaceantigen แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž‘แŸ€แžแž€แŸแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“ eantigen แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ” แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžทแžแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž‚แžบแŸˆ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžพแž activehepatitis (Isinfectiveandhasactivehepatitis)
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„ แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž€แžพแžactivehepatitis (Isinfectivebutdoesnothaveactivehepatitis)
มž˜แžทแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„ (Isnotinfective)
มž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡ biologicfalse-positivetestแž“แŸƒhepatitis
มž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแž‚แžบ hepatitis B แž“แžทแž„C
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ (immunocompromised) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž”แŸ’แžšแž€แžถแž…แŸ‹ (seizures), แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ MRI แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“ lesion แž“แŸ… temporallobeแŸ” แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Brainbiopsy แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“multinucleatedgiantcells แž“แžทแž„ intranuclearinclusions แŸ” แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ lesion แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‚แžบแŸˆ
HepatitisCvirus
Herpessimplexvirus
Listeria monocytogenes
Coxsackievirus
Parvovirus
มž‘แžถแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž˜แž€แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ (ER), แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ (fever) แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ (persistentcough)แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™ แž“แžทแž„แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถpneumonia แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒ แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Coxsackievirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Rhinovirus
มžแžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ (groupsofpeople) แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž˜แžปแžแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„ HIV แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแžแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แŸกแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“HIV-positive
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแžแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แŸกแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“HIV-positive
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แžšแŸ„แž„แž…แž€แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“ HIV-positive
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแž€แž˜แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžšแžถแž‡แž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“ bleedingulcers
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘แžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ (Homosexualfemales)
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถ แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ A (hepatitisAvirus(HAV))แŸ” แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž แž“แžทแž„HAV-IgG แž“แžทแž„ HAV-IgM แž‚แžบ non- reactive แŸ” แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแŸˆ
HepatitisBsurfaceantigen
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Rotavirus
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแŸ’แž›แŸ„แž…แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ (Erythemainfectiosum) (แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‘แžธแŸฅ), แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ self-limited แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แŸ—, แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸˆ
Measles
Parvovirus
Rubella
Humanherpesvirustype6
Norwalkvirus
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ virus แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แžถhumantumorvirus ?
Epstein-Barrvirus(EBV)
HIV
Papillomavirus
Varicella-zostervirus(VZV)
Herpessimplexvirus,type2(HSV)
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ Cytomegalovirus (CMV) แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ CMV?
มžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ placentalbarrier
มžแžŽแŸˆแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžแžถแž›แŸ‹, CMV แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžขแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ
CMV แžขแžถแž…แžŠแžปแŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แžˆแžถแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ
มž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž–แžธ viralinfections แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž, CMV แž˜แžทแž“ activate แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžฝแž€ immunosuppressive แž‘แŸ
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› specific แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ CMV แž‘แŸ
มž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ signs แž“แžทแž„ symptoms แž แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž›แžพแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž (congenital) แž“แžทแž„แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž€แžพแž (perinatal)แŸ” แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž‘แžพแž”แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ cytomegalovirus (CMV) แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž‚แžบ แž˜แžถแž“แŸก แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™ แž‚แžบ ?
CMVIgGtiteronneonateโ€™sserumatbirth
CMVIgGtiteronmotherโ€™sserumatbirthofinfant
CMVIgMtiteronneonateโ€™sserumatbirthandat1monthofage
TotalIgMonneonateโ€™sserumatbirth
Cultureofmotherโ€™surine
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ viruses แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแŸ‚แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ (latentinfection)?
Adenovirus
Measlesvirus
Influenzavirus
Parvovirus
CoxsackievirusgroupB
มž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžšแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžป gammaglobulin แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž แžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸก แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Poliomyelitis
Infectiousmononucleosis
Atypicallymphocytosis แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸก แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Encephalitiscausedbyherpessimplexvirus(HSV)
MononucleosisinducedbyEpstein-Barrvirus
Parvovirusinfection
ChronichepatitisC
Rotavirusgastroenteritis
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“ arthralgia, arash, lymphadenopathy, pneumonia แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“ fever แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“?
Denguefever
St.Louisencephalitis
Infectiousmononucleosis
Hepatitis
HIVinfection
Hepatitis C (HCV) แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแž›แŸ’แž˜แž˜ (milddisease) แž‚แžบแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž แŸ„แž…แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸแž˜แžถแž“ enzymes แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถ HCV ?
Fewcasesprogresstochronicliverdisease
Itoftenoccursinpost transfusionpatients
HBVbutnotHCVinfectionsoccurinIVdrugabusers
ItisaDNAvirus
BloodproductsarenottestedforantibodytoHCV
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ (markers) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธ firstviralmarker แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ hepatitisBinfection ?
HBeAg
HBsAg
HBcAg
Anti-HBc
HbeAb
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธ serologicalmarker แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžแŸ‹ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž’แžผแžšแžŸแŸ’แž”แžพแž™แž“แŸƒ HBVinfection (windowphase)?
HBeAg
HBsAg
HBcAg
Anti-HBc
HbeAb
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžทแžแž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž€แžถแžšแžšแžฝแž˜แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒHBVinfectivity แž“แžทแž„ DNApolymeraseactivity ?
HBeAg
HBsAg
HBcAg
Anti-HBc
HBeAb
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ virus แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒ congenital malformations ?
Rabies
Rhinovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Mumps
Orchitis, แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแŸกแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžผแž“ (sterility), แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Rabies
Rhinovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Mumps
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ virus แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบpneumonia แž›แžพแž‘แžถแžšแž€แž‘แžพแž”แž€แžพแž ?
Rabies
Rhinovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Mumps
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžป fatalencephalitis แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžšแžฝแž… (available) ?
Rabies
Rhinovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Mumps
มž‘แŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแžš (Traditionalvaccination) แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‘แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ serotypes แž˜แžถแž“ virus แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ virus?
Rabies
Rhinovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Mumps
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แž”แžถแž“ (available) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž– (effective) แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› hepatitis A ? ?
Acyclovir
Killedvirusvaccine
Inactivatedvirusvaccine
Livevirusvaccine
Recombinantviralvaccine
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแžš influenza แž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ vaccines แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Immuneserumglobulin
Killedvirusvaccine
Inactivatedvirusvaccine
Livevirusvaccine
Recombinantviralvaccine
มžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแžšแž€แž‰แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‡แžนแž› (vaccineformeasles) แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž‚แžบแŸˆ
Bacterin
Killedvirusvaccine
Inactivatedvirusvaccine
Livevirusvaccine
Recombinantviralvaccine
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž˜แž€แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ HSVinfection ?
Acyclovir
Killedvirusvaccine
Herpesimmuneglobulin
Azythromycin
Recombinantviralvaccine
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž–แžธแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ vaccine แž“แŸƒ hepatitis B ?
Syntheticpeptidevaccine
Killedvirusvaccine
Inactivatedvirusvaccine
Livevirusvaccine
Recombinantviralvaccine
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™ (Chicken pox) แž‡แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ ?
Cytomegalovirus
Rotavirus
Varicella-zostervirus
Adenovirus
Papillomavirus
มž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžถแž™ (influenza) แž…แŸแž‰, แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ virusesแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแžฝแž˜แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžš(acuterespiratorydisease) ?
Cytomegalovirus
Rotavirus
Varicella-zostervirus
Adenovirus
Papillomavirus
Vaccine แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แŸก แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แž˜แŸ’แž”แž„แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแž gastroenteritis แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แŸ” แž€แŸแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚ แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž“แžนแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžทแž‰, virusแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Cytomegalovirus
Rotavirus
Varicella-zostervirus
Adenovirus
Papillomavirus
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ mononucleosis แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž mononucleosis แž“แžทแž„ EBVtiters แž‚แžบ negative แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒ heterophile- negative :
Cytomegalovirus
Herpessimplexvirus
Varicella-zostervirus
Adenovirus
Coxsackievirus
Malaise แž“แžทแž„ fatigue แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒ โ€œatypicalโ€ lymphocytes แž“แžทแž„ reactiveheterophilantibodytest แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸˆ
Toxoplasma
Borrelia burgdorferi
Epstein-Barrvirus
Parvovirus
Rubellavirus
Lethargy, malaise, แž“แžทแž„ fatigue แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธ แŸขแžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚ hamburger แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž“แž˜แžทแž“แž›แŸ’แžข(แž†แŸ…) แž“แŸ…แž—แŸ„แž‡แž“แžธแž™แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„
Toxoplasma
Cytomegalovirus
E.coli
Salmonella
Clostridium
Virus แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžทแž’แžธpolymerasechainreaction (PCR) แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ nasopharyngealcarcinoma แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Parvovirus
Epstein-Barrvirus
มžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ Humanpapillomavirus
Cervicaltissue
Synovial fluid
Blood
Skin
มžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ Cytomegalovirus
Cervicaltissue
Synovial fluid
Blood
Skin
Cerebrospinalfluid
มžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ Enterovirus
Cervicaltissue
Synovial fluid
Blood
Skin
Cerebrospinalfluid
มžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ Varicella-zostervirus (VZV)
Cervicaltissue
Synovial fluid
Blood
Skin
Cerebrospinalfluid
มžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€ Adenovirus40/41
Cervicaltissue
Synovial fluid
Blood
Stool
Cerebrospinalfluid
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ virus แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœ fecal-oral แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžแŸ’แž…แž„ แžแŸ’แž…แŸ…แžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžš, แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แžขแŸ„แž™แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแŸˆแž›แžฟแž„, แžšแžถแž‚ แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ ?
Rotavirus
Adenovirus40/41
Norwalkvirus
Astrovirus
HepatitisAvirus
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ virus แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ gastroenteritis แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„ ? แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ culture แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แž„แžถแž™แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž immunologicmethods (ELISA)แŸ”
Rotavirus
Adenovirus40/41
Norwalkvirus
Astrovirus
HepatitisAvirus
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแžฝแž˜แž“แŸƒepidemicgastroenteritis, แž‡แžถแž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž–แŸแž›แž‡แžทแŸ‡แž‘แžผแž€แž›แŸแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž€แŸ†แžŸแžถแž“แŸ’แžแž›แžพแžœแžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แž˜แŸ…แž“แŸ…แžšแžŠแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แžแŸ… ? แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ ELISAmethods แžฌแž€แŸ electronmicroscopy แŸ”
Rotavirus
Adenovirus40/41
Norwalkvirus
Astrovirus
HepatitisAvirus
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒ mildgastroenteritis ? แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœ fecal-oral แžแŸ‚แžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžกแžพแž™ (foodconsumption)
Rotavirus
Adenovirus40/41
Norwalkvirus
Astrovirus
HepatitisAvirus
มž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚ IgMantibody (viralparticle) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ (laboratory) แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ hepatitisviruses แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแžธแŸ’แžœ ?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Virus แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแž–แžธ flaviviruses แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžถแž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž›แžพแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡ แž แžพแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžœแžถแž‚แžบแžแžถแž˜แžˆแžถแž˜,แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž‚แžบแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžšแž€ virus แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ (thishepaticdisease) แž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž–แžฝแž€viralsurfaceantigen แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‡แžถ immunity แŸ”
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatitisvirus แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž–แžฝแž€ calicivirus แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžœแžถแž‚แžบแž‡แŸ’แžšแžผแž€ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แžœแžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แž–แžธแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœ fecal-oral แŸ”
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatitisvirus แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž–แžฝแž€ defectivevirus แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž’แžถแžแŸ‹ (replicate) แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฏแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ hepatitisBvirus แž‘แŸแŸ”
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Virus แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ bronchiolitis แž“แžทแž„ community- acquiredpneumonia แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แŸ—แŸ”
Measlesvirus
Influenzavirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Parainfluenzavirus
Adenovirus
มž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ virus แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ double-stranded DNAแŸ” แžœแžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž€แžปแž˜แžถแžš 15% แž“แžทแž„แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแžถแž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แŸ—แž–แžธ 10แž‘แŸ…15%แŸ”
Measlesvirus
Influenzavirus
Respiratorysyncytialvirus
Parainfluenzavirus
Adenovirus
มžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แžถแž“แž€แžšแžŽแžธแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžƒแŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹ (Hansenโ€™sdisease) แž›แžพแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž‘แŸ’แžœแžทแž” Asia แž“แžทแž„ Africa แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ Hansenโ€™s disease แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸˆ
Immunologicenergy
Chronic pneumonitis
Peripheralneuritis
Bacilliinlesionsthatdigesttissues
Erythematouslesionsresemblingconcentriccircles
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž˜แž–แžแŸŒแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ แžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž‚แžบแŸˆ
Mycoplasmapneumonia
Pneumococcalpneumonia
Staphylococcalpneumonia
Influenza
Legionellosis
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž™แŸ„แž„แžแžถแž˜แž–แžแŸŒแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ, แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ(laboratory tests) แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แžขแŸ„แž™แž™แžพแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž™แž›แžฟแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
Coldagglutinins
Viralculture
Complementfixation (CF) test
Gramstainofsputum
Cultureofsputum
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” PathogenicmechanismsแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž”แŸแž„ (tuberculosis) แžขแžถแž…แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Toxinproductionbythemycobacteria
Specificcelladhesionsites
Cell-mediatedhypersensitivity
Humoralimmunity
Cloggingofalveolibylargenumbersofacid-fastmycobacteria
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ toxicogenicdysenteric แž แžพแž™แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž–แž–แžฝแž€ inhibitsadenylcyclase แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžšแŸ†แž–แžนแž„แž‘แžปแž€
Killthepatientimmediately
Eradicatetheorganism
Increasefluidsecretion
Reduceintestinalmotility
Blocktheactionofcholeratoxin
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แžปแž›แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ C.botulinum แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แŸขแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸˆ inabilitytospeak, แž“แžทแž„ respiratoryparalysis แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แžนแž„ :
InvasionofthegutepitheliumbyC.botulinum
Secretionofanenterotoxin
Endotoxinshock
Ingestionofaneurotoxin
ActivationofcyclicAMP
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ sicklecellanemia แž“แžทแž„ osteomyelitis แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ organisms แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Micrococcus
Escherichia
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Streptococcus
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž‰แŸ—, แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžปแž€ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸแŸ” แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŸแžฝแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“diffuseinterstitialpneumonia แž“แŸ…แžŸแžฝแžแžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„, แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ C.jejunienterocolitis) แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Erythromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Ampicillin
Pepto-Bismol
Campylobacterantitoxin
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแžผแž…แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Scaldedskinsyndrome
Toxicshocksyndrome
Guillain-Barrรฉsyndrome
Chickenpox
Staphylococcalfoodpoisoning
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž‘แžนแž€ menstrualfluid แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž€แžšแžŽแžธแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžœแžถแž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‚แžบแŸˆ
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
C.perfringens
C.difficile
Gardnerellavaginalis
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ incidence แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžš (meningitis) แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžฝแž€ H.influenzae แž›แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“แž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž‚แžบแžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„ 1%แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“ epidemic แž‚แžบ incidence แžกแžพแž„แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ 3% แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบแžแŸ†แž›แŸƒ negative predictivevalue แž“แŸƒLAtest แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚ :
Increase (แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„)
Decrease(แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡)
มž“แŸ…แžŠแžŠแŸ‚แž› (Remain the same)
มž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž‚แžŽแž“แžถแž”แžถแž“ (Be impossible to calculate)
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžแžถแž˜แžšแžผแž”แž˜แž“แŸ’แž specificity แž“แŸƒ theLAtest (VaryasafunctionofthespecificityoftheLAtest)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš hemolytic uremic แž“แžทแž„ thrombocytopenia แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ bacteria แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolate แž–แžธแž›แžถแž˜แž€ ?
Shigella
Salmonella
Aeromonas
E.coli0157/H7
Enterobacter
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ E.coli แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžแžถแž˜แžœแžทแž’แžธแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž–แžธแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ E.colitypes แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ presenceofLT (heat-labile) แž“แžทแž„ ST (heat-stable) proteins?
Enteroinvasive (EIEC)
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)
Enteropathogenic (EPEC)
Enterohemolytic (EHEEC)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แž (plague) แž“แŸƒแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžขแžถแž…แžขแŸ„แž™แž แžพแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ€แž“ (bubonic) แž“แžทแž„ pneumonic แŸ” แž“แŸ…แžŠแŸ†แž€แžถแž›แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ plague แž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แŸขแž‚แžบแŸˆ
มžแžถแž˜แžšแžŠแžผแžœแž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† (Seasonoftheyear) แžแžถแž˜
มžแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแž€แž…แžผแž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ (Routeofinfection)
มžแžถแž˜แžขแžถแž™แžปแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ (Ageofthepatient)
มžแžถแž˜แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž‡แžถแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„ (Healthoftheanimalvector)
มžแžถแž˜แž‘แžธแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž“แŸƒแžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž‡แžถแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„(Geographiclocationoftheanimalvector)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถ acute meningitis แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Gramstain แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“ Gram-positiveshortrods, แž“แžทแž„แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถ แž€แžผแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžฝแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ (meningitisvaccinations) แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
N.meningitidis,groupA
N.meningitidis,groupC
Listeria
S.pneumoniae
H.influenzae
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž…แŸ’แžšแž€แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ (portalofentry) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ C.tetani แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžป แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ tetanus แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Skin
Gastrointestinaltract
Respiratorytract
Genitaltract
Nasaltract
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž”แŸแž„ (tuberculosis) แž‚แžบแŸˆ
มžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ (Skin)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžขแžถแž แžถแžš (Gastrointestinaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜ (Respiratorytract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž—แŸแž‘ (Genitaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡ (Nasaltract)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ Shigellosis แž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸแžŸแž…แžšแžŽแŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž“แŸแŸ” แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž…แžผแž›แžแžถแž˜แŸˆ
มžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ (Skin)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžขแžถแž แžถแžš (Gastrointestinaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜ (Respiratorytract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž—แŸแž‘ (Genitaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡ (Nasaltract)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ„แž‚ gonorrhea แž‚แžบแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸˆ
มžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ (Skin)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžขแžถแž แžถแžš (Gastrointestinaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜ (Respiratorytract)
มžแžถแž˜แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž—แŸแž‘ (Genitaltract)
มžแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡ (Nasaltract)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ pneumococcalpneumonia แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Erythromycin
Vancomycin
Ceftriaxone
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ streptococcalpharyngitis แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Erythromycin
Vancomycin
Ceftriaxone
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ pseudomembranousenterocolitis แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Erythromycin
Vancomycin
Ceftriaxone
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” V.cholerae, แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚ (cholera), แžœแžถแž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžบ:
ย€œString-testโ€ - positiveisolate; threeserotypesโ€”Ogawa (AB), Inaba (AC), Hikojima (ABC)
Humanpathogen, halophilic, lactose-positive; producesheat-labile, extracellu-lartoxin
Humanpathogen, halophilic, lactose-negative, sucrose-negative; causesgas- trointestinaldiseasesprimarilyfromingestionofcookedseafood
Causeofgastroenteritis; reservoir inbirdsandmammals, optimalgrowthat42ยฐC
Urease-positive; causeoffetaldistressincattle
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…,104ยฐF(40ยฐC); แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŸ (WBC),16,000/ยตL; แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜, 90/65mmHg; แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜ scarlatiniform rash แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž”แžถแžแžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแžแž‡แžพแž„, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแž แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž‚แŸ” Y.enterocolitica, แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“ Pasteurella, แžœแžถแž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Commonlyinhabitsthecaninerespiratorytractandisanoccasionalpathogen forhumans;stronglyurease-positive
Pitsagar,growsbothincarbondioxideandunderanaerobicconditions,andis partofthenormaloralcavityflora
Typicallyinfectscattle,requires5to10%carbondioxideforgrowth,andis inhibitedbythedyethionine
Typicallyisfoundininfectedanimalbitesinhumansandcancausehemor- rhagicsepticemiainanimals
Manifestsdifferentbiochemicalandphysiologiccharacteristics,dependingon growthtemperature,andcausesaspectrumofhumandisease,mostcommonly mesentericlymphadenitis
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolatespecificbacteria แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžนแž„แž›แžพ clinicalspecimens, แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ variety แž“แŸƒ artificialmedia แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ selective แž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž nonselective แŸ” N.gonorrhoeae แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ bacteria แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ pathogen แž€แžถแž…แž“แžทแž„แž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžท (fastidious) แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„normalflora แŸ” แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž›แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolate แž‚แžบ:
Sheepbloodagar
Lรถfflerโ€™smedium
Thayer-Martinagar
Thiosulfatecitratebilesaltssucrosemedium
Lรถwenstein-Jensenmedium
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolatespecificbacteria แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžนแž„แž›แžพ clinicalspecimens, แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ variety แž“แŸƒ artificialmedia แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ selective แž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž nonselective แŸ” V.cholerae, แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžšแŸ„แž‚ (cholera), แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž›แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolate แž‚แžบ:
Sheepbloodagar
Lรถfflerโ€™smedium
Thayer-Martinagar
Thiosulfatecitratebilesaltssucrosemedium
Lรถwenstein-Jensenmedium
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolatespecificbacteria แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžนแž„แž›แžพ clinicalspecimens, แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ variety แž“แŸƒ artificialmedia แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ selective แž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž nonselective แŸ” M.tuberculosis แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž€ (sputum) แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แžšแž”แŸแž„แŸ” แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžทแž“แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž€แžšแžฝแž…แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ, แžแžพ isolation แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž™แž€แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ ?
Sheepbloodagar
Lรถfflerโ€™smedium
Thayer-Martinagar
Thiosulfatecitratebilesaltssucrosemedium
Lรถwenstein-Jensenmedium
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolatespecificbacteria แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžนแž„แž›แžพ clinicalspecimens, แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ variety แž“แŸƒ artificialmedia แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ selective แž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž nonselective แŸ” C.diphtheriae แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž“แŸƒ specimen แž˜แž€แž–แžธ nasopharynx แžŸแžผแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžœแžทแž’แžธ specialmedia แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ” แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž‚แžบแŸˆ
Sheepbloodagar
Lรถfflerโ€™smedium
Thayer-Martinagar
Thiosulfatecitratebilesaltssucrosemedium
Lรถwenstein-Jensenmedium
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ isolatespecificbacteria แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžนแž„แž›แžพ clinicalspecimens, แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ variety แž“แŸƒ artificialmedia แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ selective แž“แžทแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แž nonselective แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แž (media) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ S.aureus?
Sheepbloodagar
Lรถfflerโ€™smedium
Thayer-Martinagar
Thiosulfatecitratebilesaltssucrosemedium
Lรถwenstein-Jensenmedium
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ bacteria แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“ normalflora แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž™แžพแž„แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (bowel) แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€ microorganisms แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚bacterium แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ prevalent แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸˆ
ฮฑ-hemolyticstreptococci
Lactobacillus
S.epidermidis
E.coli
B.fragilis
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ bacteria แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“ normalflora แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž™แžพแž„แŸ” แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž”แž„แŸ’แž แž‰แž–แžธ prevalentmicroorganism แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ vagina แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
ฮฑ-hemolyticstreptococci
Lactobacillus
S.epidermidis
E.coli
B.fragilis
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ bacteria แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“ normalflora แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž™แžพแž„แŸ” แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž•แŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžถแž™ (Influenza) แžขแžถแž…แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž”แžถแž“, แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž€ specific แž“แŸƒ virus แž€แŸแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ” แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž€ influenza แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ specificantigen แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ urine
Coldagglutinintest
Electronmicroscopyofsputum
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ antigen แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ respiratorysecretions
มž™แž€แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž€แž‘แŸ…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž›แžพแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถ(Cultureofrespiratorysecretionsonmonkeykidneycells)
Bacterium แž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™ แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž—แžถแž–แž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ superoxide dismutase, catalase, แž“แžทแž„ peroxidaseแŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡?
Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž–แžฝแž€ anaerobic
Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžšแžทแž™แžถแž€แžถแžŸแžŠแŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“
Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแžšแžถแž›แžŠแžถแž›แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜ แŸฃ
Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž“แžผแžœ superoxide แž‘แŸ
Bacterium แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž•แž›แžทแž แžšแžธ แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž“แžผแžœ peroxide แž‘แŸ
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž“แŸƒ Metabolites แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™ organismโ€™s fermentation แž“แŸƒ glucose แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแžทแž…แžแžผแž…แž“แŸƒ 6-phosphogluconic acid แŸ” แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸƒ Fermentation organism แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบ :
Enterobacter
Escherichia
Leuconostoc
Enterococcus faecalis
Streptococcus lactis
มžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแžถแž€แžŸแž˜แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž Antibiotic แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚ แžŸแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžฝแž›แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ microbial target แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ mammalian cells แž‘แŸแŸ” แžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžšแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพ antibiotic agents แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž„แŸ’แžƒแžนแž˜แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ toxin to humans ?
Penicillin
Mitomycin
Cephalosporin
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
A broad-spectrum antibiotic แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ general class แž“แŸƒ thienamycins แž‚แžบ :
Piperacillin
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Third-generation cephalosporin แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ Borrelia burgdorferi แž‚แžบ :
Piperacillin
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Broad-spectrum penicillin แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ antipseu dominas activity แž‚แžบ :
Piperacillin
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Third-generation cephalosporin แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ Pseudomonas aeruginosa แž‚แžบ :
Piperacillin
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Quinolone antibiotic แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– broad Gram-negative แž“แžทแž„Gram-positive แž‚แžบ :
Piperacillin
Cefoperazone
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Mycoplasmas แžแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž€แž–แžธ chlamydia แž‚แžบ :
มž„แžถแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž–แžธ Penicillin
มžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž“แŸ… artificial cell-free media
มžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸƒ urinary tract infection
มžขแžถแž…แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžŽแŸŒแž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Gramโ€™s stain
มžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มžแžพ Mycoplasmas แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?
Mycoplasma hominis
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
M. mycoides
Ureaplasma urealyticum
C.trachomatis แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž–แžธ C.psittaci แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™ แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜?
C. Trachomatis is sensitive to sulfonamides
C. Trachomatis has a different lipopolysaccharide antigen
C. Trachomatis can be stained with Giemsa
D. C. Psittaci is an obligate prokaryotic parasite
E. C. Psittaci forms inclusions that contain glycogen
Trachoma แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒ blindnessแŸ” แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ?
มžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแžŠแŸ„แž™ C.trachomatis
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ systemic cephalosporins แž“แžทแž„ ophthalmic tetracycline
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Pacific Rim
มžœแžถแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸƒ chronic uveitis
Chlamydial eye infection แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž’แŸ†แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸแžœแžถแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแžแŸ’แžœ
มžแžพ Organisms แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸƒ primary atypical pneumonia แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพ organism แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ nongonococcal urethritis แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพ organisms แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ… แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ healthy human?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มžแžพแž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ organisms แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ… female genital tract แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚ แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Acute respiratory illness?
M. hominis
M. orale
M. pneumoniae
M. fermentans
U. urealyticum
มž€แžถแžšแž แžทแžแž“แŸƒ fungal spores แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžป แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒ Lung infectionsแŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ organisms แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡ (transmission)?
C.immitis
S.schenckii
C.albicans
T.tonsurans
Candidatropicalis
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Immunocompromised แž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“ Infection แžŠแŸ„แž™ A.fumigatus แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒ clinical แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ‚แž„แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžกแžพแž„?
Wound infection
Urinary tract infection
Invasive aspergillosis causing thrombosis and infarction
Thrush
Superficial rash
มž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž“แŸƒ Plasmodium falciparum แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถ แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡?
มžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› แŸงแŸขแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžแŸ†แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแž“แŸƒ mature schizont แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžŽแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžŠแžผแž…แž•แŸ’แž€แžถแž€แžผแž›แžถแž” แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ แŸจ แž‘แŸ… แŸกแŸ  oval merozoites
มž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแŸˆแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž‚แžบ irregular appearance แž“แŸƒ edges แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ infected แž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜
The signet-ring-shaped trophozoite แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„ แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ ameboid exten-sions แž“แŸƒ cytoplasm
มž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ infection แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ parasitemia แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚ ring forms แž“แŸƒ early tropho-zoites แž“แžทแž„ gametocytes แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ peripheral blood.
Schuffrer stippling แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜ (red blood cell) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ parasites
มžœแžŠแŸ’แžแž‡แžธแžœแžทแž (life cycle) แž“แŸƒ parasite แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“ แŸขแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž‚แžบ cyst แž“แžทแž„trophozoiteแŸ” แžŠแžผแž…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แŸ” แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžขแžแŸ’แžแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽแž“แŸƒ organism แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบ :
Entamoeba
Clonorchis
Giardia
Trichomonas
Pneumocystis
Human infection แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ— แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แž‡แžถแž„ infection แžŠแŸ„แž™ pork tapeworm, T-sodium แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ :
Acute intestinal stoppage แž‚แžบแžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ beef tapeworm infection
Larval invasion แž˜แžทแž“แž€แžพแžแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ beef tapeworm infection แž‘แŸ
Toxic by-products แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แžŠแŸ„แž™ adult beef tapeworm แž‘แŸ
มž—แžถแž–แž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™ (Adult) beef tapeworms แž‚แžบแžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„
Beef tapeworm eggs แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแžทแž…แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒ mucosa แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ digestive tract
มž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž“แŸƒแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แŸกแŸ แŸ แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž”แžถแž“แžขแŸ„แž™แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถ : แŸจแŸ แž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™ แž˜แžถแž“ IgG antibodies to ToxoplasmaแŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžฝแž™แž–แž“แŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž€แž“แŸแŸ‡?
The potential แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ Toxoplasma infection แž‚แžบแžšแžถแž›แžŠแžถแž› แž แžพแž™แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แž‚แžบ mild and self-limiting
Toxoplasmosis แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž‰แŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹ แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸ…แž‘แŸ€แž แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‰แŸ‰แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž“ แž”แžšแžทแž—แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžถแž“ toxoplasmosis
มž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ parasitic แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Toxoplasma antibody
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ Toxoplasma antibodies แž‚แžบ highly nonspecific
มžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž IgM แž‚แžบแžขแžถแž…แž‘แžปแž€แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„ แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž IgG แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒ past infections แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ IgM แž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถ แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“ Toxoplasma antibody แž‘แŸ
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž“แŸƒแž›แžถแž˜แž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แžŸแžŽแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžแžผแž…แŸ— แž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž™แŸ” Microspic examination แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž“แžผแžœ proglottids แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ organism แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แž‚แžบ :
Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus
T. saginata
Trichuris trichiura
Trypanosoma cruzi แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž…แžผแž› (penetrate) แžแžถแž˜ mucous membranes แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แž แžพแž™แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ multiplies แž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžšแž”แžฝแžŸ(lesion) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“ แžŠแžนแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบ แžŠแžผแž…แž“แžนแž„ chagomaแŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ (chronic stage) แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž’แŸ† แž‚แžบ แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜?
Spleen and pancreas
Heart and digestive tract
Liver and spleen
Digestive tract and respiratory tract
Heart and liver
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžพแž”แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแž›แž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธ Africa แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แžขแžฝแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“ paroxysmal แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž‰แŸ‰แžถแž€แŸ‹ (chill) แž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž€แŸ’แžแŸ… แž แžพแž™แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸ(sweating)แŸ” แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแž˜แŸ’แžŸแžทแž›แž˜แžทแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แŸ’แžŸแžทแž›แž˜แŸ’แž„แŸ‰แŸƒ แž แžพแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแŸ’แž˜แžธแž“แŸ…แžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹ แŸฃแŸฆ แž‘แŸ… แŸคแŸจ แž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แŸƒ stained blood specimen แžƒแžพแž‰แž‡แžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแž…แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž‡แŸ€แž“(ring-like) แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž„แž…แŸ†แž“แžทแžแž›แŸ„แž€แžแŸ‚(crescent-like forms) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜ (red blood cells)แŸ” Infecting organism แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‚แžบแž–แžฝแž€ :
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Trypanosoma gambiense
Wuchereria bancrofti
Schistosoma mansoni
A โ€œParasiteโ€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž–แž–แžฝแž€แž•แŸ’แžŸแžทแž (fungus) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„แž…แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœ clinical แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž–แžธ แŸฆแŸ แž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžกแžพแž„ แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ AIDsแŸ” Organism แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบ :
Microsporidium
Cryptosporidium
Pneumocystis
Blastocystis
Blastomyces
Malaria แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‡แž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แŸ” แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš (Method) แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ Malaria แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž–แŸแž›แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“?
A vaccine
Chemoprophylaxis
Antibiotics
White clothing
Tick repellents
Scabres แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแžแžผแž…แŸ— (small mites) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แžผแž“แžแžฝแž„แž…แžฝแž› (burrows) แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡?
มžœแžถแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ„แž™ species แž“แŸƒ Sarcoptes
Secondary bacterial infection แž‚แžบแž€แŸ†แžš (rare)
มžœแžถแž‚แžบแž‡แžถ Synonymous แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ Kawasakiโ€™s syndrome
มžœแžถแž‚แžบแž›แŸ’แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™ biopsy แž“แŸ…แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž แžพแž˜ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแžแžถแŸ† (mite bite)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžแŸ’แžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜allergic (asthma-like) แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž›แŸ’แžขแžทแž (mite) แž‚แžบแž€แŸ†แžš
Amebae แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž–แž–แžฝแž€ parasite แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžขแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (oral cavity) แž“แžทแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž… (intestinal tract)แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ Intestinal amebae?
มž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ— แž–แžฝแž€แžœแžถแž‡แžถ nonpathogenic
มž–แžฝแž€แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (peritonitis) แž แžพแž™แž”แžผแžŸแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž–แžฝแž€แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž›แž„ (transmission) แžŠแžผแž… trophozoites
มž–แžฝแž€แžœแžถแž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ… แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ duodenum
Infection แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ Entamaeba histolytica แž‚แžนแž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ‚ Intestinal tract แž‘แŸ
Schistosomiasis แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แž‡แžถ granulomatous reactions แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ ova แžšแžบแž€แŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸƒ parasite แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž“แŸƒ ovipositonแŸ” แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ clinical manifestation?
Bladder wall hyperplasia
Pulmonary embolism
Splenomegaly
Cardiac abnormalities
Arthropathies
มž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แž Flukes (trematodes) แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž– แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚ (morbidity) แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžšแžŽแŸ‡ (mortality)แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ organism แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพ organism แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ… Africa แž“แžทแž„ Latin America แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“ Large Lateral Spine แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ?
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
S. mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
มžแžพ organism แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ (ingested) แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž“แŸ… (raw fish) แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“ operculated-egg?
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. haematobium
มžแžพ organism แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ Asia แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“ Small Lateral Spine แž“แŸ…แž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ?
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. haematobium
มžแžพ organism แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ Africa แž“แžทแž„ Middle East แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“ Terminal Spine แž“แŸ…แž–แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Urine samples?
Paragonimus
Clonorchis
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. haematobium
มžแžถแž˜แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแžธแž’แžธ แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž“แŸƒ แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ (Fecal parasites) แž‚แžบ stained smear of fecesแŸ” แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ parasitic infection แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถ specimens แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แžขแžถแž…แžขแŸ„แž™แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ” G.Lamblia แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แžŠแŸ„แž™ :
Sigmoidoscopy and aspiration of mucosal lesions
Baermann technique
Dilution followed by egg count
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Examination of a cellophane tape swab
E.histolytica infection แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‚แžบแž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ :
Sigmoidoscopy and aspiration of mucosal lesions
Baermann technique
Dilution followed by egg count
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Examination of a cellophane tape swab
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš (Method) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž€ Strongyloids larvae แž‚แžบ :
Sigmoidoscopy and aspiration of mucosal lesions
Baermann technique
Dilution followed by egg count
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Examination of a cellophane tape swab
มž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“ แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ‹แž…แžแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ Ascaris แž“แžผแžœ human specimens แžŠแŸ„แž™ :
Sigmoidoscopy and aspiration of mucosal lesions
Baermann technique
Dilution followed by egg count
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Examination of a cellophane tape swab
มžˆแŸ’แž˜แžฝแž‰แž›แž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‰แŸ‰แžถแŸ† hamburger แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž†แŸ… แžŠแŸ„แž™แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ chorioretintisแŸ” Sabin-Feldman dye test แž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž“แžนแž„ infected แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ :
Trichinosis
Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Giardiasis
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแžพแžšแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžฝแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถ แžˆแžบแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†(sore muscles) แž แžพแž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž‘แŸ€แž„แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž‰แŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ :
Trichinosis
Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Giardiasis
มžŸแžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž‘แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแž“แžˆแžบแž…แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› แŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž แŸ‚แž›แž‘แžนแž€ แž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸแž˜แŸแž‚แž„แŸ’แž‚ แžแŸแžแŸ’แžแžŸแŸ’แž‘แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž„แŸ” แžแžพแž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž‚แžบแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™?
Trichinosis
Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Giardiasis
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž‡แŸ†แž‘แž„แŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž€แŸ‚ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžŸแžถแž›แžถ แž€แŸแžšแž˜แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ (skin rash) eosinophilia แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ (liver) แž“แžทแž„ แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€ (spleen) แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› แŸขแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž แžพแž™แŸ” แžแžพแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžฝแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸƒ infection แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบ :
Trichinosis
Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Giardiasis
Parasites แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ particularโ€‹ body contentsแŸ” A helminth แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แž›แž„แžแžถแž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŠแŸ„แž™ ingestion แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‡แŸ’แžšแžผแž€ bear แžšแžบแž€แŸ แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžšแžธแž‘แžนแž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ :
Vaginal secretions
Duodenal contents
Blood
Biopsied muscle
Sputum
Parasites แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ particularโ€‹ body contentsแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถ แžŠแŸ„แž™ Trematode แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แžถแž˜แž€ แžแŸ‚แž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžถแž…แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแŸ‚แž˜แž‘แŸ€แžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ :
Vaginal secretions
Duodenal contents
Blood
Biopsied muscle
Sputum
Parasites แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ particularโ€‹ body contentsแŸ” แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ€แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž…แžถแž‰แŸ‹ (malaria) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ infects แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžแŸ’แžœ แž แžพแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“ แžŠแŸ„แž™ tick แžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ†แž›แž„แž–แžฝแž€ B.burgdorferi (bacterium แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Lyme disease) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ :
Vaginal secretions
Duodenal contents
Blood
Biopsied muscle
Sputum
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แžผแžœ HBsAg positive แž แžพแž™ HBeAg positive แž‚แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ :
Acute infection (incubation period)
Acute infection (acute phase)
Post infection (acute phase)
Immunization
HBV carrier state
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ HBsAg positive, HBeAg positive แž“แžทแž„ IgM core antibody positive แž‚แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ:
Acute infection (incubation period)
Acute infection (acute phase)
Post infection (acute phase)
Immunization
HBV carrier state
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰ antibodies แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ HBsAg แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ :
Acute infection (incubation period)
Acute infection (acute phase)
Post infection (acute phase)
Immunization
HBV carrier state
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžšแžœแžถแž„แž‘แž˜แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž‘แžถแž”แž–แŸแž›แž€แžพแž แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแžแžถแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แž€แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž› แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžผแž“แž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ (first prenatal) แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž›แž แžพแž™แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแž‡แž›แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแŸ”แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡?
Clinical trial
Crosssectional
Prospective cohort
Case control
Retrospective cohort
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžœแŸ‚แž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž‚แžŽแž“แžถ incidence rate (denominator to calculate the incidence rate) ?
Number of cases observed
Number of new cases observed
Number of asymptomatic cases
Person years of observation
Persons lost to follow up
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแž แŸฉแž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžš แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžผแž“แžแžถแž˜แž›แŸแžแž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹ 4, 6, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, แž“แžทแž„ 7 แŸ” mean, median, and mode แž“แŸƒแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž€แžผแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžš แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ€แž„แžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡ :
3.4, 2, 3
3, 3.4, 2
3, 3, 2
2, 3.5, 3
3.4, 3, 2
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแŸˆแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž–แžธแž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžŠแž€แž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ (experimental study) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแž(observational study) แž‚แžบแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸŠแžพแž”แžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ(experimental investigation)
The study is prospective
The study is retrospective
The study and control groups are of equal size
The study and control groups are selected on the basis of history of exposure to the suspected causal factor
The investigators determine who is and who is not exposed to the suspected causal factor
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž–แžธแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แžŸแžฝแž, แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แž‚แŸแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแŸˆ แžขแžถแž™แžป, แž—แŸแž‘,แž‘แžธแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถ แž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แŸ” แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž–แžธแžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“?
Prospective cohort
Retrospective cohort
Clinical trial
Casecontrol
Correlation
The incidence rate แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แžŸแžฝแžแž‚แžบ 120/100, 000 แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†(personyears) แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแž“แžทแž„ 10/100, 000 แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†(personyears) แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž˜แžทแž“แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแŸ” แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถ (prevalence) แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแž‚แžบ 20% แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแž แž‚แž˜แž“แŸแŸ” แžแžพแž แžถแž“แžทแž—แŸแž™ (relative risk) แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แžŸแžฝแžแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž˜แžทแž“แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธ แž‚แžบแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
5
12
50
100
120
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ แž…แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸŠแžพแž”แžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž“แŸ…แžŸแž˜แžถแž‚แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แŸ€แž˜แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‡แž€แŸ‹ (smokeless tobacco) แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (oral lesions) แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž›แŸแž„แž€แžธแžกแžถ baseball แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แŸ†แžšแžปแŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž“แžทแž‘แžถแžƒแžšแžŠแžผแžœ, แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแžฝแžšแž‘แŸ…แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž›แŸแž„แž€แžธแžกแžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ†แž–แžธ แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ€แž˜แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‡แž€แŸ‹, แž€แžถแžšแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž•แžนแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถ แž แžพแž™แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแž›แžŠแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Case control
Crosssectional
Prospective cohort
Clinical trial
Retrospective cohort
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ’แžšแŸ€แž˜แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแžปแžแžถแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ gonorrhea แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸแžแŸ’แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‚แžบแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžปแžšแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž‡แžถแž„ 10 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แŸ” แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแžถแž แŸ’แžœแžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžขแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž‘แžทแž“แŸ’แž“แž“แŸแž™แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Bar chart
Histogram
Pie chart
Frequency polygon
Line graph
มž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ frequency แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 28 แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แž“แŸƒแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1000 แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ… แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แŸ”
Fetal mortality
Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Neonatal mortality
Postneonatal mortality
มž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ frequency แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž™แžปแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แŸกแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž“แŸƒแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1000 แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แŸ”
Fetal mortality
Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Neonatal mortality
Post neonatal mortality
มž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ frequency แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแž™แžปแž–แžธ 28แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ แžŠแž›แŸ‹ 11แžแŸ‚ แž“แŸƒแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1000 แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แŸ”
Fetal mortality
Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Neonatal mortality
Postneonatal mortality
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž–แžธ prevalence แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ B แž˜แžถแž“ surface antigen (HBsAg) แž›แžพแž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž“แžทแž„แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แž statistical แž›แŸ’แžขแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแžทแžŸแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แž‘แžทแž“แŸ’แž“แž“แŸแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแŸˆ
Chi-square analysis
Student t test
Paired t test
Analysis of variance
Linear regression
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแž›แŸ‹ 10% แž“แŸƒแž€แžšแžŽแžธแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž˜แžแžฝแžš meningococcal แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแŸ”
Secondary attack rate
Case fatality rate
Morbidity rate
Age adjusted mortality
Crude mortality
มž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“ 9แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹1000 แž”แŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžŽแžแžถแž“แŸ…แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแŸ”
Secondary attack rate
Case fatality rate
Morbidity rate
Age adjusted mortality
Crude mortality
มŸจแŸ แž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™ แž“แŸƒแž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแž„แžถแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžขแžปแžแž’แŸ†(chicken pox) แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแŸ”
Secondary attack rate
Case fatality rate
Morbidity rate
Age adjusted mortality
Crude mortality
มž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡1แž‘แŸ…5แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž€แžพแžแž•แŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžถแž™ แŸจแžŠแž„ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแŸ”
Secondary attack rate
Case fatality rate
Morbidity rate
Age adjusted mortality
Crude mortality
The odds ratio. Suicide No Suicide Served in Vietnam a b Served elsewhere c d แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžผแž…แžšแžผแž”แž˜แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžš (parameter) แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Ad/bc
(a + b)/(a + b + c + d)
(a + c)/(a + b + c + d)
[a/(a + b)]/[c/(c + d)]
[a/(a + b)] โˆ’ [c/(c + d)]
The relative risk. Suicide No Suicide Served in Vietnam a b Served elsewhere c d แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžผแž…แžšแžผแž”แž˜แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžš (parameter) แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Ad/bc
(a + b)/(a + b + c + d)
(a + c)/(a + b + c + d)
[a/(a + b)]/[c/(c + d)]
[a/(a + b)] โˆ’ [c/(c + d)]
The excess risk of suicide in Vietnam veterans. (แž แžถแž“แžทแž—แŸแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแžแŸ’แžแžƒแžถแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžœแŸ€แžแžŽแžถแž˜แžขแžแžธแžแž™แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แž‡แž“) Suicide No Suicide Served in Vietnam a b Served elsewhere c d แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžผแž…แžšแžผแž”แž˜แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžš (parameter) แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Ad/bc
(a + b)/(a + b + c + d)
(a + c)/(a + b + c + d)
[a/(a + b)]/[c/(c + d)]
[a/(a + b)] โˆ’ [c/(c + d)]
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ—แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแŸ—แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแž–แžธแž”แŸ‚แž”แž”แž‘แž‚แŸ†แžšแžผแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ”
Systematic sampling
Paired sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
มž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ—แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ sampleแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแž–แžธแž”แŸ‚แž”แž”แž‘แž‚แŸ†แžšแžผแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ”
Systematic sampling
Paired sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydial แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžš (gold standard) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸแžแŸ’แž“, 45% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydia, แž“แžทแž„ 95% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸ แž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ epidemiologic terms แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ Sensitivity แž“แŸƒ แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž“แŸแŸ‡ (Sensitivity of the test)แŸ”
25%
45%
63%
90%
95%
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydial แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžš (gold standard) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸแžแŸ’แž“, 45% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydia, แž“แžทแž„ 95% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ epidemiologic terms แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ Specificity แž“แŸƒ แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž“แŸแŸ‡ (Specificity of the test)แŸ”
25%
45%
63%
90%
95%
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydial แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžš (gold standard) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸแžแŸ’แž“, 45% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydia, แž“แžทแž„ 95%แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ epidemiologic terms แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ Prevalence แž“แŸƒchlamydial infection แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแž แž‚แž˜ (Prevalence of chlamydial infection in that community)แŸ”
25%
45%
63%
90%
95%
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydial แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžš (gold standard) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸแžแŸ’แž“, 45% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydia, แž“แžทแž„ 95% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ epidemiologic terms แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ Predictive value แž“แŸƒแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ (Predictive value of a positive test)แŸ”
25%
45%
63%
90%
95%
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydial แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ” แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž‚แžบแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžš (gold standard) แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸแžแŸ’แž“, 45% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž› แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ chlamydia, แž“แžทแž„ 95% แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แžบแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒ epidemiologic terms แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธ Predictive value แž“แŸƒแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“ (Predictive value of a negative test)แŸ”
25%
45%
63%
90%
95%
มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž˜แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž (Birth Weight)แŸ”
Dichotomous scale
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž˜แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž‰ แžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แž (Type of medical specialty)แŸ”
Dichotomous scale
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Ordinal scale
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มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž˜แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž (Year of birth)แŸ”
Dichotomous scale
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Ordinal scale
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มžแžพ vaccine แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž แžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ (CONTRAINDICATED) แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡ ?
Hepatitis B vaccine
Varicella vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Tetanus toxoid
Rabies vaccine
มž€แžŸแžทแž€แžšแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฃแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžฝแž“แž‘แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž„แžšแž”แžฝแžŸ (crushinginjury) แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแžปแž›แžŠแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แŸแžŠแŸƒ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžแžŽแŸˆแž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฟแž„แž™แž“แŸ’แžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แž„แŸ’แžšแžปแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž“แžผแžœแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แŸฃแžŠแž„ แž แžพแž™แž“แŸƒ Td (Tetanus, Diphtheria) แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแž›แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžป 25 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ”แž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแžแž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
No additional prophylaxis
Administration of tetanus toxoid
Administration of tetanus immunoglobulin only
Administration of tetanus toxoid and immunoglobulin
Administration of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid 32 yearold
มž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžทแžแž˜แž แžถแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป 18 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†, แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘,แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž“แžทแŸ’แžแž…แŸ—แžแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ’แžœแžถแžšแž˜แžถแžŸแžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ†แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž แžพแž™, แž“แžถแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž‘แŸแŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸแž”แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž แžแžถแž˜แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถ แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแž•แžปแž™(friable) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžœแžถแž‘แž“แŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžนแž„แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡(cervical motion tenderness and adnexal tenderness)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžฝแž”แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž‚แžบแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Treponema pallidum
Herpes simplex virus type 2
Mycoplasma hominis
มžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แžšแž›แžถแž€แžแžพแŸ’แž›แž˜ B แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžพแžแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ B แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแž˜แŸ’แžแž„ ?
A newborn
A 20yearold female following vaginal sexual transmission
A 50yearold male following rectal sexual transmission with a partner positive for HBeAg
A 30yearold health care worker following a percutaneous injury
A 40yearold HIVinfected male with a CD4 cell count of 200
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž›แžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž‚แŸ’แžšแžฟแž„แž‰แŸ€แž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› 25 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžขแŸ„แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“ positiveantiHBsAgแŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแžแžธแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
A
B
C
D
E
มž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž–แŸแž› แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŠแžพแž˜แž“แŸƒแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž‚แŸแž แŸ…แžแžถแŸˆ
The communicable period
The incubation period
The preinfectious period
The noncontagious period
The decubation period
Rabies, psittacosis, salmonellosis แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Water or foodborne transmission
Zoonoses
Person to person direct contact transmission
Airborne transmission
Arthropodborne transmission
Measles(แž€แž‰แŸ’แž‡แŸ’แžšแžทแž›), tuberculosis(แžšแž”แŸแž„), influenza(แž•แŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžถแž™) แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Water or foodborne transmission
Zoonoses
Persontoperson direct contact transmission
Airborne transmission
Arthropodborne transmission
มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžฌแž‡แžถ means แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ (Typhoid fever)แŸ”
Rat control
Sanitation
Immunization
Vector control
Deer control
มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžฌแž‡แžถ means แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแŸแžแžถแžŽแžปแžŸ (Tetanus)
Rat control
Sanitation
Immunization
Vector control
Deer control
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป 25แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแžœแžถแŸ†แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ (blurred vision), แž–แžทแž”แžถแž€แž›แŸแž”แžขแžถแž แžถแžš (dysphagia) แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแž (dry mouth)แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Poliovirus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Haemophilus influenza B
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸคแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžˆแžบแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž€ (sore throat) แž‚แŸ’แžšแžปแž“แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…(fever) แžŸแŸ’แžขแž€แž€ (hoarseness) แž“แžทแž„แž แŸ€แžŸแŸ†แž”แŸ„แžš (drooling) แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Poliovirus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Haemophilus influenza B
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแžถแž‚แž˜แž“แŸแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš(prevention) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แŸƒแžšแž”แžฝแžŸ (control of injuries) ?
Education
Economic incentives
Law enforcement
Engineering
Emergency response
มžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แž–แžธแžขแžถแž€แžถแžšแŸˆแž“แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแžทแž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžš แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž“แžผแžœแžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ (annual gynecological examination)แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแžถแŸ†แž„แžšแžŠแžผแžœแŸฆแžแŸ‚แž แžพแž™ (stopped menstruating) แž แžพแž™แž˜แžปแžแžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…(hot flashes)แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž€แžŸแžฝแžšแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแŸˆ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž•แžนแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹ แŸกแž€แŸ‚แžœ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแžขแžŸแŸ‹ แŸกแŸ แžŠแžพแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸกแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‘แŸแž“แžทแž„แž›แžพแžŸแž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹(overweigh) แž‘แŸ€แžแž•แž„แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž€แžถแžšแž–แžปแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„(osteoporosis) ?
Smoking
Alcohol use
Lack of physical activity
Age
Obesity
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ ?
Ovarian
Cervical
Endometrial
Vaginal
Vulvar
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” BMI= 29 kg/m2 (body mass index), แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜120/80mmแŸ” แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžŽแžถแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ cardiovascular disease แž‘แŸ,แž แžพแž™ total cholesterol แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แžบ 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), HDL =35 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), แž“แžทแž„ LDL= 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž“แžนแž„แžˆแžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แŸˆ
Stroke
Coronary artery disease
Noninsulin dependent diabetes
Pulmonary embolism
Hypertension
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” BMI= 29 kg/m2 (body mass index), แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜120/80mmแŸ” แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžŽแžถแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ cardiovascular disease แž‘แŸ,แž แžพแž™ total cholesterol แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แžบ200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), HDL =35 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), แž“แžทแž„ LDL= 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)แŸ” แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‚แŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแžถแž‚แž˜แž“แŸแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแž€แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹(weight loss) ?
Exercise
Surgery
Appetitesuppressive drugs
Diet with less than 25% of total calories from fat
Restriction to three meals per day
มžแžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แžผแž“(cervical cancer) ?
Coitarche before age 18
Herpes simplex virus infection
Multiple sexual partners
More than five years since the lastPap smear
Human papillomavirus type 16
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แžทแž—แžถแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž(contraception counseling)แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž€แžŸแžฝแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแŸˆแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แž‘แŸ(no past medical problems)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžšแžถแž„แž€แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž„แžแŸ’แžšแž‚แžถแž€(physical and pelvic examination is normal) แž‚แžบแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸƒแž‚แžผแžšแžŠแžŠแŸ‚แž›แŸ—(sexually active with the same partner) แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แŸฉแžแŸ‚แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แŸ” แžแžพแžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž(contraceptive methods) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžฝแžšแžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ ?
Barrier method
Combined oral contraceptives
Pro-gestinonly contraceptives
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Barrier method and combined oral contraceptives
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฃแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž˜แž€แž‡แžฝแž”แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž›แŸ„แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแŸ” แž“แžถแž„แžถแž”แžถแž“แž›แŸแž„แž›แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แŸ’แžแžธแž แžพแž™, แžŠแŸ„แž™ แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแŸƒแž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ” แŸ” แž“แžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แž“แžพแžŸแŸ†แž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸแž”แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†(oral contraceptives) แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž– แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž แžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แžแžถแžแž˜แžทแž“แžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แžฝแž€แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž ?
Tobacco use
Vaginal bleeding
History of gestational hypertension
Polycystic breast disease
Migraines
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸ oral contraceptives แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธ(gynecological mortality) แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Ovarian
Breast
Cervical
Vulvar
Endometrial
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž–แžปแž›แž”แžšแžทแž™แžถแž€แžถแžŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž„แž”แžถแžšแžธ (Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž…แŸ„แž‘แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆ แž‡แžถแž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแž„แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš ETS ?
Low birth weight
Middle ear infection
Bronchitis or pneumonia
Asthma
Lung cancer
มžแžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž•แž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸ… endometrial (endometrial cancer) ?
Hypertension, diabetes, and obesity
Family history, obesity, and null parity
Hypertension, oral contraceptives, and null parity
Family history, early pregnancy, and diabetes
Multiple pregnancies, obesity, and family history
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™(diets) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แžšแž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€ ?
Lowfiber diet
Highprotein diet
Highfat diet
Diet rich in vitamin C and ฮฒcarotene
Diet rich in vitamin E
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸƒ(chronic cough) แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžธแŸ—(shortness of breath) แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‚แžบ chronic obstructive lung disease แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Tobacco use
Deficiency of ฮฑantitrypsine
Asthma
Repeated childhood respiratory tract infections
Occupation
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแžถแž‚แž˜แž“แŸแžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ„แž‚แž‡แŸแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธแžซแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แžšแžถแž›แžŠแžถแž›(prevalence) แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž‡แž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแžšแžธ ?
Media campaigns against smoking
Prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors
Restrictions on indoor smoking
Lawsuits against the tobacco industry
Increases in cigarette prices through taxes
Public health efforts to pre vent injuries have been particularly successful in reducing deaths from แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆ(Public health efforts) แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ แž‡แŸ„แž‚แž‡แŸแž™แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž“แŸƒแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Firearms
Fire
Motor vehicle accidents
Falls
Hypothermia
มžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ cofactor แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ duodenal ulcer ?
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol use
NSAID use
Blood group O
Helicobacter pylori
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฆแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹(hypertension) แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžแžธ(gradual impairment of vision)แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž€แžŸแžฝแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแŸˆแžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ—แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžขแžแžธแžแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž“แŸแžŸแžถแž‘แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ” แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžทแžแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ ?
Glaucoma
Cataract
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular degeneration
Xerophthalmia
มžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž‚แžปแžŽแžแŸ†แž›แŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžปแžœแžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžœแŸ‚แž„แžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž– แžŸแžถแž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆ แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แžปแž€(dental caries) ?
Water fluoridation
Proper nutrition
Regular dental visits
Promotion of regular flossing
Promotion of regular brushing
มž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ symptoms แž“แžทแž„ signs แž“แŸƒ Dermatitis, diarrhea, and delirium ?
Vitamin A deficiency
Thiamine deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency
Niacin deficiency
Edema, neuropathy, and myocardial failure แž…แžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž€แžถแžšแž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžš(dietary deficiency) แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ symptoms แž“แžทแž„ signs แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Vitamin A deficiency
Thiamine deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency
Niacin deficiency
มž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž™(infected with syphilis)แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ ?
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Primary and tertiary prevention
Primary and secondary prevention
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž“แžถแž˜แŸแž™(condoms) แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแžฝแž˜แž—แŸแž‘(during sexual)แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ ?
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Primary and tertiary prevention
Primary and secondary prevention
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