NLS_Midterm
Understanding Human Reproductive Biology
Test your knowledge on human reproductive biology with this comprehensive quiz. It covers various topics related to fertility, gestation, and lactation, designed for students and enthusiasts alike.
- 62 engaging questions
- Multiple choice format for ease of answering
- Perfect for reviewing key concepts in reproductive health
Involuntary absence of production of children
Infecundity
Infertility
Fertility
Fecundity
Biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
Infecundity
Infertility
Fertility
Fecundity
Biological ability to bear children
Infecundity
Infertility
Fertility
Fecundity
Actual production of children. The word best applies to specific vital statistic rates, but it is commonly taken to mean the ability to bear children.
Infecundity
Infertility
Fertility
Fecundity
Defined as the loss of conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. (also called spontaneous abortion)
Fertility
Conception
Infecundity
Miscarriage
The developing organism from 8 weeks after conception to the moment of birth
Fetus
Uterus
Zygote
Embryo
The union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization
Conception
Uterus
Sperm
Ovum
The organ that develops inside the uterus early in pregnancy, through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen and returns carbon dioxide and other waste products to be excreted.
Placenta
Uterus
Sperm
Ovum
The muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
Ovum
Sperm
Placenta
Uterus
Also known as Gestation
Pregnancy
Progesterone
Estrogen
Aldosterone
Developing organism from 8 weeks of gestation
Zygote
Uterus
Fetus
Embryo
3 months after conception to birth
Zygote
Fetus
Uterus
Embryo
The first two weeks after fertilization
Embryo
Fetus
Zygote
Uterus
Maintains the implant; Stimulates growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients
Estrogen
Progesterone
Human Chronic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
Human placental lactogen
Increases lipid formation and storage, protein synthesis and uterine blood flow
Estrogen
Progesterone
Human Chronic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
Human placental lactogen
Stimulates secretion of the corpus letuem
Human Chronic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
.Human placental lactogen
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)
Supports fetal growth, placenta and development by triggering metabolic changes that increase the availability of glucose and amino acids.
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)
Human growth hormone
.Human placental lactogen
Stimulates production of thyroid hormones
Aldosterone
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human growth hormone
Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)
Increases maternal insulin resistance
Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)
Human Chronic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
Human placental lactogen
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Stimulates growth of strong bones
Human placental lactogen
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human growth hormone
Aldosterone
Reduces blood glucose levels
Insulin
Aldosterone
Leptin
Protein
Promotes sodium retention
Insulin
Protein
Aldosterone
Leptin
Regulation of appetite and lipid metabolism, weight gain, and utilization of fat stores
Aldosterone
Insulin
Leptin
Aldosterone
The source of milk for offspring, also commonly called the breast. The presence of mammary glands is a characteristic of mammals
Secretory cells
Lactation
Mammary gland
Alveoli
A rounded or oblong shaped cavity present in the breast
Alveoli
Progesterone
Secretory cells
Lactation
Cells in the acinus (milk gland) that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts.
Myoepithelial cells
Secretory cells
Egg cells
Colustrum
Specialized cells that line the alveoli and that can contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct.
Secretory cells
Egg cells
Myoepithelial cells
Colustrum
Period of production of milk by the mother’s mammary glands to feed her infant.
Lactogenesis
Lactation
Colustrum
Estrogen
Synthesis and secretion of milk
Lactation
Lactogenesis
Colustrum
Foremilk
Milk secreted at the beginning of one nursing period
Foremilk
Hindmilk
Milk secreted at the end one nursing period
Hindmilk
Foremilk
Alveolar development and milk secretion
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Letdown: ejection of milk from myoepithelial cells
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Estrogen
Progesterone
During the first stage of milk production, milk begins to form, and the lactose and protein content of milk increase. This stage extends through the first few days postpartum
Lactogenesis II
Lactogenesis I
Lactogenesis III
Lactogenesis IV
This stage begins 2-5 days postpartum and is marked by increased blood flow to the mammary gland.
Lactogenesis I
Lactogenesis II
Lactogenesis III
Lactogenesis IV
This stage of breast milk production begins about 10 days after birth and is the stage in which the milk composition becomes stable.
Lactogenesis I
Lactogenesis II
Lactogenesis III
Lactogenesis IV
Secretion of milk (milk synthesis)
Letdown reflex
Prolactin reflex
Propulsion of milk
Letdown reflex
Prolactin reflex
The sucking stimulus provided by the infants sends a message to the hypothalamus which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to release prolactin.
Prolactin Reflex
Letdown Reflex
Gag reflex
Oral search reflex
Rooting reflex
A psycho-neural-hormonal mechanism regulated by the central nervous system.
Prolactin Reflex
Letdown Reflex
Gag reflex
Oral search reflex
Rooting reflex
Baby is in your arm so he is lying on his side with his whole body facing you.
Cross Cradle Hold
Cradle Hold
Football or Clutch Hold
Same with cradle hold but left side
Cradle Hold
Football or Clutch Hold
Cross Cradle Hold
Bring your baby’s head to the level of your breast with your baby looking directly at it.
Cradle Hold
Football or Clutch Hold
Cross Cradle Hold
Is the reflex that prevents taking food and fluids into the lungs.
Gag reflex
Oral search reflex
Rooting reflex
Is described as the infant opening his or her mouth wide in proximity to the breast while thrusting the tongue forward.
Gag reflex
Rooting reflex
Oral search reflex
Results in the infant turning to the side when stimulated on the side of the upper or lower lip.
Oral search reflex
Rooting reflex
Gag reflex
Gently massage the nipples and breasts daily, starting during pregnancy. This can improve circulation and stimulate milk production.
Air-drying
Massage
Nipple shields
Breast shells
Allow the nipples to air-dry after bathing or showering. Avoid rubbing your nipples with a towel, as this can cause irritation.
Massage
Breast shells
Air-drying
Nipple shields
Made of silicone or other soft materials to protect your nipples from friction and irritation
Nipple shields
Breastfeeding positions
Air-drying
Breast shells
Can help protect sore or cracked nipples by preventing clothing from rubbing against them.
Breastfeeding positions
Nipple creams
Breast shells
Hyperlactation
These products can help soothe sore or cracked nipples and promote healing.
Massage
Nipple shields
Breast shells
Nipple creams
Experiment with different breastfeeding positions to find the most comfortable one for you and your baby.
Letdown Failure
Hyperlactation
Breastfeeding positions
Engorgement
Stress may inhibit oxytocin, as well as alcohol and distractions; Oxytocin nasal spray can be prescribed by a physician
Hyperlactation
Mastitis
Plugged duct
Letdown Failure
May be a sign over overproduction
Hyperlactation
Engorgement
Mastitis
Plugged duct
Occurs when breasts are overfilled with milk
Hyperlactation
Engorgement
Mastitis
Plugged duct
Is an inflammation of the breast most commonly found in breastfeeding women
Low milk supply
Hyperlactation
Plugged duct
Mastitis
Is a localized blockage of milk resulting from milk stasis
Low milk supply
Engorgement
Mastitis
Plugged duct
Usually caused by the mother not breastfeeding or pumping often enough or inefficient emptying of the breast caused by a poor latch.
Collection and Storage of Breastmilk
Plugged duct
Low milk supply
Letdown Failure
Breastmilk can be collected by using a pump or by hand expression
Plugged duct
Collection and Storage of Breastmilk
Engorgement
Low milk supply
Pumping action does become tiresome
Hand operated
Battery operated
Electric pumps
Tend to pump the milk slowly and are somewhat unreliable
Electric pumps
Battery operated
Hand operated
Medela, Hollister, Ameda and Avent
Electric pumps
Battery operated
Hand operated
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