Exam 1
Sound argument
An argument that has all true premises and is valid
If the premises (if true) make the conclusion likely, then the inductive argument is said to be a
Strong argument
An argument that has all true premises and is valid
If the premises (if true) make the conclusion likely, then the inductive argument is said to be a
Valid arguments
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true) are called
Even if the premises are true, the conclusion may be false.
________It is a way of questioning or cross-examining someone about something designed to get them to see the flaws and inconsistencies in their position. He then gets them to reconstruct their positions in a way that avoids the flaws. This of course leads to new flaws and inconsistencies. So the idea is that somebody will use a particular moral term (such as piety or virtue). Socrates will confess that he doesn't know the meaning of that term and will ask someone what he or she means by it, and then Socrates will show that the definition given isn't satisfactory. Then he asks them to produce a new definition, which isn't satisfactory either. This activity of giving a definition followed by Socrates rejecting the definition goes on for some time. Eventually, they either get back to the first definition or they just give up, at which time, Socrates concludes that they don't, in fact, have knowledge of this term.
Socratic method
Platos method
List all the definitions given by Euthyphyro
Definition 1: prosecuting unjust people who have committed crimes is pious, and not prosecuting wrong doers is impious.
Definition 2: What is pleasing to the gods is pious, and what is not pleasing to the gods is impious. (Alternatively, what is loved by the gods is pious and what is hated by the gods is impious. Socrates points out that these mean the same thing.)
Definition 3: what all the gods love is pious
Definition 4: Pious acts are those just acts that involve taking care of the gods.
Definition 5: praying to the gods and sacrificing to the gods are pious acts.
None of the above
Necessary condition
for being an X is a condition that must be met in order for something to be an X (must be met in all possible worlds).
for being an X is a condition such that if that condition is met by it, then it is an X.
For graduating from college is completing the general education requirements. But this condition is not a sufficient condition (one can have completed their general education requirements without graduating; they may still have electives and major classes to take).
For being a millionaire is winning a large lottery. But it is not a necessary condition (most millionaires didn't win a lottery).
Sufficient condition
Condition for being an X is a condition that must be met in order for something to be an X (must be met in all possible worlds).
For being an X is a condition such that if that condition is met by it, then it is an X.
For graduating from college is completing the general education requirements.
For being a millionaire is winning a large lottery
A good definition (1) It must be non-vacuous.(2) It must explicate the necessary and sufficient conditions for X
True
False
Which vacuos definiton does this statement describe?A bachelor is someone who is a bachelor
Trivial
Circular
Uninformative
Which vacuos definition does this statement describe?A doctor is a physician
Trivial
Uninformative
Circular
______is one that claims to provide conclusivegrounds for its conclusion. If the premises of a deductive argument are true, then the conclusion must be true.
Deductive argument
Inductive argument
_________is one that claims that its premises give only some degree of probability, but not certainty, to its conclusion. If the premises are true, then the conclusion is likely to be true.
Deductive argument
Inductive argument
_________a study of the actual values, practices and moral beliefs that people have. We might ask, for example, why a particular group of people (say the Nazi's of the 1940's) had the moral beliefs and values that they had. Business of the anthropologist, sociologist, psychologist, and historian.
Descriptive ethics
Metaethics
Normative ethics
Applied Ethics
__________addresses questions regarding the nature of morality. Generally these are more abstract questions (e.g., what reason do we have to be moral? Is there such a thing as an objective moral truth?).
Descriptive ethics
Metaethics
Normative ethics
Applied Ethics
__________not concerned with what people actually believe and do regarding ethics (like descriptive ethics). _____________ is concerned with what people ought to believe and how people ought to act. In other words, _____________ ethics is concerned with how people ought to act and which moral principles ought to guide their behavior. It would be the job of the __________ to say why the Nazi's were immoral.
Descriptive ethics
Metaethics
Normative Ethics
Applied Ethics
________here normative ethical principles are applied to particular cases in order to produce judgments regarding how one ought to behave in particular circumstances. It is the ___________ ethicist who attempts to determine whether, for example, things such as abortion, euthanasia, affirmative action, etc. Are permissible.
Descriptive Ethics
Metaethics
Normative Ethics
Applied Ethics
. Individual Ethical Relativism (here I would be able to identify the main claims of the theory and the consequences of accepting the theory).
Ethical judgments and beliefs are simply expressions of the attitudes or feelings of individual persons.
What is right/wrong, good/bad are relative to cultures or societies. The truth or falsity of ethical judgments depends on the majority attitude in the culture. Right/wrong means approved of/disapproved of by culture C.
Cultural Ethical Relativism (here I would be able to identify the main claims of the theory, the main argument in favor of the theory, and the consequences of accepting the theory).
Ethical judgments and beliefs are simply expressions of the attitudes or feelings of individual persons.
What is right/wrong, good/bad are relative to cultures or societies. The truth or falsity of ethical judgments depends on the majority attitude in the culture. Right/wrong means approved of/disapproved of by culture C.
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