Boston, Massachusetts, and Albany, New York, are at about the same latitude, but Albany is farther inland. Based on this, you would expect Albany to have less variation in temperature than Boston.

True

False

Snow is white, and thus has a greater albedo than the darker bare ground.

True

False

The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. What is the most common factor limiting aspen's distribution along the western edge of its range in Canada?

There are no limiting factors along the western edge of the range.

Failure of fruits to ripen

Failure to survive drought

Failure of flowers to survive frost

The thermoneutral zone is the range of temperatures in which an active endotherm

Is in torpor.

Can survive

Is operating at its basal metabolic rate

Operating at max metabolic rate

A mouse exposed to reduced levels of oxygen initially cannot run as fast as usual, but after a week its performance improves. This is an example of _______ to _______.

Adaptation; hypoxia

acclimatization; hypoxia

Acclimatization; hypothermia

Adaptation; hypothermia

A fundamental niche

Is unrestricted by species-species interactions.

is always the same as a realized niche.

is often not realized because no one species has exclusive access to all the resources within its fundamental niche.

Can't only be altered if excess food is available to an organism.

The critical feature determining whether a substance is a resource is whether it

is abiotic or biotic

is required for growth.

is consumed and becomes limited.

Is physiochemical

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species’ “climate envelope”?

The growth rate of the species

The range that the species could potentially inhabit

The survival rate of the species

The reproductive rate of that species

The figure shows the relationship between the ambient temperature and the relative metabolic rates of a number of mammals. What is the lower critical temperature of an unclothed human?

About 20°C

About 11°C

About 26°C

About 6°C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of science?

Parsimony, or Occam's razor

The goal of science is to prove hypotheses.

The hypothetico-deductive method is the central procedure of scientific inquiry

Repeatability

An ecologist wants to study a large forest ecosystem which was last studied more than 50 years ago. She hopes to document the changes that have occurred in plant species composition, in light of recent global warming. She will probably begin her study using which method?

Quantitative mathematical models

Controlled laboratory experiments

Field observations

Field experiments

When testing predictions, ecologists only rely on models and natural experiments in the field.

True

False

In equatorial regions, the sun's rays strike Earth's surface at a more _______ angle than they do toward the poles. This means that the same amount of energy is spread over a(n) _______ area in equatorial regions than in polar regions.

perpendicular; larger

perpendicular; smaller

acute (less than 90° angle); large

acute (less than 90° angle); small

If Earth were heated slightly more at the equator, Hadley cells should be become slightly _______ pronounced, and there would likely be slightly _______ rain at around 30°N.

more; more

more; less

less; less

less; more

Climate's control of the geographic distribution of organisms is influenced by _______ more than _______.

average conditions; extreme conditions

weather; climate

fire; floods

extreme conditions; average conditions

Which term refers to a community of organisms plus the physical environment in which they live?

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Individual

Which sequence represents the correct order of levels of biological organization, from largest to smallest?

Biosphere > population > ecosystem > community

Ecosystem > biosphere > community > population

Biosphere > ecosystem > community > population

Biosphere > ecosystem > population > community

---- :the long-term description of weather at a given location, based on averages and variation measured over decades while ----- is the the current temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and cloud cover.

Without greenhouse gases, Earth’s climate would be about 33°C warmer

True

False

What is endotherm

Regulating body temperature primarily through internal metabolic heat generation

Regulating body temperature primarily through energy exchange with external environment

What is convergence

Evolution of similar growth forms in response to similar selection pressures.

Evolution of different growth forms in response to selection pressures.

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