Chapter 1
According to the author, law enforcers define the laws they enforce, which allows them to _________.
Apply discriminatory practices, such as “racial profiling”
Selectively enforce the law with great discretion
Investigate other offenses, such as drugs and weapons crimes
Do all of the choices listed
The author believes __________.
The Fourteenth Amendment’s “equal protection" of laws is operating as it ought to
The criminal justice system is in the Gilded Age of operations
The criminal justice system works effectively, efficiently and justly
The criminal justice system has run off the rails
Which is NOT one of the author’s solutions to set the criminal justice system right?
A more efficient, centralized criminal justice bureaucracy
Revival of the ideal of equal protection of the laws
Local democracy
What two questions does this book attempt to answer?
How should the American criminal justice adequately control law enforcement discretion, and how should society redress the wrongs of the prison industrial complex?
How can criminal justice scholars work with economists, historians sociologists, psychologists and lawyers, and how can this collaborative work be shaped into contemporary laws?
How did the American criminal justice system unravel in the past 50 years, and how might our dysfunctional justice system be repaired?
How can discretion exist in a racist criminal justice system, and how does the politics of justice shape the American criminal justice system?
The author is ____________.
A former police officer who worked tirelessly in the criminal justice system before retiring and becoming a Harvard professor
A former prosecutor, judge, and Bush Administration legal advisor who grew tired of the system and wrote a tell-all book on the criminal justice system
A law professor who spent his working life studying legal doctrines that govern crime and criminal law enforcement
A historian who came to understand the criminal justice system through depth of empirical studies
According to the author, “The criminal justice system has run off the rails. The system dispenses not justice according to the law, but the “justice” of official discretion. ______________ justice too often amounts to ____________ justice.
Criminal; civil
Discriminatory; discretionary
Civil; criminal
Discretionary; discriminatory
One of this book’s goals is to understand better why our criminal justice system tolerates so much crime and produces so little justice.
True
False
According to the author, within cities, crime is low in safe neighborhoods but remains a huge problem in dangerous ones.
True
False
According to the lecture, the modern notion of justice only applies to victims with no application to or consideration of offenders or criminal perpetrators.
True
False
Both of the U.S. Migragations triggered _________.
Urban crime waves
No increase or decrease in crime rates
None of the choices listed
Reduced crime rates
The author described __________ as more relational, more brutal, more corrupt, and lazier… Officers licensed vice rather than prohibiting it, and regulated crime rather than stamping it out.
The Antebellum Era
The Reform Era
The Gilded Age
The Professional Era
In chapter one, the author explores three common reasons for high crime rates, which are:
Economic, punishment and legitimacy
Deterrence, rehabilitation and restoration
Race, gender and class
Economic, gender and class
According to the author, “People obey the law, when they do so, because they believe the system of law enforcement is fair and hence worthy of their respect. When the justice system seems _______________ to the young men it targets, those young men are more likely to follow those system’s rules.”
Forceful
Democratic
Legitimate
Powerful
The author advocates for ______________.
A greater degree of centralized criminal justice response
Continued use of substantive law its current systemic form
Continued use of procedural law in its current systemic form
More local control over the criminal justice process so that justice can be more moderate, more egalitarian, and more effective at controlling crime
Crime victims in black neighborhoods have difficulty convincing local police to take their victimization seriously, partly because victimization is so common. At the same time, police officers are quick to treat black men as suspects in settings where white men would not be so treated….” What concept is the author describing?
Racial Tax
Legitimacy
Discretion
The cause of crime
The crime wave, which followed each U.S. migration, differed enormously: the first was long-lasting and severe while the second was short-lived and mild.
True
False
__________ is the body of legal doctrine that defines crimes.
Civil law
Law
Criminal law
Policy
The author believes that a return to older models of legal doctrine would reduce the level of systemic injustice and may do a better job of controlling crime
True
False
According to the author, who primarly bears the cost of bad criminal justice policies?
Suburban voters
All Americans
Elected officials and policy makers
Residents of high-crime neighborhoods
Why did African-Americans migrate to cities during 1900 – 1965?
All of the choices listed
Shortage of labor in industrial centers
Decline of agricultural production
Caste-like oppression in the South
__________ are how we think, they are how we understand how the world works. As we go through life we build these very complex pictures in our minds of how the world works, and we’re constantly referring back to them.... That’s how we make sense of things.”
Biases
All of the choices listed
Justice systems
Models
According to the lecture, which response below is NOT a lesson that the movie World War Z can teach us?
Utilizng a plausible rival alternative hypothesis is recommended instead of trying to prove one's own theories correct and succumbing to heurstics and confirmation bias, espcially in law enforcement investigations.
In order to avoid the trappings of "group think," at least one or more persons in a group should challenge the conventional thinking.
We should try to disprove what we automatically and initially think in order to prevent the perpetration of bias and stereotypes.
If nearly everyone initially reaches a consensus, then minority dissenters should never challenge the majority opinion.
___________ frames research questions and guides scholarly interpretations with an intrinsic basis in empirical evidence, attempting validation or falsification.
Theory
Criminal justice system
Ideology
Critical social science
__________ is described as belief systems closed to contradictory evidence with assumptions and reasoning are dogmatic.
Positivist social science
Ideology
Theory
Critical criminology
_________ is described as revealing the underlying sources of inhibiting social conditions and sharing knowledge to free people from inhibiting conditions and be a catalyst for change and transformation.
Criminal justice study
Positivist social science
Interpretive social science
Critical social science
Those that believe using the term criminal justice system gives preference to systems theory and excludes non-governmental entities such as the media, and non-profit organizations, would describe the operation of criminal justice as a(n) ___________.
System
Apparatus
Neither system nor apparatus
Both system and apparatus
There is no difference between criminology and criminal justice study; the terms are synonyms.
Sociological theories of crime causation
The author's explanation for crime causation
Biological theories of crime causation
Psychological theories of crime causation
Which theory or theories believe(s) that "crime is a decision, not a disease"?
Biopsychosocial theories
Choice theory
All of the choices listed
Critical criminology
__________ operate as an “ethnoracial” social prisons within the cities, locked in structural economic marginality.
Jim Crow South
Universities
Ghettos
U.S. Penal institutions
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