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The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450

Increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports

Required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles

Had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

Could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?

Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East

Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia

Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia

Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into

The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT

A revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads

Transfers of scientific and technological knowledge

The initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

The spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague

The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450

Increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports

Required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles

Had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

Could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia

The creation of new monotheistic religions

The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money

The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200–1450 ?

Daily food staples such as bread or milk

Bulk commodities such as grain or coal

Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

Livestock such as pigs or cattle

The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200–1450 was carried out mostly via the

Swahili coast trade routes

Silk Road trade networks

Trans-Saharan trade routes

Indian Ocean trade routes

The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200–1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states?

Mamluk Egypt

The Mongol khanates

The Ming dynasty

The Mali Empire

In the period circa 1200–1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?

The diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail

The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles

The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of Pax Mongolica

The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities

Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in the passage?

To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories

To evaluate the importance of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists

To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence

To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits

Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written?

Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation.

Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions.

Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them.

The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power.

Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din’s career?

His career illustrates the destructive impact of the Mongol conquests on many established urban centers.

His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests.

His career illustrates the Mongols’ success in preserving their nomadic and tribal culture despite the growing diversity of their subjects.

His career illustrates the importance of traveler accounts written by foreign visitors to the Mongol court.

Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods?

Before 1320

Between 1320 and 1350

Between 1350 and 1400

After 1400

A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?

It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe.

It had virtually no effect on the populations of some regions of England.

In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.

In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400.

Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the three manors shown in the table from 1320 to 1400 ?

It declined to less than a quarter of its 1320 level (over 75% decline).

It increased to more than double its 1320 level (over 50% increase).

It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline).

It stayed virtually unchanged compared to its 1320 level.

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