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Dental-Research

Dental Research Quiz

Test your knowledge in the field of dental research with our comprehensive quiz featuring 399 questions! This quiz is designed for anyone interested in enhancing their understanding of dental statistics, research methodologies, and data analysis tools like SPSS.

Over 399 questions covering various aspects of dental research.
Multiple choice format for an engaging experience.
Perfect for students, researchers, and professionals in the dental field.

399 Questions100 MinutesCreated by AnalyzingTooth32

1. What are the programs to use for analyze data?

SPSS program

Epiinfo program

Stata program

All are corrects

2. What is the advantage of using SPSS over calculating statistics by hand?

This is how most quantitative data analysis is done in "real research" nowadays

It reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations

It equips you with a useful transferable skill

All of the above

3. In SPSS, what is the "Data Viewer"?

A table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable

A spreadsheet into which data can be entered

A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test

A screen in which variables can be defined and labeled

4. How is a variable name different from a variable label?

It is shorter and less detailed

It is longer and more detailed

It is abstract and unspecific

It refers to codes rather than variables

5. How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?

Open the Output Viewer and click: Save As; Pie Chart

Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies

Click on: Graphs; Frequencies; Pearson

Open the Variable Viewer and recode the value labels

6. Why might you tell SPSS to represent the "slices" of a pie chart in different patterns?

Because the program tends to crash if you ask it to use color

Because the patterns form symbolic visual images of different social groups

In order to make full use of the facilities that SPSS can offer

If you do not have a color printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer

7. When cross-tabulating two variables, it is conventional to:

Represent the independent variable in rows and the dependent variable in columns

Assign both the dependent and independent variables to columns

Represent the dependent variable in rows and the independent variable in columns

Assign both the dependent and independent variables to rows

8. In which sub-dialog box can the Chi Square test be found?

Frequencies: Percentages

Crosstabs: Statistics

Bivariate: Pearson

Gender: Female

9. To generate a Spearman's rho test, which set of instructions should you give SPSS?

Analyze; Crosstabs; Descriptive Statistics; Spearman; OK

Graphs; Frequencies; [select variables]; Spearman; OK

Analyze; Compare Means; Anova table; First layer; Spearman; OK

Analyze; Correlate; Bivariate; [select variables]; Spearman; OK

10. How would you print a bar chart that you have just produced in SPSS?

In Output Viewer, click File, Print, select the bar chart and click OK

In Variable Viewer, open bar chart, click File, Print, OK

In Chart Editor, click Descriptive Statistics, Print, OK

In Data Editor, open Graphs dialog box, click Save, OK

11. What are does DMFT stand for:

Total mean of tooth and Total prevalence of tooth

Total prevalence of tooth

Decay, Missing, Filling and teeth

Decay, Missing, Filling, Surface

Decay, Missing, Filling, Surface and Total mean of tooth

12. Which one you use icon for enter data in SPSS Statistic?

Analyze

Transform

Data

All are corrects

13. The key combinations for copying and pasting are:

Ctrl + C and Ctrl + P, respectively

Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V, respectively

Alt + C and Alt + V, respectively

Alt + C and Alt + P, respectively

14. Which of the following statements about the Means... Command is true?:

The Means command will not run at all if there is no grouping variable in the data set

The Means command requires a grouping variable in the data set in order to calculate the group means

The Means command will not run if the data are ordinal

The number of groups must not exceed two

15. What are the main points to write the literature review?

Literature review which responds to question of Who, When, What, Where

Literature review which responds to question of When, Where, Why

Literature review which responds to question of When, Why, What, How

Literature review which responds to question of Who, When, What, Why

Literature review which responds to question of When, What, Where, Why

16. What is research?

Is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena

Is systematic and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses

Is critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.

Is controlled and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.

Is empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.

17. What are the Important Components of Empirical Research?

Problem statement, research questions, purposes, benefits

Theory, assumptions, background literature

Variables and hypotheses, Data analysis

Conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, Operational definitions and measurement, Research design and methodology, Instrumentation, sampling

All are corrects

18. What is sampling?

A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population”

A sample is “a bigger (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population”

A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) without collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population”

A sample is “a bigger (but hopefully representative) without collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population”

All are corrects

19. The sampling frame is the list from which the potential respondents are drawn?

Registrar’s office

Class rosters

Must assess sampling frame errors

Registrar’s office, Class rosters

All are corrects

20. How we determine our poplars of interest?

Administrators can help us

We decide to do everyone and go from there

We notice anecdotally or through qualitative research that a particulars subgroup of students is experiencing higher risk

All are corrects

21. How many factors those influence to sampling representativeness?

22. When might you sample the entire population?

When your population is very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you don’t expect a very high response

When your population is very big, When you have extensive resources, and When you don’t expect a very high response

When your population is very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you don’t expect a very low response

When your population is not very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you do expect a very high response

When your population is very big, When you have extensive resources, and When you don’t expect a very low response

23. The sampling process comprises several stages:?

Defining the population of concern, Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure

Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame, Determining the sample size

Implementing the sampling plan, Sampling and data collecting

Reviewing the sampling process

All are corrects

24. What is cross-sectional survey?

There is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, about the problem at one specific point in time

These are like surveys, but extend over time. This allows you to study changes and to establish the time-sequence in which things occur. Therefore, you can use this to study causes.

This is more practical, but suffers from other disadvantages. It is a "retrospective" study. This means that (like a detective) you begin at the end, with the disease, and then work backwards, to hunt for possible causes.

The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments.

There is a category of studies that falls between observational and true experimental studies. In these, there is an intervention, but it is often not completely planned by the person doing the research.

25. What is cohort survey?

There are studying about the problem that the problem is that you cannot be sure which came first, so this is a very weak design for drawing conclusions about causes.

Is a form of longitudinal or but extend over time study used in medicine, nursing, social science, actuarial science, business analytics

Is a type of study design used widely, originally developed in epidemiology, although its use has also been advocated for the social sciences

The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments.

There is a category of studies that falls between observational and true experimental studies. In these, there is an intervention,

26. What is case-control study?

There are studying about the problem that the problem is that you cannot be sure which came first, so this is a very weak design for drawing conclusions about causes.

These are like surveys, but extend over time. This allows you to study changes and to establish the time-sequence in which things occur. Therefore, you can use this to study causes.

This is more practical, but suffers from other disadvantages. it is a type of study design used widely, originally developed in epidemiology, although its use has also been advocated for the social

The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments.

27. What are the diseases and conditions of the oral cavity?

Dental caries, periodontal diseases, injuries, Cancer and neoplastic disease

Systemic disease with intra oral manifestations, occlusal , other pathology of teeth and mucosa

Cancer and neoplastic disease

Dental caries, periodontal diseases, full denture, oral surgery

All are corrects

28. What is the Cluster sampling?

Process of sampling complete group of units

Method of sampling which divides the population into layers

Process of sampling incomplete group of units

Process of sampling complete group of units and Method of sampling which divides the population into layers

29. What is the convenience sampling?

Method used in order to pilot questionnaires or generate hypotheses for further study

Method used to locate data for development and challenging of hypotheses that derived from previous interviews

This is sampling of subjects for reasons of convenience for easy to recruit, near at hand, likely to respond

This is selection by count

30. What are the elements in oral health surveys?

Planning, protocol adjustment, Conditions, Selected examiners

Sample size to be represented, epidermiology, Data collection

Equipment, instruments, materials, and Administrative issues, Data collection…

Budget, Equipment, instruments, materials.

All are corrects

31. What are the clinical findings of one tooth?

Cavitated, filled, sealed

Cavitated, filled, non cavitated lesion, sealed, sound

Cavitated, filled, non-cavitated lesion, sealed

Mising teeth,

Fracture teeth

32. Whath is an epidemiology?

The often described as the basic science of public health, and for good reason

The stusy events in specified population

The application of this study to the control of health problems

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states

All are correct

33. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

Snowball sampling

Convenience sampling

Quota sampling

Purposive sampling

They are all forms of nonrandom sampling

34. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:?

A nonrandom sampling method

A quota sample

A snowball sample

An Equal probability selection method

35. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?

It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions

Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done

Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

36. Which of the following will give a more accurate representation of the population from which a sample has been taken?

A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique

A small sample based on simple random sampling

A large sample based on simple random sampling

A small cluster sample

37. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research?

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling

Quota sampling

Purposive sampling

38. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?

Cluster sampling

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling

Proportional stratified sampling

39. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called?

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

Convenience sampling

40. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?

Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling

Quota sampling

Purposive sampling

41. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its efficiency?

One stage cluster sampling

Simple random sampling

Two stage cluster sampling

Quota sampling

42. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as

Sampling

Census

Survey research

None of the above

43. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?

Convenience sampling

Quota sampling

Purposive sampling

Random sampling

44. What is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules?

Sample

Population

Statistic

Element

45. What is a research design?

A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory

The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods

The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. A graph

A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

46. What is a cross-sectional design?

A study of one particular section of society, e.g. The middle classes

One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood

The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time

A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

47. Cross cultural studies are an example of:?

Case study design

Comparative design

Experimental design

Longitudinal design

48. What is a sampling frame?

A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey

An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample

A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected

A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers

49. A simple random sample is one in which:?

From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected

A non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize

The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups

Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected

50. It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:?

The population is widely dispersed geographically

You have limited time and money available for travelling

You want to use a probability sample in order to generalise the results

All are corrects

51. Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling?

Snowball sampling

Stratified random sampling

Quota sampling

Convenience sampling

52. Work study consists of?

Effective use of plant and equipment

Effective use of human effort

Evaluation of human work

All of the above

53. Work study examines?

method

duration of work

method and duration of work

None of the above

54. Work study is also recognised as?

Time study

Motion study

Time study and Motion study

None of the above

55. The following factors must be considered while selecting the work for method study?

Economic considerations

Technical considerations

Human reactions

All of the above

56. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling?

Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1

Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size

Proportion likely to respond/population size

Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

57. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from which a sample has been taken?

A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique

A small sample based on simple random sampling

A large sample based on simple random sampling

A small cluster sample

58. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called:?

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

Convenience sampling

59. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants?

Snowball

Convenience

Purposive

Quota

60. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as:?

Sampling

Census

Survey research

None of the above

61. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

Purposive

Quota

Convenience

Cluster

62. The purpose of a literature review is to:?

Help you find out what is already known about this area.

Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.

Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can be located.

Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness

63. Which of the following is not a feature of theoretical framework?

Making an inventory of variables

Specify the direction of relationship

Presenting findings

Making an inventory of propositions

64. Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article?

Methods

Introduction

Figures

References

65. Which of the following describes the nature of qualitative data interpretation?

Reflection

Integrative

Explanatory

Reflection, integrity, explanation

66. What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?

They are readily available.

They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic

They are primary sources.

They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.

67. In which of the following sampling methods People are available such as volunteer or can be easily recruited?

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

Convenience sampling

68. What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?

Telephonic interview

Personal interview

Unstructured interview

Structured interview

69. The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, depend upon the?

Conceptual understanding

Dictionary meaning

Operational definition

All of the above

70. Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?

Naturalistic observation

Case study

Laboratory observation

Survey

71. Social research methods include all of the followin, except:?

Surveys

Therapy

Experiments

Interviews

72. A research method in which subjects respond to a series of items in a questionnaire:?

Random sample.

Taret roup.

Experiment.

Survey

73. Which approach says that the purpose of research is to study the creation of social meanin?

Positivism

Interpretative social science

Critical social science

None of the above

74. A research method in which a researcher asks study participants several conversational style questions and does not provide a set of responses to choose from:?

Case study

Interview

Comparative method

Quantitative study

75. The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more?

Reliable.

Systematic.

Accurate.

All of these

76. The application of the scientific method to the study of educational problems is called?

Inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning.

Educational research

Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

77. Which of the following statements characterizes educational research?

It furthers our understanding of educational issues, questions, or problems.

It raises new topics for study.

It provides information that can improve teaching and learning.

All of these

78. Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?

Identify a topic

Describe the procedures to collect information.

Analyze the collected information.

State the results of the data analysis.

79. Which of the following is a limitation of educational research?

Research cannot answer value-based problems.

Researchers have ethical and legal responsibilities that can constrain their work.

It is difficult to fully describe the depth of participants' perspectives given the complexity of human behavior.

All of these

80. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic?

It is ethical.

It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.

It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue

It is theoretically or practically significant.

81. When there is a need to apply different data collection methods to different parts of the population, the best sampling method would be?

Double sampling

Cluster sampling

Stratified random sampling

Systematic random sampling

82. The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal, nonzero probability of being selected in a sample, is called?

Probability sampling

Convenience sampling

Purposive sampling

Quota sampling

83. Target population is also called?

Population

Survey population

Population element

Population frame

84. In ___, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in the study.?

Experiment

Hypothesis

Theoretical framework

Research design

85. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ...?

Dependent variable

Extraneous variable

Independent variable

Confounding variable

86. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called...?

Telephonic interview

Personal interview

Unstructured interview

Structured interview

87. In…., each population element has a known and equal chance of selection.?

Purposive sampling

Quota sampling

Stratified sampling

Simple random sampling

88. . … is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.?

Reliability

Replicability

Scaling

Validity”

89. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?

Logical understanding

Identification of events

Prior knowledge

All of the given options

90. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence?

Opinion

Empiricism

Speculation

Rationalism

91. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;?

Health care

Religion

Business

Government offices

92. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;?

Data are systematically analyzed

Data are collected systematically

Results are generalizable

Results are used to improve practice

93. Which of the following is an ethical question that researchers undertaking a covert ethnography should ask themselves?

What form should the findings be published in

Does it ensure the principle of 'informed consent

How can the response rate be increased

All of the above.

94. A researcher conducting an overt ethnography which involves them fully experiencing the job of a call centre operator adopts which of the following roles?

Complete participant.

Participant-as-observer

Observer-as-participant.

Complete observer.

95. Which of the following researchers is conducting a semi-structured interview?

The researcher who has a schedule of fifty questions that they need answered by the participant.

The researcher who has planned only one question in advance.

The researcher who does not wish to use a tape recorder.

The researcher who has a guide which states some specific topics to be covered

96. A practical tip for transcribing interviews is to:?

Get the respondent to do it.

Transcribe only those sections of an interview that are important

Invest in the latest voice recognition software.

All of the above.

97. What is the difference between a focus group and a group interview?

A focus group is used only for political research, whereas group interviews are more widely used in the social sciences.

A focus group is used at the planning stage of a research project, whereas a group interview is part of the actual data collection.

A focus group is used to discuss a wide range of issues, whereas a group interview looks at one specific topic.

A focus group is used to analyse group interaction, whereas a group interview is used as a straight forward data collection tool

98. If a study is "reliable", this means that:?

It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted

The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions

The findings can be generalized to other social settings

The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated

99. Naturalism has been defined as:?

Viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realm

Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under investigation

Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field

All of the above

100. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:?

The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed

The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other

A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research

An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

101. Panel and cohort designs differ, in that:?

Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies are qualitative

A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households

Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition

A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort design can only detect ageing effects

102. Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?

Whether an abstract should be included

The format for referencing

The word limit

All of the above

103. The role of a project supervisor is to:?

Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines

Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback

Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf

Give you a reading list

104. You can manage your time and resources best, by:?

Working out a timetable

Finding out what resources are readily available to you

Calculating a budget for likely expenditure

All of the above

105. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

Your academic status and experience

The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic

Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them

All of the above

106. Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?

Your sample frame and sampling strategy

The ethical issues that might arise

Negotiating access to the setting

All of the above

107. What can you do to ensure your physical safety during your research?

Be alert to the possibility of exposure to danger

Avoid interviewing alone in the respondent's residence

Make sure someone knows where you are and how you can contact them in an emergency

All of the above

108. What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?

Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation

Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use

Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee

All of the above

109. It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:?

The population is widely dispersed geographically

You have limited time and money available for travelling

You want to use a probability sample in order to general the results

All of the above

110. What is EndNote?

a bibliographical management software package designed

to help you to organize bibliographic references

create a bibliography

All are corrects

111. According to their website, you will be able to, so what do you get with EndNote?

Search bibliographic databases on the Internet

Organize references, images, PDFs and other files

Watch the bibliography and figure list appear as you write!

Collaborate using EndNote Web, the Web-based research and writing component of EndNote

112. On completion of this tutorial you should be able to better create and manage EndNotes libraries. You will acquiring the ability to:?

Create EndNote libraries and enter references in them by typing.

Search for and add references by connecting to remote databases through the internet.

Import references from downloaded files into EndNote.

Use EndNote with Microsoft Word to create and format citations

All are corrects

113. Bibliographical information is related to …?

Details concerning a publication

Information about library timings

Information about the number of books in a library

Details about circulation statistics

114. Adding References, there are … ways of adding references to your library:?

Type in references manually

Import bibliographic details from a PDF

Import references automatically from an online database

All are corrects

115. SPSS stands for which of the following?

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

Statistics Problems Solved Smart

Simple Package for Science Statistics

Simple Program for Statistics and Science

116. Conducting analyses in SPSS is often more accurate than doing them by hand because _.?

Computer packages can handle more numbers than the human brain

Some analyses are only possible with computers

Errors frequently occur when computing statistics by hand

You can only compute statistics by hand on small data sets

117. SPSS will recognize which of the following mistakes?

Incorrect type of variable selected

Incorrect data entered

Incorrect statistical test selected

Incorrect form of instructions

118. You have installed SPSS on your personal computer. In which of the following places will you ALWAYS find the SPSS icon?

In the Programs menu

On a CD Rom

On the desktop

On a floppy disk and on your USB stick

119. You select File from the procedures across the top of the SPSS Data Editor. The three dots after Save As... Mean which of the following?

A further submenu will appear when this option is chosen

A dialogue box will open when this option is chosen

This option cannot be chosen at present

There are three further steps after selecting this option

120. What is the purpose of the toolbar in SPSS?

To list procedures not included in the procedures across the top of the Data Editor

To explain procedures more fully than in the procedures across the top of the Data Editor

To remind the researcher to perform certain procedures, e.g. Save regularly

To display all the statistical analyses available

To enable procedures to be carried out without going to the options and selecting the appropriate procedure

121. Which of the following sources can data entered in SPSS NOT come from?

People

Schools

Archive statistics

Organizations

It can come from all of these

122. Which of the following CANNOT be included in the name of a variable in SPSS?

Two

Add

123. Which of the following methods would you use to enter data on gender into SPSS so you could conduct statistical analyses?

Type male or female into the appropriate column of the data view

Type M into the appropriate column for male participants and F for female participants

Enter data for male participants into SPSS first, then data for female participants second

Numerically code male and female with different numbers

124. Which of the following is the best way to deal with missing data?

Leave the cell where data is missing blank

Only enter data for cases where you have a complete data set

Use numbers not used elsewhere to represent different kinds of missing data

Remove variables where data is missing

125. How is the active cell denoted in the Data View window?

Highlighted in blue

With a flashing frame

Highlighted in red

With a bold frame

126. Which of the following aspects of a variable CANNOT be defined in the Variable View window?

Value labels

Measurement

Maximum and minimum values

Number of decimal places

127. The extension given to SPSS data files is _.?

spss

doc

sav

pptm

spo

128. Which of the following is the name given to the record of procedures conducted by SPSS which appears first in the Output Viewer?

SPSS commands

Syntax commands

Command file

Analysis commands

129. When should the type of measure used be defined in SPSS?

When you intend to graph nominal variables

When you intend to graph ordinal variables

When you intend to graph interval variables

At all times

130. The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a quantitative analysis computer program called:?

Endnote

N-Vivo

Outlook

SPSS

131. In which section of the SPSS output will you find the chi-square analysis?

Between group comparisons

Within group comparisons

Anova

Test statistics box

132. In Data View:?

The scores from each group occupy a separate column

Information about group membership is contained in the column headings

There is no information about group membership that is supplied by the user when completing dialogs for the appropriate procedures

Information about group membership is carried in a column (or columns) containing arbitrary code numbers

133. The Measure column in Variable View is used to specify?

Whether the variable is scale (or continuous), ordinal or nominal

Whether the variable is of the numeric or the string type

The name of the dependent variable

The number of places of decimals to which values are expressed in Data View

134. In Variable View, the Values column:?

Specifies the number of decimal places to which the numbers in Data View are displayed

Is used to specify the level of measurement

Specifies whether the data in Data View left, centre or right aligned

Enables meaningful labels to be attached to the different values of a grouping variable

135. The Means procedure is to be found in the?

Compare Means menu

Descriptive Statistics menu

Reports menu

Tables menu

136. For the Means procedure to run, the data in Data View:?

Need not contain a grouping variable

Must be nominal data

Must contain a grouping variable

Must be in the form of ranks

137. In Variable View, the Decimals column:?

Is operative only when scientific notation is specified

Allows the user to set the number of places of decimals to which each value in Data View will be displayed

Is inoperative when a numeric variable is specified

Allows the user to set the number of places of decimals to which each value in the output will be displayed

138. When the user is entering Value Labels (in the present case, Males and Females) in the dialog box below:?

A letter such as M must be in lower case, I.e. m

A letter such as M cannot be used in the Value panel

The first label must be the value 1

The letter M is an acceptable value for specifying a male

139. In the part of Data View shown below:?

Icon number 3 is used to find a particular value label

Icons number 1 and 2 are for displaying and magnifying value labels

Icon number 4 is for saving the data file

The display numbered 5 is the cell where control is currently located

140. In the part of Data View shown in the previous question:?

Icon number 1 is for finding a particular value label

Icon number 2 is for displaying value labels

Icon number 4 is for saving the data file

Icon number 3 is for weighting the cases

141. In the part of Data View shown above:?

Icon number 4 is for displaying value labels

Icon number 1 is for finding a particular value label

Icon number 2 is for weighting the cases

Icon number 3 is for saving the data file

142. In the part of Data View shown above:?

Icon number 1 is for displaying value labels

Icon number 2 is for finding a particular value label

Icon number 3 is for saving the data file

Icon number 4 is for weighting the cases

143. The operations known as copying and pasting:?

Can only be carried out in Variable View

Cannot be implemented in the Output Viewer

Can only be carried out in Data View

Can be carried out in both Variable View and Data View

144. The Means... Procedure for computing the mean score of each of several groups is found in:

The Reports menu

The Compare Means menu

The Tables menu

The Descriptive Statistics menu

145. Which of the following could NOT be included in a survey design?

Random sampling

Panel design

Manipulation of variables

Measurement of variables

146. Which of the following sources can data entered in SPSS NOT come from?

People

Schools

Archive statistics

Organizations

All are correct

147. The first stage of coding qualitative data is referred to as?

Open coding

Axial coding

Selective coding

None of these

148. What will normally be the last of the following sections to be written?

Abstract

Literature review

Results

Conclusion

149. What should be the content of an abstract?

The topic under examination and the research question or hypothesis

The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives, and methods of the study

The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives and a brief résumé of the conclusions

The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives, and methods of the study,a brief résumé of the conclusions

150. What should not be included in the introduction?

The aim of the research

A statement justifying the importance of the research

An indication of the key findings

An outline of the structure of the report

151. Statistics is used by researchers to?

Analyze the empirical data collected in a study

Make their findings sound better

Operationally define their variables

Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

152. A literature review requires?

Planning

Good & clear writing

Lot of rewriting

All of the above

153. A literature review is based on the assumption that?

Copy from the work of others

Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others

Knowledge disaccumulates

None of the above option

154. Which of the following statement is not true a research proposal?

A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting

the proposed research project

A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project

A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project

155. Preliminary data collection is a part of the research method. ?

Descriptive research

Exploratory research

Applied research

Explanatory research

156. Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating?

Primary data

Secondary data

Qualitative data

None of the above

157. After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is?

To conduct surveys

To generate the hypothesis

To focus group discussions

To use experiments in an investigation

158. The appropriate analytical technique is determined by?

The research design

Nature of the data collected

Nature of the hypothesis

The research design and nature of the data collected

159. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:?

Interview schedule

Questionnaire

Interview guide

All of the given options

160. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is?

Research design

Questionnaire design

Interview design

Survey design

161. What can a researcher use the literature to achieve?

They can demonstrate their competence by referring to prominent writings in the field.

They develop their version of the literature in such a way as to show and to lead up to the contribution they will be making in their own project or article.

They can identify a gap or problem in the literature that corresponds to the research questions.

All of the above

162. A systematic literature review is:?

One which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system.

A replicable, scientific, and transparent process

One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.

A manufactured system for generating literature reviews tailored to your subject.

163. Which of the follow is a benefit of a systematic review?

It reduces researcher bias and demands the researcher is comprehensive of their approach

It is really quick to complete.

It is cost effective as an approach.

It provides internal validity to the study.

164. How can you tell if your research questions are really good?

If they guide your literature search

If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument

If they force you to narrow the scope of your research

All of the above

165. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?

Deterministic

Rationalism

Empirical

Abstraction

166. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the..?

Variables

Hypothesis

Concept

Theory

167. ..research is based on naturalism.?

Field research

Descriptive research

Basic research

Applied research

168. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?

Variables are tightly controlled

Results are generalizable

Data are usually qualitative

Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

169. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?

Experimental

Applied

Basic

Evaluation

170. Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory research?

Content analysis

Survey

Case study

Pilot study

171. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?

A theory that has survived attempts at falsification

A theory that is proven to be right

A theory that has been disproved

A theory that has been falsified

172. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?

Context review

Integrated review

Theoretical review

Methodological review

173. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT?

Volumes

Titles

Price

Full names of the authors

174. __research is based on naturalism.?

Field research

Descriptive research

Basic research

Applied research

175. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of___.?

Intensity

Space

Frequency

Direction

176. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___.?

Hypothesis

Results

Procedure

Sensitivity

177. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called __.?

Telephonic interview

Personal interview

Unstructured interview

Structured interview

178. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature?

Operation test

Response analysis survey

Document design analysis

Pretest interviews

179. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

To make sure you have a long list of references

Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count

To find out what is already known about your area of interest

To help in your general studying

180. Which of the following is NOT a function of referencing?

To demonstrate breadth of reading

To attribute a quotation

To ensure a sufficiently long reference list

To justify your approach

181. Which of the following is a discipline?

Sport

Social facilitation

Self-efficacy

Sociology

182. Which of the following is a field?

Sport tourism

Sociology

Self-efficacy

All of these

183. Identifying someone's gender is an example of?

Nominal measurement

Ordinal measurement

Interval measurement

Ratio measurement

184. Identifying someones age is an example of?

Nominal measurement

Ordinal measurement

Interval measurement

Ratio measurement

185. When interviewing children, you should try to?

Avoid being seen as an authority figure

Take them out of the classroom if interviewing them at school

Not be overly concerned with ethical issues

All of these

186. What is the smallest sample size you should consider when interviewing?

187. Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?

Mean

Mode

Correlation

Median

188. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the units?

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Quota sampling

Judgment sampling

189. A sampling frame is:?

A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey

An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample

A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected

A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers

190. In _____, each population element has a known and equal chance of selection.?

Purposive sampling

Quota sampling

Stratified sampling

Simple random sampling

191. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where___ relationship can be established.?

Strong

Linear

Weak

Cause and Effect

192. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?

Collect the data through past studies

Analyze the literature review

Using of quantitative techniques

Data collection through mail and Interview

193. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study?

Questionnaires

Interviews

Mail survey

Observations

194. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and Job Openings survey?

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Stratified sampling

Convenience sampling

195. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case study?

Cost

Limited data

Unskilled interviewer

Small sample size

196. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?

Questionnaires

Focus groups

Correlational method

Secondary data

197. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study?

To identified the potential problem

To know the sample size

To develop the questionnaire

To use agency representative

198. Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true. An ordinal variable is one for which:

The data are discrete and can take one of many values

The data are continuous and follow an ordered sequence.

The data are categorical.

The categories of response are ordered.

There can only be two categories of response.

199. Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true:

A sample statistic is a point estimate of a population parameter.

Random sampling implies a haphazard approach to the data analysis.

For a given data set, the standard deviation is always greater than the standard error of the mean.

The inferential process involves drawing conclusions about the sample.

All are corrects

200. A total 5000 patients of glaucoma are identified and surveyed by patient interviews regarding family history of glaucoma. Such a study design is called:

Case series report

Case-control study

Clinical Trial

Cohort study

201. The analytical study where population is the unit of study is:

Cross sectional

Ecological

Case-control

Cohort

202. System Study involves:

Study of an existing system

Documenting the existing system.

Identifying current deficiencies and establishing new goals

All of the above

203. The primary tool used in structured design is a:

Structure chart

Data-flow diagram

Program flowchart

Module

204. The step-by-step instructions that solve a problem are called :

An algorithm

A list

A plan

A sequential structure

205. Which of the following is not a factor in the failure of the systems developments projects:

Size of the company

Inadequate user involvement

Failure of systems integration

Continuation of a project that should have been cancelled

206. A problem's _____ will answer the question, "What information will the computer need to know in order to either print or display the output times?:

Input

Output

Processing

Purpose

207. In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by?

The use of censuses

The use of prevalence

Using poorly paid student helpers

Stopping people in the street

The use of samples

208. The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called?

Analytical statistics

Experimental study

Inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics

All of the above

209. Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the………………of data?

Processing

Sequencing

Interview

Collection

Analysis

210. Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific……………?

Observation

Collection

Analysis

Researches

Measurement

211. The……………….process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required?

Editing

Tabulating

Analysis

Ordering

All of the above

212. A sample is a portion of the………..population that is considered for study and analysis?

Fixed

Random

Selected

Total

Distribution

213. Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the………as possible?

Population

Group

Universe

Region

Ethics

214. A variable is any characteristic which can assume…………value?

Fixed

Different

Assumed

Similar

Good

215. The basic objective of a sample is to draw………….about the population from which such sample is drawn?

Parameters

Conclusion

Inferences

Characteristics

Introduction

216. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

Resistance to manipulation

Manipulation of the independent variable

The use of open-ended questions

Focuses only on local problems

All are not correct

217. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

Age, temperature, income, height

Grade point average, anxiety level

Gender, religion, ethnic group

Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level

218. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

Age

Grade point average

Annual income

Religion

Nationality

219. What is the opposite of a variable?

A constant

An extraneous variable

A dependent variable

A data set

All are correct

220. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?

Ethnography

Experimental

Causal-comparative

Correlational

All are correct

221. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a ?

population parameter

sample parameter

sample statistic

population mean

None of the above answers is correct.

222. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

can never be larger than the population parameter

can never be equal to the population parameter

can never be zero

can never be smaller than the population parameter

All are not correct

223. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal?

One

the number of classes

the number of items in the study

100

None of the answers is correct.

224. Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value, it ?

can never be larger than the mean

is always larger than the median

is always larger than the mean

must have a value of at least two

All are not correct

225. Mu is an example of a?

population parameter

sample statistic

population variance

mode

All are not correct

226. The mean of a sample is?

always equal to the mean of the population

always smaller than the mean of the population

computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)

computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

All are not correct

227. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the?

Variance

interquartile range

range

coefficient of variation

All are not correct

228. Which of the following is not a measure of central location?

Mean

Median

Variance

Mode

All are not correct.

229. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median?

cannot be determined

is the average value of the two middle items

must be equal to the mean

is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order

All are not correct.

230. The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is?

always greater than zero

always less than zero

sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements

always equal to zero

All are not correct.

231. The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called the?

Range

Median

Mean

Mode

All are not correct.

232. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the?

Range

Mode

Mean

Median

All are not correct.

233. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a?

frequency distribution

relative frequency distribution

frequency

cumulative frequency distribution

All are not correct.

234. The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals?

6,400

4,096

All are not correct.

235. The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals?

4096

6,561

All are not correct.

236. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is?

All are not correct.

237. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is?

All are not correct.

238. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is?

All are not correct

239. Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is?

All are not correct

240. Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is?

670

All are not correct.

241. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?

the range

the variance

the standard deviation

All are correct

242. The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is?

the variance

the standard deviation

the range

the interquartile range

All are not correct.

243. When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values?

as much as possible since computations are easier

only when individual data values are unavailable

whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable

only when the data are from a population

All are not correct.

244. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is?

the range

the interquartile range

the standard deviation

All are not correct.

245. On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as?

Entirely dependent on the teacher

Open minded and radical

Fairly knowledgeable

A status quo maintainer

All are not correct

246. Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ?

The third root of the product of N values.

The square root of the product of N values

The fourth root of the product of N values

The Nth root of the product of N values

All are not correct

247. Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series?

Range

Standard deviation

Quartile deviation

Mean

All of them

248. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ?

A cluster sample

A random sample

A systematic sample

A stratified sample

A multistage sampling

249. If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be?

250. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ?

Statistical inference of external validity of the research

Parameter inference

Data analysis and interpretation

All are correct

251. A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ?

Sample parameter

Inference

Standard deviation

Statistic

All are correct

252. If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ?

253. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

can never be larger than the population parameter

can never be equal to the population parameter

can never be zero

can never be smaller than the population parameter

All are correct

254.  is an example of a?

population parameter

sample statistic

population variance

mode

All are not correct

255. The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ?

Alphanumeric

Numerical

Ordinal

Nominal

Category

256. The fundamental statistical indicators are ?

Mean and D. Standard deviation

Median

Variance

Mode

Range

257. If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?

40%

20%

80%

10%

90%

258. The median of a series of numerical values is?

Equal to the average

A graph or hart

A number

A frequency table

A distribution table

259. The median of a series of numerical values is?

A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series

The most commonly encountered values among the series

A measure of the eccentricity of the series

A measure of central tendency

260. Relative risk?

Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease

is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor

Cannot be greater than 1

is expressed as a percentage

is proportion

261. If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?

very high when exposed to the factor

very small when exposed to the factor

the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure

lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100

Equal in the exposed

262. The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?

the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05

the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05

the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05

the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05

None of the above answers is correct.

263. If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?

We reject H0 and accept H1

We accept H0

We reject H1

We cannot decide

We can decide

264. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?

Prevent infection

Prevent disease

Prevent transmission

All are correct

265. A “benefit” of research may accrue?

To the participant

To his/her family

To society

All are correct

266. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?

Beneficence

Justice

A methodologically sound study design

Informed consent

267. Surveillance data must be?

Rapidly collected

Use simple case definitions

Provide very precise estimates

All are correct

Rapidly collected and Use simple case definitions

268. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?

A diagnostic algorithm

Staff members

A sampling frame

All are correct

269. A good surveillance system should provide information about?

Who is being infected

Where the infected individuals are

How rapidly infection is spreading

All are correct

270. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?

Cohort

Serial cross-sectional

Mortality

Syndromic

271. Results of surveillance should be distributed to?

Decision makers

The public

The data collectors

All are correct

272. The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?

Change in behavior

Comprehensive coverage

Effective use of behavioral theory

Sustained behavior change

Change in belief

273. The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:

Alphanumeric

Numerical

Ordinal

Nominal

274. The fundamental statistical indicators are:

Mode and Median

Variance

Mean and standard deviation

Range

275. The average of series of numerical values is:

The Sum of the values divided by their number

Lower than the minimum value in the series

Lower than the average value in the series

An indicator of measurement of the values of the series

276. Standard deviation:

Is measured using the unit of sample

Is measured using the squared unit of the variable

Is values generally comparable with mode value

Is the square root of variance

277. The median of a series of numerical values is:

Equal to the average

A number

A graph or chart

A frequency table

278. The median of a series of numerical values is:

A measure of centricity

Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

The most commonly encountered values among the series

The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series

279. The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:

The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05

The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05

The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05

The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05

280. If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:

We reject Ho and accept H1

We accept H0

We reject H1

We cannot decide

281. A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:

Nominal

Ordinal

Continuous

Discreet numerical

Dichotomous

282. The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:

283. A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:

38.5

40.5

284. For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:

Simple random Sampling

Standard random Sampling

Systematic random Sampling

Cluster random Sampling

Quasi random sampling

285. Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:

Rates and Ratios

Rates, Ratios and proportions

Rates and proportions

Ratios and proportion

286. If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:

50 per 1,000 per year

100 per 1,000

100 per 1,000 per year

50 per 1,000

287. Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:

Analytical epidemiology

Descriptive epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology

Intervention studies

288. Cross _ sectional study is also known as:

Longitudinal study

Incidence study

Prevalence study

Follow _ up study

289. The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:

Analytical epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology

Descriptive epidemiology

Ecological studies

290. Case control studies are often called as:

Prospective studies

Retrospective studies

Follow _ up studies

Ecological studies

291. Which one of the following is correct about case control method?

The study is expensive

Long follow _ up period is often needed

Yields incidence rates and attributable risk

It uses a control or comparison group

292. The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:

Randomization

Matching

Blinding

Fixing

293. The components of epidemiology are:

Disease frequency

Distribution of disease

Determinants of disease

Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease

294. Cohort study is also known as:

Longitudinal study

Prospective study

Incidence study

Prevalence study

295. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?

Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation

The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause

It uses a control or comparison group

Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study

296. The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:

Causes to effect

Effect to cause

Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct

Exposed to non-exposed

297. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:

Starts with the disease

Involves fewer number of subjects

Yields incidence rate

Relatively in expensive

298. Pilot study is done to:

Find the feasibility in conducting study

Determine the sample size

Find the unknown effect

Find the all of those

299. The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:

Endemic

Pandemic

Exotic

Epidemic

300. The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:

Active immunity

Passive immunity

Herd immunity

Combination of Active and passive

301. Experimental studies are:

Cohort and case _ control studies

Prevalence and incidence studies

Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials

Cohort and prevalence studies

302. Matching is done to:

Eliminate bias in sampling

Eliminate confounding factors

Stratified sampling

Quota sampling

303. Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:

Random sampling

Systemic sampling

Stratified Sampling

Quota Sampling

304. Hypothesis is:

a theory

an Experiment

a report

a supposition from an observation

305. Risk factors related to dental caries are:

Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time

Bacteria, periodontal disease, food

Host, time and gingival disease

Environment and oral hygiene

306. Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?

Interval or Ratio scale

Dichotomous scale

Nominal scale

Ordinal scale

307. If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as?

Type I error

Type II Error

Power

Specificity

308. Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14)

12.8

309. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

Mean

Mode

Range

Median

310. Standard deviation is the square of:

Mode

Standard error

Variance

Regression

311. A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called:

Bar chart

Pie chart

Histogram

Frequency polygon

312. Correlation coefficient is a number between:

+1 and +2

0 and +1

-1 and 0

-1 and +1

313. In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as:

Block

Population

Group

Flock

314. Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called:

Quantitative variable

Qualitative variable

Absolute variable

Continuous variable

315. Flower color is a:

Quantitative variable

Qualitative variable

Absolute variable

Continuous variable

316. Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called:

Quantitative variable

Discrete variable

Absolute variable

Continuous variable

317. Height of students in a class is a:

Qualitative variable

Discrete variable

Absolute variable

Continuous variable

318. In inferential statistics, we study:

The method to make decisions about population based on sample results

How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode

How a sample is obtained from a population

How to make decisions about range and standard deviations

319. In descriptive statistics, we study:

The description of decision making process

The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data

How to describe the probability distribution

How to describe the non-probability distribution

320. When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using:

A Sample

A Parameter

A Population

A Parameter and A population

321. In Statistic, a sample means:

A portion of the sample

A portion of the population

all the items under investigation

all the items under analysis

322. The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of…….:

Qualitative data

Categorical data

Continuous data

Discrete data

323. Data in the population Census Report is:

Grouped data

Ungrouped data

Secondary data

Primary data

324. Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from:

Population

Sample

Data

Observations

325. Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts?

Quartiles

Standard Deviations

Percentiles

Deciles

326. You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of:

Descriptive statistics

Inferential statistics

Parameter

Population

327. In statistics, a population consists of:

All people living in a country

All people living in the area under study

All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied

All people are investigated

328. Which one is the not measure of dispersion:

The range

50th Percentile

Inter – quartile Range

Variance

329. Mu is an example of a:

population parameter

Sample Statistic

Population variance

Standard population

330. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the:

Variance

Interquartile range

Coefficient of variation

Range

331. The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal:

One

The number of classes

The number of items in the study

100

332. In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?

The Smallest value

The largest value

The median

The 25th Percentile

333. Our rural masses are facing multiple health problems. The best approach to deal with their problems is to provide:?

Basic health services

Health education

Safe water supply and sanitation

Free medical care

Primary health care.

334. Which one of the following is not included in the elements of Primary Health Care?

Immunization services

Family planning services

Specialized services

Health education regarding water and sanitation

Provision of essential drugs

335. Which one of the following gives the strength of association between the cause and the disease?

Prevalence rate.

Case fatality rate.

Adjusted rate.

Incidence rate.

Disease index.

336. Which one of the following is not included in analyticalepidemiological studies?

Historical cohort studies

Cohort studies

Case control

Case report

Experimental studies

337. Killing power of a disease is best expressed by:?

Attack Rate.

Secondary Attack rate.

Case fatality rate.

Survival index.

Proportionate mortality rate.

338. All of the following are true of odds ratio except: ?

It is an estimate of relative risk

It is the only measure of risk that can be obtained directly form a case-control study

It tends to be biased towards 1 (neither risk or protection at high rates of disease

It is the ratio of incidence in exposed divided by incidence in non exposed

It can be calculated without data on rates (as in a case-control study

339. A longitudinal or prospective study is also referred to as ?

ecological study

cross-sectional study

cohort study

observational study

340. The key factor in conducting ethical research is: ?

Informed consent

Beneficence

Justice

Respect for persons

341. Precise measurement of exposure is important in epidemiologic research. Namely, when the exposure is not precisely measured the association between exposure and effect is likely to be...?

Overestimated

Confounded

Underestimated

Random

342. Types of toothbrushes would be an example of what:?

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

343. Classifications of dental disease is an example of what:?

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

344. Within 3 standard deviations, the mean picks up how much of the scores?

99.7

99.9

345. Has categorical variables and bars are separate, but equal distances apart:?

Bar Graph

Histogram

Frequency Polygon

Pie graph

346. Has continuous variables, bars touch and you can always find a third value:?

Bar Graph

Histogram

Frequency Polygon

Pie graph

347. Within 1 standard deviation, the mean picks up over how many of the values?

348. The students t-test measures what:?

Test the difference between 2 means

Test for differences between 3 or more means

Differences between two frequency distributions

Whether two distributions are independent or dependent

349. The Scientific Method is:?

Qualitatitive Research

Quantitative Research

Variables

Data

350. As income level declines, tooth decay increases. This is an example of what:?

Positive correlation

Negative correlation

Internal Validity

External Validity

351. Randomly selecting a proportionate amount from subgroups is an example of what:?

Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Convenience Sampling

352. The degree to which the study accurately reflects events that would occur in a real situation is what:?

Internal Validity

External Validity

Processing

Outcome

353. Retrospective and Prospective are what types of Epidemiological Studies?

Analytical

Descriptive

Inference

Presentation

354. Twins (same group on two or more occasions) would be an example of what kind of epidemiological study?

Cross-Sectional

Longitudinal

Descriptive

Analysis

355. Within 2 standard deviations, the mean picks up about how many of the values?

99.7

356. No relationship existing between variables is an example of what:?

Negative Correlation

Null Hypothesis

Empirical Consequence

Research Protocol

357. Empirical Consequences are:?

Statements that reflect a research question

Verification of Results

Observable or relying on experiences

Orderly, controlled plans

358. What type of epidemiological study is designed to determine the relationship between a condition and a characteristic shared by some members of a group?

Prospective

Retrospective

Experimental

Analysis

359. Each member in the population has an equal chance of being selected:?

Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Convenience Sampling

360. The number of new cases of a specific disease within a defined population over a period of time is what:?

Prevalence

Incidence

Rate

Proportion

361. Which is the effect or result of an experiment?

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Discrete variable

Nominal variable

362. Before and after studies for preventive measures are what:?

Clinical trials

Field trials

Demonstration studies

Analysis studies

363. Systemic water fluoridation will reduce caries in school children by 30%. What is the independent variable?

Systemic water fluoridation

Caries

School children

30%

364. Discrete data is qualitative in nature. Continuous data is quantitative in nature.?

Both statements are true

Both statements are false

The first statement is true, the second is false

The first statement is false, the second is true

365. Females and males are examples of what kind of data?

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

366. Height and weight are an example of what kind of data:?

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

367. What type of sample has the least bias?

Random

Stratified

Systematic

Judgment

Convenience

368. What is the most powerful type of data?

Nominal

Ratio

Ordinal

Interval

369. Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different people?

Validity

Variable

Sample

Parameter

370. Variable with infinite number of values, only limited by measurement tool?

Interquartile range

Continuous variable

Frequency table

Quantitative variable

371. Uses NUMBERS to describe phenomenon. Output is discrete or continuous?

Inferencial statistics

Qualitative variable

Continuous variable

Quantitative variable

372. Outcome or response observed?

Discrete variable

Standard deviation

Independent variable

Dependent variable

373. The most frequently occurring number is a set of values called the:?

Mean

Median

Mode

Range

374. What is the range for following dataset? (14, 23, 9, 12. 21, 18, 8)?

375. Which of the following constitutes discrete variables?

Student’s top typing speed.

An athlete’s body temperature after exercise.

Favourite animal among children.

Number of reported crimes in one week

376. A Type II error occurs when the researcher:?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true.

Reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Reject the null hypothesis when it is true.

377. Hypothesis refers to?

The outcome of an experiment

A conclusion drawn from an experiment

A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

A tentative statement about the relationship

378. Statistics is used by researchers to?

Analyze the empirical data collected in a study

Make their findings sound better

Operationally define their variables

Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

379. A literature review requires?

Planning

Good & clear writing

Lot of rewriting

All of the above

380. A literature review is based on the assumption that?

Copy from the work of others

Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others

Knowledge disaccumulates

None of the above option

381. Which of the following statement is not true?

A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project

A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project

A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project

382. Preliminary data collection is a part of the?

Descriptive research

Exploratory research

Applied research

Explanatory research

383. Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating?

Primary data

Secondary data

Qualitative data

None of the above

384. After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is?

To conduct surveys

To generate the hypothesis

To focus group discussions

To use experiments in an investigation

385. The appropriate analytical technique is determined by?

The research design

Nature of the data collected

Nature of the hypothesis

The research design and Nature of the data collected

386. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:?

Mall interviews

Mall intercept interviews

Brief interviews

None of the given options

387. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:?

Interview schedule

Questionnaire

Interview guide

All of the given options

388. The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:?

Response rate

Participation rate

Inflation rate

None of the given options

389. A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:?

Pilot testing

Pre-testing

Lab experiments

Pilot testing and Pre-testing

390. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:?

Respondents are willing to co-operate

Respondents are not willing to co-operate

Respondents do not like any participation

All of the given options

391. Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?

Mean, standard deviation, mode

Mean, median, standard deviation

Arithmetic mean, median, mode

Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

392. Internal validity refers to ?

Researcher’s degree of confidence

Generalizability

Operationalization

All of the above

393. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of ………….?

Intensity

Space

Frequency

Direction

394. Discrete variable is also called……….?

Categorical variable

Discontinuous variable

Categorical variable and Discontinuous variable

None of the above

395. Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment ” Such a hypothesis is an example of……….?

Descriptive Hypothesis

Directional Hypothesis

Relational Hypothesis

All of the above

396. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?

Deterministic

Rationalism

Empirical

Abstraction

397. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….?

Variables

Hypothesis

Concept

Theory

398. ………research is based on naturalism.?

Field research

Descriptive research

Basic research

Applied research

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