Fertilization to Birth
Fertilization occurs in the _________. When the sperm reach the egg, enzymes begin to break down the thicker egg coating (the _____ ________).
Oviduct, corona radiatta
Uterus, corona radiatta
Oviduct, zona pelucida
Uterus, zona pelucida
The egg membrane __________ when one sperm gets in. The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus fuse to create a cell with 46 chromosomes. This is called a _______.
Weakens, fetus
Depolarizes, zygote
Depolarizes, morula
Depolarizes, fetus
The zygote begins to divide within 30 hours of fertilization. Cell division at this time:
Occurs slowly with lots of time for growth. As a result, the zygote grows in size, made up of many big cells.
Occurs quickly with little time for growth. As a result, the zygote grows in size, made up of many big cells.
Occurs slowly with lots of time for growth. As a result the zygote remains the same size, made up to many small cells.
Occurs quickly with little time for growth. As a result the zygote remains the same size, made up to many small cells.
The ___________ enters the uterus 3-5 days after fertilization and is made up of 16 cells. It also begins to fill with fluid from the uterus.
Morula
Zygote
Blastocyst
Fetus
The trophoblast goes on to form the ________ then the __________, while the embryoblast goes on to form the __________.
Placenta, chorion, embryo
Chorion, placenta, embryo
Chorion, embryo, placenta
Embryo, placenta, chorion
Implantation occurs around the 10th to 14th day. At this time the trophoblast:
Becomes the placenta and secretes enzyme to break down the endometrium.
Becomes the placenta and starts to secrete hCG.
Secretes estrogen and starts to secrete hCG.
Secretes enzyme to break down part of the endometrium and starts to secrete hCG.
Throughout all trimesters of pregnancy, how does hCG, estrogen and progesterone behave?
Estrogen (levels)
Continues to increase until it levels off near the end of pregnancy.
Progesterone (levels)
Produced from the CORPUS LUTEUM (!!) in the ovary early in the pregnancy, until the second trimester where the placenta produces it.
Progesterone (what secretes it)
Peaks near the end of the first trimester (around 2 months), then begins to decrease to a low level for the rest of the pregnancy.
HCG (levels)
Levels increase slowly through the pregnancy, then increase more quickly as the end of pregnancy approaches.
HCG (what secretes it)
The trophoblast and eventually the placenta.
Estrogen (what secretes it)
Produced only in the ovary early in the pregnancy, then shifts to the placenta by the second trimester.
Match the numbers to the structures:
2
Mesoderm
6
Ectoderm
7
Endoderm
1
Endometrium
4
Yolk sac
3
Embryonic disk
5
Amniotic cavity
If the ectoderm fails to develop properly, the fetus may...
Have liver and gallbladder issues.
Have an underdeveloped adrenal cortex and heart.
Have completely healthy and formed nervous tissue and sense organs.
Have an underdeveloped pituitary gland and tooth enamel.
The ectoderm gives rise to which of the following:
Dermis
Epidermis
Eye lens
Gallbladder
Adrenal medulla
Heart
Pituitary Gland
Tonsils
During Week 3 of organ formation, a thick band of ___________ cells and what will be babies back, the ___________ form the basis for the skeleton.
Endoderm, notochord
Mesoderm, notochord
Endoderm, spine
Mesoderm, spine
What other processes happen during Week 3 of organ formation?
Blood cells form and fill blood vessels, nervous system begins to form from ectoderm above notochord, forming the neural tube.
Blood cells form and fill blood vessels, lungs and kidneys start to form.
Heart forms, nervous system begins to form from ectoderm above notochord, forming the neural tube.
Heart forms, lungs and kidneys start to form.
Match the developmental stages to the week of neurulation/organ formation they apply to.
Week 8
90% of organs developed , moving from embryo to fetus stage, about the size and mass of a paper clip.
Week 6
Head is very large compared to body, eyes open but don't have lids or irises.
Week 7
Blood cells form and fill blood vessels, head visible, lungs and kidneys start to form.
Week 4
Organs formed, nervous system coordinating body activity, cartilage skeleton, lids over eyes, resembles human.
Week 5
Brain developing rapidly, limbs are starting to lengthen, gonads producing hormones - influencing genitalia.
Allantois is the foundation for the umbilical cord.
True
False
Amnion is the transparent sac that dissipates completely by the second trimester.
True
False
Chorion is the outer membrane that eventually becomes the fluid that envelops the embryo.
True
False
Yolk sac produces blood cells and parts of organ systems, and has no nutritional function.
True
False
The placenta sits in _____________ from the mother in the uterine lining. These blood pools serve as a connection between mother and baby. Nutrient and waste ___________ takes place here.
Blood pools, production
Blood pools, exchange
Amniotic fluid, production
Amniotic fluid, exchange
The umbilical cord is a rope-like structure that connects the navel area of the fetus to the placenta. If there was damage to the two arteries but NOT the one vein contained in the umbilical chord, the...
Blood would not be carried away or to the fetus.
Fetus would not receive oxygen rich blood.
Oxygen poor blood would be carried away from the fetus, but oxygen RICH blood would not reach the fetus.
Oxygen rich blood would reach the fetus, but oxygen POOR blood would not be carried away from the fetus.
In an emrbyo the organs are ______________ and become a fetus at eight weeks. In a fetus, the organs are ____________ and need time to develop.
Fully formed, formed
Fully formed, still forming
Still forming, formed
Still forming, still forming
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