How Well Do You Know AP Euro Unit 2? Take the Quiz!
Challenge yourself with this AP Euro Unit 2 practice test and ace your review
This AP Euro Unit 2 quiz helps you practice the German Reformation, Calvinism, and the Thirty Years' War. Use it to spot gaps before the exam. Want more practice? Try our full AP Euro quiz or a quick history warm-up .
In what year did Martin Luther publish his Ninety-Five Theses?
1534
1517
1521
1505
Martin Luther famously nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of Wittenberg Castle Church on October 31, 1517, challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences and sparking the Protestant Reformation.
Which German prince was the first to offer protection to Martin Luther after the Diet of Worms?
Charles V
Maximilian I
Frederick the Wise
Philip of Hesse
Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, arranged for Luther's 'kidnapping' and concealment at Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms in 1521.
What was the main theological principle of Luther's doctrine of justification?
By works alone
By faith alone
Through church sacraments
By predestination
Luther argued that salvation comes through faith alone (sola fide), not through good works or church-mediated sacraments.
Which event marked the official break of England from the Roman Catholic Church?
Act of Supremacy 1534
Peace of Westphalia
Diet of Augsburg
Council of Trent
The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church of England, effectively ending papal authority in England.
John Calvin's main base for his Protestant community was in which city?
Zurich
Strasbourg
Basel
Geneva
Calvin established a theocratic community in Geneva from 1541 onwards, where his institutes of Christian religion guided church and civic life.
What term describes the Catholic Church's response and internal reform efforts?
Renaissance
Anabaptism
Counter-Reformation
Enlightenment
The Counter-Reformation, led by the Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) and new religious orders like the Jesuits, aimed to reform the Church and combat Protestantism.
Which document granted legal recognition to Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire?
Peace of Westphalia
Edict of Nantes
Treaty of Tordesillas
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 established the principle 'cuius regio, eius religio,' allowing princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.
Which group believed only adult believers should be baptized?
Anglicans
Lutherans
Anabaptists
Calvinists
Anabaptists rejected infant baptism in favor of believer's baptism, a stance that led to persecution from Catholics and other Protestants.
What was the primary goal of the Jesuit order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola?
Supporting Lutheran princes
Abolishing indulgences
Education and missionary work
Iconoclasm
The Jesuits focused on education, founding schools and universities, and on missionary activity to spread Catholicism globally during the Counter-Reformation.
Which edict by Charles V tried to suppress the spread of Lutheranism in 1521?
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Worms
Edict of Milan
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and banned his writings, but it proved difficult to enforce within the Empire.
Which social class was most likely to support the new Protestant movements?
Feudal lords
Urban artisans and merchants
High clergy
Rural peasants only
Urban artisans and merchants tended to favor Protestant ideas that challenged traditional church hierarchy and emphasized personal faith.
What was one major effect of printing Luther's works?
Strengthening of papal authority
Decline of vernacular languages
End of feudalism
Rapid spread of Reformation ideas
The printing press enabled Luther's pamphlets and Bible translations to circulate widely, accelerating the Reformation across Europe.
Which reformer established a theocratic government in Zurich?
Martin Luther
John Knox
Huldrych Zwingli
Thomas Cranmer
Zwingli led the Reformation in Zurich from 1519 and instituted church reforms and civic regulations in line with his theology.
Which movement sought to reconcile Catholicism with Renaissance humanism?
Anglican Settlement
Lollardy
Catholic Reformation
Puritanism
The Catholic Reformation included humanist-inspired reforms within the Church, such as the founding of seminaries and emphasis on pastoral care.
What was the main outcome of the Diet of Augsburg (1530)?
Presentation of the Augsburg Confession
End of the Peasants' War
Treaty with France
Imprisonment of Martin Luther
The Augsburg Confession, drafted by Melanchthon, was presented to Emperor Charles V as the Lutheran statement of faith, marking a key moment in Protestant identity.
Which principle is captured in the phrase 'cuius regio, eius religio'?
Church independence from state
Universal religious tolerance
Ruler determines territory's religion
Papal supremacy over princes
The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for his realm under 'whose realm, his religion.'
Which French king issued the Edict of Nantes granting Protestants limited freedoms?
Louis XIII
Henry IV
Francis I
Henry II
Henry IV's 1598 Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots freedom of worship and public office rights in certain regions, ending the French Wars of Religion.
Which document reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and reformed clerical discipline?
Magna Carta
Act of Uniformity
Council of Trent decrees
Declaration of Augsburg
The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) issued decrees that clarified Catholic teachings on salvation, sacraments, and clerical reform to counter Protestant critiques.
Which war was partly sparked by Frederick V's acceptance of the Bohemian crown?
Thirty Years' War
Italian Wars
Franco-Spanish War
Eighty Years' War
Frederick V's rejection by Ferdinand II and his acceptance of the Bohemian crown in 1619 directly triggered the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years' War.
What was the significance of the Battle of White Mountain (1620)?
Catholic victory in Bohemia
Treaty of Westphalia
French entry into war
Protestant victory in Saxony
The Catholic League's victory at White Mountain crushed the Bohemian Revolt and reasserted Habsburg control, shaping early Thirty Years' War dynamics.
Which Protestant power intervened in the Thirty Years' War in 1630?
Scotland under James I
Netherlands under Maurice of Nassau
Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus
England under Elizabeth I
Gustavus Adolphus landed in Germany in 1630, revitalizing the Protestant cause with innovative tactics until his death at Lützen in 1632.
Who wrote the 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'?
Thomas More
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Ulrich Zwingli
Calvin's seminal theological work, first published in 1536, systematized Protestant beliefs on predestination and church government.
Which clause in the Peace of Westphalia recognized Calvinism legally?
Ecclesiastical Reservation
Religious Peace of Augsburg
Recognition of Minority Sects
Cuius regio, eius religio
The treaties of Westphalia (1648) extended legal toleration to Calvinists in the Empire, equalizing them with Catholics and Lutherans.
Which city hosted the final negotiations of the Thirty Years' War?
Paris and Versailles
Münster and Osnabrück
Rome and Venice
Augsburg and Trent
Delegates met separately in Münster and Osnabrück in 1648 to negotiate terms that ended the war and reshaped European politics.
Which confession attempted to unify Lutheran and Reformed churches in 1609?
Augsburg Confession
Westminster Confession
Utrecht Confession
Heidelberg Catechism
The Union of Utrecht in 1609 brought together Dutch Reformed congregations, not a Lutheran-Reformed union but a precursor to the Dutch Republic's religious arrangement.
Which Protestant theologian influenced English Puritanism with his Geneva experience?
William Tyndale
John Knox
Thomas Cranmer
John Wycliffe
Knox studied under Calvin in Geneva and brought Reformed theology to Scotland, influencing English Puritans seeking church reform.
Which principle established during the Peace of Westphalia limited the emperor's authority over German princes?
Territorial sovereignty
Autarky
Imperial supremacy
Cuius regio, eius religio
Westphalia formalized territorial sovereignty, reducing the Holy Roman Emperor's power and recognizing each state's authority over internal affairs.
What was the role of the Catholic League during the early Thirty Years' War?
Support Swedish intervention
Defend Catholic interests in the Empire
Enforce the Edict of Nantes
Negotiate peace in Münster
Formed in 1609 by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria under Jesuit guidance, the League unified Catholic princes against Protestant alliances.
Which phase of the Thirty Years' War saw the greatest devastation in Germany?
Danish Phase
French Phase
Bohemian Phase
Swedish Phase
During the Swedish Phase (1630 - 1635), Gustavus Adolphus's campaigns and Imperial counterattacks led to widespread destruction and civilian suffering.
Which treaty clause required the restoration of pre-war boundaries in the Empire?
Res judicata
Status quo ante bellum
Pacta sunt servanda
Ultimatum clause
Westphalia embraced 'status quo ante bellum,' restoring territories to their 1618 holders to stabilize the Empire after 30 years of conflict.
Which Habsburg ruler's policies intensified Protestant fears leading into the Thirty Years' War?
Rudolf II
Ferdinand II
Charles V
Maximilian II
Ferdinand II sought to reassert Catholic uniformity through the Edict of Restitution (1629), fueling Protestant resistance.
What economic impact did the Thirty Years' War have on central Europe?
Strengthening of peasant holdings
Rise of serfdom in Scandinavia
Industrial boom in Germany
Severe population and agricultural decline
Widespread troop movements and raids devastated farmland, leading to famine, disease, and a population drop of up to one-third in some regions.
Which religious order played a central role in the Catholic Reformation's education efforts?
Cistercians
Dominicans
Jesuits
Franciscans
The Society of Jesus founded schools and universities across Europe, training clergy and laity to defend Catholicism intellectually and spiritually.
What doctrinal stance distinguishes Calvinism from Lutheranism?
Infant baptism
Only bishops can administer sacraments
Double predestination
Transubstantiation
Calvin taught that God elects some to salvation and others to reprobation (double predestination), a concept less emphasized by Luther.
Which Spanish monarch attempted to enforce Catholic uniformity in the Netherlands?
Philip III
Ferdinand I
Charles V
Philip II
Philip II's harsh repression of Dutch Protestants led to the Dutch Revolt (1568 - 1648) against Spanish Habsburg rule.
Which council session reaffirmed the sacramental system against Protestant criticisms?
Fourth Lateran Council
Council of Trent Third Session
Second Council of Nicaea
Council of Clermont
The third session of Trent (1547 - 1549) defined the seven sacraments and affirmed their efficacy against Protestant claims.
Which peace agreement ended the conflict between Spain and the Dutch Republic?
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Treaty of Münster (1648)
Edict of Restitution
Peace of Amiens
The Treaty of Münster in 1648, part of Westphalia, formally recognized Dutch independence from Spain after eight decades of war.
Which legal innovation from the Peace of Westphalia influenced modern international law?
Mandate system
Non-intervention in domestic affairs
Collective security alliance
Right of humanitarian intervention
Westphalia's principle that no state should intervene in another's domestic matters laid groundwork for state sovereignty in international law.
Which economic theory did the Habsburgs follow to finance their wars during the Reformation era?
Laissez-faire
Marxism
Mercantilism
Physiocracy
The Habsburgs employed mercantilist policies - state regulation, tariffs, and monopolies - to raise revenues for military campaigns.
Which event directly led to the issuance of the Edict of Restitution in 1629?
Defeat of Gustavus Adolphus
Catholic victories in the Danish Phase
English intervention
French entry into war
Following Imperial successes against Christian IV of Denmark, Ferdinand II issued the Edict to reclaim church lands lost since 1552.
Which thinker's ideas on church-state relations influenced the Peace of Westphalia architects?
John Calvin
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Hugo Grotius
Grotius's early work on natural law and the rights of states undergirded Westphalian diplomacy, although his major works came slightly later.
Which structural change in the Holy Roman Empire resulted from Westphalia?
Papal authority restored
Electors abolished
Imperial estates gained legislative autonomy
Emperor gained absolute veto power
Westphalia enhanced the Reichstag estates' autonomy, allowing them to legislate and conduct foreign relations independently of the emperor.
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Study Outcomes
- Analyze Key Drivers of the German Reformation -
Examine the religious, political, and social factors that fueled Martin Luther's break from the Catholic Church and triggered widespread reform.
- Assess the Rise and Spread of Calvinism -
Identify John Calvin's core theological principles and trace how his teachings gained traction across Europe.
- Evaluate the Causes and Consequences of the Thirty Years' War -
Investigate the political alliances, territorial disputes, and religious tensions that escalated into one of Europe's most devastating conflicts.
- Compare Protestant and Catholic Responses -
Contrast strategies used by both confessions to consolidate power and influence during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
- Apply Unit 2 Concepts to Practice Test AP Euro Questions -
Reinforce your knowledge by tackling realistic ap euro unit 2 questions that mimic exam formats and challenge critical thinking.
- Strengthen Chronological Recall and Historical Context -
Develop a clear timeline of major events, figures, and milestones in AP Euro Unit 2 to support deeper understanding and retention.
Cheat Sheet
- Martin Luther's 95 Theses & Justification by Faith -
In 1517 Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to Wittenberg's church door, challenging the sale of indulgences and sparking the German Reformation. Remember "Faith Alone, Grace Alone" as your mnemonic to recall Luther's core belief that salvation comes through faith, not works. This momentous act was quickly amplified by growing discontent with Church corruption (Yale University Press).
- The Printing Press & Vernacular Bibles -
Johannes Gutenberg's mid-15th-century printing press revolutionized information flow, producing thousands of copies of Luther's writings and vernacular Bibles. Students can link "Press = Proliferation" to recall how print technology enabled Reformation ideas to spread across German principalities within years. Leading universities like Harvard note this innovation as key to literacy and religious debate (Harvard Divinity School).
- John Calvin's Institutes & Predestination (TULIP) -
John Calvin's 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion codified Protestant theology around God's sovereignty and predestination. Use the TULIP acronym (Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints) as a handy mnemonic for Calvinist doctrine. The rise of Calvinism in Geneva offers a model of disciplined church governance and international influence (Geneva State Archives).
- Peace of Augsburg & Cuius Regio, Eius Religio -
Signed in 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories under the formula "Cuius regio, eius religio." Recall "Leader's Faith = Land's Faith" to remember how this settlement temporarily eased religious tensions. It highlights the growing link between political authority and confessional identity (University of Oxford, Faculty of History).
- Thirty Years' War Phases & Westphalian Sovereignty -
From 1618 to 1648, the Thirty Years' War raged through four phases - Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French - devastating Central Europe and reshaping power balances. The treaties of Westphalia in 1648 affirmed state sovereignty and religious tolerance frameworks that endure in international law, summarized by "Westphalia = Statehood Starter Kit." Official documents at the Peace of Westphalia Project underscore its lasting diplomatic legacy.
