Classical Conditioning CLEP Quiz for Intro Psychology
Quick, free CLEP psychology practice test. Instant results.
Editorial: Review CompletedCreated By: Andrea De La MoraUpdated Aug 23, 2025
This quiz helps you check your grasp of classical conditioning for the CLEP Intro Psychology exam. Work through realistic questions and get instant feedback to find what to review next. For more practice, try a classical conditioning quiz, warm up with an intro to psychology quiz, or build stamina with a psych 100 practice quiz.
Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons?
Myelin sheath
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron that receive electrochemical signals from the synapses of other neurons. They convey this information to the cell body where it is integrated. Without dendrites, neurons could not communicate effectively. .
In classical conditioning, what is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus called?
Operant response
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
Neutral response
The conditioned response is the learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus after association with the unconditioned stimulus. It differentiates from the unconditioned response, which occurs naturally. This concept was first described by Pavlov through his experiments with dogs. .
Which type of operant conditioning adds a desirable stimulus to increase behavior?
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Positive reinforcement involves presenting a favorable outcome or reward after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring. It differs from negative reinforcement, which removes an aversive stimulus. B.F. Skinner popularized this concept in operant conditioning. .
In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is called the:
Confounding variable
Independent variable
Control variable
Dependent variable
The independent variable is the factor that the experimenter changes to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is controlled deliberately to test hypotheses. Proper manipulation of the independent variable is essential for experimental validity. .
A correlation coefficient of -0.80 indicates that:
A strong inverse relationship between two variables
No relationship between two variables
A strong direct relationship between two variables
A weak inverse relationship between two variables
A correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, where negative values indicate an inverse relationship. A coefficient of -0.80 shows a strong negative correlation. This means as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. .
Which psychologist is considered the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Wilhelm Wundt
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. He introduced concepts like the id, ego, and superego. His work laid the foundation for psychodynamic approaches in psychology. .
Which type of memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events?
Sensory memory
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
Procedural memory
Explicit memory refers to conscious, intentional recollection of factual information and personal experiences. It is also called declarative memory. In contrast, implicit memory involves skills and conditioned responses. .
During which Piagetian stage do children develop object permanence?
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
The sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years) is when infants learn object permanence - the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. This milestone marks the beginning of representational thought. Piaget's theory outlines this as the first developmental stage. .
What does DSM stand for in clinical psychology?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Methodology
Developmental and Social Manual
Disorders and Symptoms Manual
DSM stands for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association. It provides standardized criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. It is widely used by clinicians and researchers. .
Applied research in psychology is primarily focused on:
Developing theoretical models
Solving practical problems
Studying animal behavior
Measuring intelligence
Applied research aims to address real-world issues and find solutions to specific problems. It contrasts with basic research, which seeks to expand general knowledge. Examples include clinical interventions and organizational consulting. .
Which sleep stage is primarily associated with vivid dreaming?
Stage 2 NREM
Stage 3 NREM
REM sleep
Stage 1 NREM
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep features intense brain activity and vivid dreams. It occurs cyclically throughout the night. REM sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and emotional regulation. .
The absolute threshold in sensation refers to:
Any stimulus above the difference threshold
The ability to detect changes in stimulus intensity
The minimum stimulus intensity detectable 50% of the time
The maximum stimulus intensity detectable
The absolute threshold is defined as the lowest level of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time. It quantifies sensitivity to sensory input. It varies across individuals and conditions. .
What is the placebo effect?
A type of control group
Improvement due to expectations of treatment
An alternative healing method
Physical side effects of medication
The placebo effect occurs when participants experience real changes after receiving a nonactive treatment, due to their expectations. It highlights the power of beliefs in therapeutic outcomes. Placebos are used as controls in clinical trials. .
Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
Mean
Range
Mode
Median
The mean, or average, is sensitive to extremely high or low values, which can skew the result. The median and mode are less affected by outliers. Understanding these measures is crucial for correct data interpretation. .
Who is commonly associated with the behaviorist approach in psychology?
B.F. Skinner
Abraham Maslow
Jean Piaget
Carl Jung
B.F. Skinner was a leading behaviorist who studied observable behavior and developed the concept of operant conditioning. He emphasized reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. His work contrasted with internal mentalistic explanations. .
Which measure of central tendency represents the middle value in a data set?
Median
Mean
Mode
Variance
The median is the value that divides a ranked data set into two equal halves. It is less influenced by outliers than the mean. It provides a better central tendency measure for skewed distributions. .
What is an operational definition in psychological research?
Theoretical rationale for a hypothesis
Summary of statistical results
An uncontrolled variable
A specific description of how variables are measured or manipulated
An operational definition specifies the exact procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable, ensuring clarity and replicability. It allows other researchers to understand and replicate the study. Without operational definitions, findings can be ambiguous. .
A double-blind study is designed primarily to reduce:
Experimenter and participant biases
Operational variables
Sampling errors
Statistical outliers
In a double-blind study, neither participants nor experimenters know who receives the treatment or placebo, preventing bias in behavior and interpretation. This design enhances the study's internal validity. It is commonly used in clinical trials. .
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in:
Blood oxygenation levels
Neurotransmitter concentrations
Electrical activity
Glucose metabolism
fMRI detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity, known as the BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) signal. Active brain areas require more oxygenated blood. This noninvasive technique maps functional brain activity. .
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
Praising a student for good grades
Giving extra chores to discourage misbehavior
Taking away a child's toy to reduce tantrums
Removing a loud noise after pressing a button
Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus (e.g., a toy) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., tantrums). It contrasts with positive punishment, which adds an aversive stimulus. Correct application shapes behavior by loss. .
In which stage of Piaget's theory do children begin to understand conservation tasks?
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Preoperational
Sensorimotor
During the concrete operational stage (ages 7 - 11), children develop logical thinking about concrete events, including understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in shape (conservation). This cognitive milestone marks a shift from intuitive to logical operations. .
Which classical conditioning phenomenon involves the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response?
Second-order conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery occurs when a conditioned response reappears after a rest period following extinction. It demonstrates that extinction does not fully erase learned associations. The response is typically weaker than before extinction. .
Which of the following best describes a heuristic?
A type of algorithm
A guaranteed problem-solving method
A step-by-step procedure
A mental shortcut used to reduce problem-solving time
Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making and problem-solving, often at the cost of occasional errors. Unlike algorithms, they do not guarantee a correct solution but are faster and more efficient. .
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, adolescence is characterized by:
Intimacy vs. isolation
Trust vs. mistrust
Identity vs. role confusion
Generativity vs. stagnation
Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion occurs during adolescence (approximately 12 - 18 years), when individuals explore personal identity and sense of self. Successful resolution leads to fidelity; failure results in confusion and uncertainty. .
Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes which of the following domains?
Emotional intelligence
Existential intelligence
Practical intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Gardner proposed multiple intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Spatial intelligence involves the capacity to visualize and manipulate objects mentally. His theory expanded views of intelligence. .
The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to:
Underestimate personal traits in ourselves
Overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining others' behavior
Explain behavior based on situational factors
Attribute our failures to external causes
The fundamental attribution error describes people's tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal traits while underestimating situational influences. It can lead to biased judgments and misunderstandings. Recognizing this error helps improve social perception. .
Which early psychological perspective emphasized the purpose of behavior and mental processes?
Behaviorism
Structuralism
Gestalt psychology
Functionalism
Functionalism, advocated by William James, focused on how mental and behavioral processes function to enable adaptation and survival. It contrasted with structuralism's emphasis on elements of consciousness. Functionalism laid groundwork for applied psychology. .
Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest and most resistant rate of responding?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
A variable-ratio schedule delivers reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high and steady response rates that are resistant to extinction. Slot machines exemplify this schedule. Other schedules produce lower rates or pauses. .
According to Miller's law, the capacity of short-term memory is roughly:
12 to 15 items
7 plus or minus 2 items
3 to 4 items
10 to 12 items
George A. Miller's classic work suggested that adults can hold about 7 ± 2 chunks of information in short-term memory. Chunking can increase this capacity by grouping elements. This principle is foundational in memory research. .
What is chunking in the context of memory?
Practicing retrieval
Repeating information aloud
Using mnemonic devices
Grouping information into meaningful units
Chunking organizes individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units, making it easier to remember. For example, phone numbers are chunked into segments. It enhances short-term memory capacity. .
The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests:
All languages share the same structure
Thought determines language
Language influences thought processes
Bilingualism impairs cognition
The linguistic relativity hypothesis, or Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proposes that the structure and vocabulary of a language influence how its speakers perceive and think about the world. Although debated, research supports some language - thought interactions. .
Cognitive dissonance theory explains:
Social conformity under group pressure
Memory distortions in recall
Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs and actions
Attribution of behavior to internal causes
Cognitive dissonance theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, posits that individuals experience discomfort when their actions conflict with their beliefs or attitudes. They are motivated to reduce this dissonance by changing beliefs or behaviors. It has wide applications in attitude change. .
A Type I error occurs when a researcher:
Fails to reject a false null hypothesis
Fails to accept a true null hypothesis
Accepts a true null hypothesis
Rejects a true null hypothesis
A Type I error, or alpha error, happens when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, leading to a false-positive result. Controlling the significance level (alpha) reduces this risk. It is crucial in hypothesis testing. .
A p-value of .03 indicates that:
3% of the data support the hypothesis
The null hypothesis is 3% true
There is a 97% chance the alternative hypothesis is correct
There is a 3% probability the results are due to chance, assuming null is true
A p-value quantifies the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. A p-value of .03 implies a 3% chance of such results occurring by random variation. It does not prove the alternative hypothesis correct. .
What does external validity refer to in research?
Consistency of a measurement tool
The extent to which findings generalize beyond the study
Elimination of confounding variables
The soundness of the causal conclusions
External validity concerns the generalizability of study results to other settings, populations, and contexts. High external validity means findings can be applied broadly. It contrasts with internal validity, which focuses on causal inference. .
Cluster sampling in research involves:
Dividing the sample based on stratification variables
Dividing the population into groups and randomly selecting entire groups
Sampling only participants who volunteer
Randomly sampling every nth individual
Cluster sampling divides the population into clusters (e.g., schools) and randomly selects some clusters to sample all members. It is cost-effective for widely dispersed populations but can reduce precision. It differs from stratified sampling. .
Long-term potentiation is best described as:
Formation of new neurons in the hippocampus
Temporary change in neurotransmitter release
Decrease in synaptic strength over time
Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent activity
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation, serving as a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. It primarily occurs in the hippocampus. LTP research is central to neuroscience. .
Which brain structure is most critical for consolidating short-term memories into long-term storage?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
The hippocampus plays a key role in consolidating new information from short-term to long-term memory. Damage to this area results in anterograde amnesia. It is part of the limbic system involved in learning and emotion. .
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposes that dreams are:
Problem-solving processes
Repressed wishes emerging symbolically
Brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity
Manifestations of archetypes
Activation-synthesis theory, by Hobson and McCarley, suggests that dreams result from the cortex synthesizing and interpreting random brainstem activity during REM sleep. It contrasts with Freudian wish-fulfillment interpretations. It views dreams as byproducts rather than purposeful events. .
Yerkes-Dodson law suggests performance is best at:
Very low arousal
Moderate levels of arousal
Very high arousal
No relationship with arousal
The Yerkes-Dodson law posits a curvilinear relationship between arousal and performance, where moderate arousal produces optimal performance. Too little arousal leads to underperformance, while too much causes stress and errors. This principle applies across tasks. .
Social facilitation refers to:
Decreased effort when working in a group
Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others
Conforming to group norms
Reduction of inhibition around strangers
Social facilitation describes enhanced performance on well-learned or simple tasks when others are present. Conversely, performance on complex tasks can suffer. This phenomenon highlights the impact of social context on performance. .
Self-serving bias is the tendency to:
Underestimate one's own abilities
Attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
Attribute failures to internal factors
Blame situational factors for all outcomes
The self-serving bias leads individuals to credit personal attributes for successes while blaming external circumstances for failures. It protects self-esteem and can distort self-assessment. Recognizing it can improve self-awareness. .
Milgram's obedience experiments primarily demonstrated the power of:
Authority figures to induce compliance
Cognitive dissonance in decision-making
Peer influence on attitudes
Group pressure to change opinions
Milgram's studies showed that ordinary individuals could administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure. This highlighted the surprising extent of obedience and raised ethical debates. It revealed the influence of authority on behavior. .
The Zimbardo prison experiment highlighted the impact of:
Situational factors on behavior
Disposition on personality
Reinforcement schedules
Social loafing in groups
Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment illustrated how participants quickly adopted abusive or submissive roles when placed in a simulated prison environment. It emphasized the power of situational factors over individual dispositions. It raised major ethical concerns. .
A token economy is an example of:
Secondary reinforcement system
Flooding therapy
Extinction procedure
Classical conditioning
In a token economy, individuals earn tokens (secondary reinforcers) for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for primary reinforcers. It is used widely in education and behavior therapy. This system shapes behavior through reinforcement. .
Which Big Five personality trait is characterized by organization and responsibility?
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Conscientiousness involves being organized, dependable, and disciplined. Individuals high in this trait tend to plan ahead and follow rules. It is one dimension of the Big Five personality model. .
The central nervous system consists of:
Peripheral nerves and glial cells
Brain and peripheral nerves
Spinal cord and autonomic nerves
Brain and spinal cord
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and integrating information. It contrasts with the peripheral nervous system, which connects the CNS to limbs and organs. Understanding CNS function is fundamental in neuroscience. .
Inferential statistics allow researchers to:
Compute means and medians
Visualize data distributions
Describe the characteristics of a sample
Draw conclusions about populations based on sample data
Inferential statistics use sample data to make inferences or predictions about a larger population. Techniques include hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. They differ from descriptive statistics, which summarize data. .
Which statement best distinguishes reliability from validity?
Reliability is necessary for validity but not vice versa
Reliability refers to accuracy; validity refers to consistency
Reliability and validity both refer to measurement accuracy
Reliability refers to consistency of a measure; validity refers to accuracy
Reliability indicates the consistency of a measurement across time or items, whereas validity indicates whether the measure accurately captures the intended construct. A test can be reliable without being valid, but cannot be valid without reliability. Both are crucial in test development. .
Meta-analysis in psychological research is valuable because it:
Combines results from multiple studies to find overall effect sizes
Provides a narrative literature review
Analyzes case studies qualitatively
Collects primary data through experiments
A meta-analysis statistically aggregates findings from multiple independent studies to determine effect size and increase statistical power. It helps resolve conflicting results and guide evidence-based practices. It is considered high-level evidence in research hierarchies. .
A cross-sectional study differs from a longitudinal study in that it:
Measures different age groups at one point in time rather than following one group over time
Follows one group over time
Is more expensive and time-consuming
Assigns participants randomly to conditions
Cross-sectional studies assess multiple age or cohort groups at a single point in time, providing quick comparative data. Longitudinal studies follow the same participants over extended periods, allowing for changes over time but requiring more resources. Each design has distinct advantages and limitations. .
The Implicit Association Test is used to measure:
Explicit self-reports of opinion
Conscious decision-making speed
Unconscious biases and attitudes
Working memory capacity
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures automatic associations between mental representations of objects or concepts in memory. It reveals implicit biases that participants may not consciously endorse. While widely used, its reliability and interpretations are debated. .
Confirmatory factor analysis is primarily used to:
Explore underlying factors without predefined structure
Assess mean differences between groups
Compute reliability coefficients
Test whether data fit a hypothesized measurement model
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluates how well measured variables represent the number of constructs (factors) posited by a researcher. It tests predetermined factor structures and provides fit indices. It is essential for validating psychometric instruments. .
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Study Outcomes
- Identify key research methods -
Recognize and differentiate among experimental, correlational, and observational designs, including variables and data interpretation used in psychology studies.
- Analyze major theoretical perspectives -
Distinguish between behaviorism, humanism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive theories, explaining how each framework contributes to understanding behavior.
- Interpret behavioral concepts -
Explain principles such as conditioning, reinforcement, and social influence in real-world scenarios to demonstrate core concepts in psychology.
- Apply psychological terminology -
Use essential vocabulary accurately when describing experiments, theories, and findings to communicate psychological ideas effectively.
- Evaluate exam readiness -
Assess strengths and weaknesses across content areas to focus study efforts and build confidence for the CLEP introductory psychology exam.
Cheat Sheet
- Experimental Design Essentials -
In clep introductory psychology, mastering independent vs. dependent variables is crucial: the independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent variable is measured to test hypotheses. A handy mnemonic, "DRIVE" (Dependent, Random assignment, Independent, Variables, Experiment), helps you recall core elements from APA research guidelines.
- Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism -
On the intro to psychology CLEP, expect questions contrasting behaviorism's stimulus - response focus with cognitivism's internal mental processes. Remember the acronym "BICS" (Behaviorism, Internal Cognition, Skinner) to link classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive schemas.
- Key Brain Structures & Functions -
For clep psychology practice test sections, review the four cortical lobes - frontal (decision-making), parietal (sensory), temporal (auditory), occipital (visual) - plus the limbic system's emotion and memory centers. Use "HAT" (Hippocampus, Amygdala, Thalamus) to quickly recall core limbic components. UC Berkeley's neuroscience diagrams can reinforce these spatial mappings.
- Memory Models & Processes -
When tackling clep psychology practice questions, don't overlook the Atkinson-Shiffrin model differentiating sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stores. The phrase "So Many Levels" (Sensory, Memory [short-term], Long-term) can anchor this tri-level structure in your mind.
- Piaget's Developmental Stages -
In the introductory psychology clep practice test, be ready to sequence Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational stages. A simple mnemonic, "Some People Can Fly," can help you recall the progression of cognitive development described in Piaget's research.
