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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Human Anatomy & Medicine

Think You Can Ace the Anatomy & Physiology 2 Final Exam? Take the Quiz!

Dive into our A&P 2 final exam practice test with questions and answers now!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration for Anatomy and Physiology 2 final exam quiz on golden yellow background

This Anatomy & Physiology 2 final exam quiz helps you review blood, tissues, and organ systems and see where you stand before the test. You'll get instant feedback to spot weak areas; if you want a quick refresher first, try our A&P 1 review .

What is the major protein component of blood plasma responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure?
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen
Globulins
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and plays a critical role in maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, which helps keep fluid within the blood vessels. Lack of adequate albumin can lead to edema as fluid shifts into interstitial spaces. It is synthesized by the liver and has a molecular mass that allows it to exert significant oncotic force.
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
A negative
O positive
O negative
B negative
Type O negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens on the red cell surface, making it compatible with all other blood types in transfusion settings. This characteristic reduces the risk of hemolytic reactions. It is therefore called the universal donor type.
What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues
Clotting blood to prevent hemorrhage
Initiating the immune response
Maintaining blood pH by acting as a buffer
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, facilitating cellular respiration. While hemoglobin can also bind some CO2 and H+, its primary function is oxygen transport. Its iron-containing heme groups are key to this oxygen-binding capacity.
Which buffer system is the most important for regulating blood pH?
Bicarbonate buffer system
Protein buffer system
Hemoglobin buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
The bicarbonate buffer system is the primary extracellular buffer that maintains blood pH by reversibly binding H+ and CO2. It works in conjunction with the respiratory system to adjust CO2 levels and the renal system to manage bicarbonate. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes this equilibrium.
What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels?
Producing red blood cells
Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
Filtering waste from the blood
Transporting oxygen to tissues
Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the venous circulation, maintaining fluid balance. They also transport dietary lipids and contribute to immune defense by directing lymph through lymph nodes. Failure of these vessels can lead to lymphedema.
Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow begins with which type of cell?
Myeloid progenitor cell
Mesenchymal stem cell
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
All blood cell lineages originate from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow. This cell can self-renew and differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, which then form specific blood cells. The process is tightly regulated by growth factors and cytokines.
Which pressure drives fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end?
Lymphatic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Plasma oncotic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by blood against the capillary walls, pushing fluid into the interstitial space at the arterial end. It is opposed by plasma oncotic pressure, which draws fluid back into capillaries. The balance of these forces governs net fluid exchange according to Starling's law.
Activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by which mechanism?
Exposure of tissue factor to blood
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Contact of factor XII with negatively charged surfaces
Activation of plasminogen
The intrinsic pathway begins when factor XII (Hageman factor) contacts negatively charged surfaces such as exposed collagen, triggering a cascade of activation of other clotting factors. The extrinsic pathway, by contrast, is initiated by tissue factor exposure. Both pathways converge to form the common pathway leading to fibrin clot formation.
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron?
Renin
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) binds to receptors on the cells of the collecting duct, causing insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels and increasing water reabsorption. Aldosterone primarily affects sodium channels, while ANP and renin have opposite effects on water and sodium balance.
Baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus primarily respond to changes in what?
Blood pressure
Blood pH
Blood oxygen saturation
Blood volume
Carotid sinus baroreceptors detect changes in arterial blood pressure via stretch of vessel walls. Their signals to the brainstem mediate reflex adjustments in heart rate and vascular tone. They are key players in short-term blood pressure regulation.
If a blood sample has a plasma volume of 4 mL and a red cell volume of 1 mL, what is the hematocrit percentage?
25%
80%
20%
33%
Hematocrit is calculated as the volume of red blood cells divided by the total blood volume (plasma plus cells). In this case, 1 mL of cells divided by 5 mL total equals 0.20, or 20%. This value indicates the proportion of blood comprised of erythrocytes.
In the chloride shift, what ion moves into red blood cells as bicarbonate exits?
Phosphate
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
In the chloride shift (Hamburger effect), bicarbonate diffuses out of red blood cells into plasma and is exchanged for chloride ions moving into the cells, maintaining electrical neutrality. This mechanism facilitates CO2 transport in the blood.
According to Starling's law of capillary exchange, fluid filtration is determined by the balance between hydrostatic pressure and which opposing force?
Lymphatic pressure
Blood viscosity
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure
Starling's law describes net fluid movement across capillary walls as a function of capillary hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out and plasma colloid osmotic pressure drawing fluid in. Disruptions in this balance can lead to edema or dehydration of tissues. The interstitial pressures play smaller roles.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption primarily by upregulating which channels in the distal nephron?
Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC)
Na+/H+ exchanger
Renal outer medullary potassium channels (ROMK)
Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2)
Aldosterone binds to receptors in distal nephron cells, promoting synthesis and insertion of ENaC channels in the apical membrane, thereby increasing sodium reabsorption. This process also drives potassium secretion via ROMK channels indirectly.
Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume by increasing what?
Water reabsorption
Sodium excretion
Antidiuretic hormone release
Aldosterone secretion
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by atrial myocytes in response to stretch and promotes natriuresis, the excretion of sodium, which pulls water into urine and reduces blood volume. ANP also inhibits renin and aldosterone release, further enhancing its diuretic effect.
During platelet activation, cyclooxygenase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to which potent aggregatory molecule?
Leukotriene B4
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Prostaglandin E2
Thromboxane A2
Cyclooxygenase in activated platelets converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, which is further metabolized to thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator. Prostacyclin, produced by endothelial cells, has the opposite effect and inhibits platelet aggregation.
Which statement correctly describes both the Bohr and Haldane effects?
Increased CO2 increases hemoglobin's O2 affinity, and oxygenated hemoglobin increases its CO2 carrying capacity
Decreased CO2 increases hemoglobin's O2 affinity, and deoxygenated hemoglobin decreases its CO2 carrying capacity
Increased O2 increases hemoglobin's CO2 affinity, and oxyhemoglobin increases its H+ binding
Increased CO2 and H+ decrease hemoglobin's O2 affinity, and oxygenated hemoglobin decreases its CO2 carrying capacity
The Bohr effect occurs when elevated CO2 and H+ lower hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release in tissues. The Haldane effect describes how oxygenation of hemoglobin reduces its ability to carry CO2, enhancing CO2 release in the lungs. Together, they optimize gas exchange.
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Study Outcomes

  1. Identify Key Bodily Fluids -

    Recognize and describe the major bodily fluids involved in Anatomy and Physiology 2, including their composition and distribution throughout the body.

  2. Explain Fluid Movement Mechanisms -

    Understand the principles of osmosis, diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, and colloid osmotic pressure that govern fluid exchange across membranes.

  3. Apply Fluid Balance Principles -

    Use concepts of fluid homeostasis to predict physiological responses to dehydration, edema, and electrolyte imbalances on the A&P 2 final exam.

  4. Analyze A&P 2 Exam Questions -

    Review and evaluate common anatomy and physiology 2 final exam questions and answers to sharpen test-taking skills and identify knowledge gaps.

  5. Differentiate Normal vs. Pathological Fluid Dynamics -

    Distinguish between healthy and disease-related fluid distributions, linking clinical scenarios to underlying physiological mechanisms.

  6. Develop Effective Exam Strategies -

    Implement targeted study techniques using practice tests and question-and-answer PDFs to maximize performance on your anatomy and physiology 2 final exam.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Fluid Compartments & Distribution -

    Cellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) fluid volumes make up ~60% of body weight; remember the 2/3 - 1/3 split: two-thirds ICF, one-third ECF, a trick that's golden for any anatomy and physiology 2 final exam review. For quick recall on your a&p 2 final exam practice test, use "ICF Is Inside, ECF Exits." Data from standard physiology texts like Guyton & Hall confirm these values.

  2. Osmolarity, Osmosis & Tonicity -

    Osmolarity (mOsm/L) quantifies solute concentration; water moves from hypo- to hyperosmotic areas until equilibrium, a principle you'll see in many questions on anatomy and physiology 2 final exam questions and answers pdf. Mnemonic: "Water Follows Salt," helps nail osmotic shifts in clinical scenarios. University physiology courses often use 290 mOsm/L as the normal plasma benchmark.

  3. Starling Forces & Capillary Exchange -

    Net filtration at capillaries depends on hydrostatic vs colloid osmotic pressures, expressed by the Starling equation: NFP = (Pc − Pi) − (πc − πi). Grasping this concept is essential for any a&p 2 final exam scenario on fluid dynamics and edema. Research from physiology journals confirms these forces govern fluid exchange in tissues.

  4. Renal Regulation & Glomerular Filtration Rate -

    GFR (~125 mL/min) is driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus Bowman's capsule pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure; use GFR = Kf [(P_GC − P_BS) − (π_GC − π_BS)] on your a&p 2 final exam practice test. Practice equations to master how changes in these pressures affect renal output. Data derived from nephrology modules at leading medical schools keeps these values accurate.

  5. Bicarbonate Buffer & Acid-Base Balance -

    The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (pH = pKa + log([HCO3 - ]/[CO2])) underpins blood pH regulation, a common topic in an a&p 2 final exam practice test and essential for interpreting arterial blood gas results. A quick link: pKa = 6.1; normal ratio [HCO3 - ]/[CO2] ≈ 20:1 yields pH ≈ 7.4. This buffer system is covered in detail by authoritative sources like the American Physiological Society.

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