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Quizzes > History > Modern History

How Well Do You Know the Revolution & Enlightenment?

Challenge Your Knowledge on Enlightenment Thinkers and Revolutionary Events

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration for Revolution and Enlightenment quiz featuring quill pen apple gears and French flag on teal background

This Revolution and Enlightenment quiz helps you review big ideas, key people like Isaac Newton, and major events from this era. Use it to spot gaps before a test. Warm up with the Enlightenment warm-up or brush up on science in the Scientific Revolution review .

Who wrote the political work Leviathan, which argued for a strong sovereign?
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan in 1651, arguing that a strong central authority was necessary to avoid chaos. His social contract theory laid the foundation for modern political philosophy. The work was controversial because it challenged the divine right of kings by placing sovereignty in the hands of a constructed sovereign.
What was the intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights?
Romanticism
Renaissance
Realism
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was characterized by a focus on rational thought, empirical evidence, and the idea that individuals possessed natural rights. Thinkers like Voltaire, Locke, and Montesquieu shaped modern political and social institutions. This movement laid the groundwork for revolutions in America and France by challenging traditional authority.
What is the title of Isaac Newton's seminal work published in 1687 that laid out his laws of motion and universal gravitation?
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Mathematical Principles of Optics
Opticks
Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, often shortened to Principia, introduced his three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. This work unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics under one theory. Principia revolutionized physics and became a cornerstone of the scientific revolution.
Which Enlightenment philosopher is known for articulating the natural rights of life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke's Second Treatise of Government argued that individuals are born with natural rights, including life, liberty, and property. His ideas strongly influenced liberal political thought and the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theories on government by consent and the right of rebellion shaped modern democracies.
What term refers to the intellectual gatherings in 18th-century France where writers and philosophers discussed new ideas?
Parliaments
Salons
Academies
Cafés
Salons were private assemblies often hosted by prominent women in Paris where intellectuals like Voltaire and Diderot exchanged Enlightenment ideas. They fostered debates on science, politics, and philosophy. Salons helped disseminate new concepts across social circles and break down class barriers to intellectual discourse.
Who authored The Age of Reason, a work that promoted deism and criticized organized religion?
John Wesley
David Hume
Voltaire
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine published The Age of Reason between 1794 and 1807, arguing for reason and deism while critiquing institutionalized religion. His work was influential in encouraging secular thought in both Europe and America. Paine's clear prose made complex theological debates accessible to a broad audience.
Which philosopher wrote The Social Contract in 1762, outlining ideas of popular sovereignty?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract argued that legitimate political authority comes from a social agreement among free individuals. He introduced the idea of the general will as the basis of collective decision-making. Rousseau's work influenced revolutionary thought in France and beyond.
In which year did the French Revolution begin?
1776
1789
1804
1792
The French Revolution began in 1789, marked by widespread unrest and financial crisis. Key events that year include the convening of the Estates-General, the formation of the National Assembly, and the Storming of the Bastille. The revolution led to the fall of the monarchy and profound social and political change in France.
Which founding document of the United States was heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas about rights and government?
U.S. Constitution
Articles of Confederation
Bill of Rights
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence (1776), primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, drew on John Locke's theories of natural rights and government by consent. It proclaimed the equality of men and the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This document became a cornerstone of American political philosophy.
Which philosopher wrote Spirit of the Laws, addressing government structure and separation of powers?
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws (1748) analyzed different forms of government and argued that separation of powers would prevent despotism. His ideas influenced the framers of the United States Constitution. By dividing authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, he aimed to create a balance.
Which year marked the start of the American Revolution with the first armed conflict at Lexington and Concord?
1775
1776
1783
1763
The American Revolution began in 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Colonial militias resisted British troops, igniting a conflict for independence. These engagements demonstrated colonial willingness to fight for self-rule.
What key concept did Montesquieu introduce to prevent any one branch of government from gaining too much power?
Social contract
Federalism
Judicial review
Separation of powers
Montesquieu argued in Spirit of the Laws that dividing government authority into separate branches would check despotism. This separation of powers became a model for modern constitutions, including that of the United States. By ensuring each branch could limit the others, it created a balance of power.
Who wrote the satirical novella Candide, which critiqued optimism and societal ills?
Denis Diderot
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jonathan Swift
Voltaire published Candide in 1759 as a biting satire of philosophical optimism and religious hypocrisy. Through the misadventures of Candide, he exposed the flaws of believing that 'all is for the best' in a flawed world. Candide remains one of the Enlightenment's most accessible critiques.
Which invention greatly facilitated the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas across Europe?
Printing press
Steam engine
Telescope
Electric telegraph
Although invented in the 15th century, the printing press was essential for the Enlightenment by enabling mass production of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. It lowered costs and spread new scientific and philosophical works widely. This helped ideas cross borders and shaped public opinion.
What was the primary purpose of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie?
Create a universal language
Promote the monarchy
Publish religious texts
Compile and disseminate human knowledge
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert began the Encyclopédie in 1751 to gather and share contemporary knowledge across sciences, arts, and trades. It challenged traditional authorities by presenting critical and often secular viewpoints. The work influenced public discourse and Enlightenment thinking.
Which ruler is often cited as an example of an 'enlightened despot'?
Louis XIV of France
Catherine the Great of Russia
Maria Theresa of Austria
Queen Victoria of England
Catherine the Great corresponded with Voltaire and embraced certain Enlightenment reforms, such as modernizing administration and promoting education. Though she maintained absolute power, she supported arts and intellectual exchange. Her reign illustrates the blend of autocracy and reform associated with enlightened despots.
Who led the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule?
Toussaint Louverture
Napoleon Bonaparte
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Simon Bolivar
Toussaint Louverture emerged as the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution (1791 - 1804), rallying enslaved Africans against French control. His military and political skills helped establish Haiti as the first Black republic. Louverture's success challenged European notions of race and colonial rule.
What core idea is central to Rousseau's The Social Contract?
Divine right
Natural rights
General will
Separation of powers
Rousseau's concept of the general will refers to the collective interest of all citizens, which may differ from individual desires. He believed legitimate laws reflect this shared will. The idea influenced revolutionary governments seeking majority rule for the common good.
What economic theory did Adam Smith advocate in The Wealth of Nations?
Socialism
Free market economics
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776, arguing that free markets and competition lead to efficient allocation of resources. He introduced concepts like the invisible hand to explain self-regulating economic behavior. His work laid the foundation for modern economics.
Which philosopher argued that governments exist by the consent of the governed?
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke's social contract theory asserted that political authority derives from the consent of free individuals. He claimed people can replace governments that violate natural rights. Locke's ideas influenced the American and French revolutions.
What phrase did Voltaire famously use to criticize religious intolerance?
Écrasez l'infâme!
Élan vital
Deus ex machina
Cogito, ergo sum
Voltaire used the slogan "Écrasez l'infâme!" ("Crush the infamous thing") to denounce superstition, bigotry, and church abuses. He campaigned for religious tolerance and freedom of expression throughout his life. This phrase encapsulates his polemical style against tyranny.
What belief system holds that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs?
Deism
Pantheism
Atheism
Theism
Deism became popular among Enlightenment thinkers who rejected organized religion's miracles and dogma. Deists believed in a first cause or creator who set natural laws in motion but did not supernaturally intervene. Figures like Thomas Paine and Voltaire identified with deist thought.
In which year was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted during the French Revolution?
1789
1804
1776
1792
The National Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789. It proclaimed the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity and influenced later human rights documents. This declaration is a foundational text of modern democratic ideals.
Which event on July 14, 1789, symbolized the uprising against monarchical authority in France?
Tennis Court Oath
Women's March on Versailles
Flight to Varennes
Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, Parisians stormed the Bastille prison, seen as a symbol of royal authority and tyranny. Although it held few prisoners, the Bastille's fall boosted revolutionary morale and became France's national day. It marked a turning point in the early revolution.
What treaty officially ended the American Revolutionary War in 1783?
Peace of Westphalia
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, recognized the independence of the United States and established boundaries between the U.S. and British North America. It ended hostilities in the American Revolutionary War and secured American sovereignty.
Who formulated the three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's observations?
Isaac Newton
Galileo Galilei
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler used Tycho Brahe's astronomical data to derive three laws describing planetary orbits: elliptical paths, area sweep rates, and harmonic relationships. His laws improved on Copernicus's heliocentric model and paved the way for Newtonian mechanics.
What principle describes the attractive force between all masses proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them?
Electromagnetism
Thermodynamics
Relativity
Universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every two masses attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance. This law unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics. It remains fundamental in classical physics.
Who led the Committee of Public Safety and was a central figure during the Reign of Terror?
Georges Danton
Napoleon Bonaparte
Maximilien Robespierre
Marquis de Lafayette
Maximilien Robespierre dominated the Committee of Public Safety from 1793 to 1794 and oversaw policies during the Reign of Terror. He believed revolutionary virtue required harsh measures against perceived enemies. His fall in July 1794 ended the most radical phase.
What did the Third Estate proclaim itself as on June 17, 1789, signaling a break from the Estates-General?
National Assembly
Council of Five Hundred
Directory
Estates-General
On June 17, 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly, claiming to represent the French nation. This act challenged the existing Estates-General structure and set the stage for revolutionary reforms.
What term describes the period of extreme violence and mass executions during the French Revolution?
Reign of Terror
Radical Phase
Age of Reason
Great Fear
The Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) was marked by the Revolutionary Tribunal's trials and mass guillotine executions. Led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, it targeted enemies of the revolution. The period ended with Robespierre's overthrow in Thermidor.
According to John Locke's Tabula Rasa theory, what is the state of the human mind at birth?
Innate evil
Blank slate
Preloaded knowledge
Natural depravity
Locke argued in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding that the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, at birth. He believed knowledge arises from sensory experience and reflection. This challenged the notion of innate ideas and influenced educational theory.
Which event directly challenged the authority of the Catholic Church by supporting the heliocentric model?
Copernicus's death
Galileo's trial by the Inquisition
Kepler's introduction of elliptical orbits
Newton's publication of Principia
Galileo's support for the heliocentric model led to his 1633 trial by the Roman Inquisition. The Church forced him to recant his views, marking a key conflict between science and religious authority. His work nevertheless advanced modern astronomy.
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A vow by the Third Estate not to separate until a constitution was established
A vow to storm the Bastille
A decree abolishing feudal privileges
A call for the king's execution
On June 20, 1789, members of the Third Estate, locked out of their meeting hall, gathered at a royal tennis court and vowed not to disband until France had a new constitution. This act asserted the authority of the people over the monarchy. It is a defining moment in the French Revolution.
What term describes the wave of panic and peasant uprisings that spread through the French countryside in 1789?
Thermidorian Reaction
Reign of Terror
Great Fear
Sans-culotte Movement
The Great Fear occurred in summer 1789 as rumors of aristocratic plots spurred peasants to revolt, attacking manors and destroying feudal records. This rural unrest pressured the National Assembly to abolish feudal privileges on August 4. The Great Fear highlighted widespread popular participation in the revolution.
Who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for women's education and equality?
Émilie du Châtelet
Olympe de Gouges
Mary Shelley
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that women deserve the same fundamental rights and education as men. Her work is considered a foundational text in feminist philosophy. Wollstonecraft challenged social norms and inspired later gender equality movements.
Which economic doctrine supports minimal government intervention in markets and is encapsulated by the French phrase 'laissez-faire'?
Laissez-faire
Social contract
Mercantilism
Protectionism
Laissez-faire economics, championed by Adam Smith and the Physiocrats, asserts that free markets regulated by supply and demand lead to optimal outcomes. The term literally means 'let do' in French, implying minimal state interference. It became a cornerstone of classical liberal economic thought.
Which concept asserts that governmental authority derives from the collective will of the people rather than divine right?
Social contract
Popular sovereignty
Divine right of kings
Absolutism
Popular sovereignty holds that power resides with the people, who grant authority to rulers through consent. Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau advanced this idea, challenging monarchs who claimed divine sanction. It underpins modern democratic systems.
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Study Outcomes

  1. Analyze Pivotal Events -

    Analyze the sequence of social and political upheavals during the revolutionary era to recognize how they sparked Enlightenment thought.

  2. Evaluate Isaac Newton's Impact -

    Evaluate Isaac Newton's contributions through targeted questions in our Isaac Newton Enlightenment quiz, deepening your understanding of his scientific legacy.

  3. Compare Philosophical Principles -

    Engage with our Enlightenment thinkers quiz to compare core philosophical ideas about reason, liberty, and governance.

  4. Apply Knowledge in Quiz Format -

    Apply your mastery of key topics by tackling enlightenment and revolution questions that reinforce your learning and recall.

  5. Navigate Chapter 10 Overview -

    Navigate the chapter 10 revolution enlightenment overview to pinpoint major themes, timelines, and turning points in one concise review.

  6. Reflect on Modern Connections -

    Reflect on how Enlightenment thinkers' ideas laid the groundwork for modern democratic values and scientific inquiry.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Newton's Three Laws of Motion -

    Kick off your revolution and enlightenment quiz prep by revisiting Isaac Newton's groundbreaking laws: inertia, F=ma, and action-reaction. Remember the mnemonic "I-F-A" (Inertia, Force, Action-reaction) to lock in the order. These principles not only revolutionized physics but also symbolized the era's faith in reason and observation.

  2. Social Contract Theory -

    Dive into chapter 10 revolution enlightenment overview by comparing Locke's rights-based contract with Rousseau's general will concept. A quick trick: associate "Locke loves life, liberty, property" and "Rousseau rallies the Republic" to keep authors straight. Their debates form the backbone of modern democracy and appear frequently in enlightenment and revolution questions.

  3. Philosophes and Satire -

    Explore how Voltaire and Montesquieu used wit in works like Candide and The Spirit of the Laws to criticize absolutism and champion separation of powers. Think of "Voltaire's venom" to recall his sharp satire and "Montesquieu's map" for his governmental framework. These ideas are staples in any enlightenment thinkers quiz.

  4. Revolutionary Causes and Phases -

    Break down triggers of the American and French Revolutions - taxation without representation, economic crisis, and Enlightenment ideals fueling popular unrest. Use the timeline rhyme "Stamp in '75, Bread in '89" to remember key dates (Stamp Act 1765, Storming of the Bastille 1789). Understanding these stages will boost your score on revolution and enlightenment quiz sections.

  5. Enlightenment's Constitutional Legacy -

    Review how Enlightenment principles shaped constitutions: checks and balances from Montesquieu, free speech from Voltaire, and equal rights from Rousseau. Recall the phrase "3-Ps: Powers, Press, People" to link each concept to its author. Spotting these connections is essential for both isaac newton enlightenment quiz and broader enlightenment thinkers quiz preparation.

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