Unlock hundreds more features
Save your Quiz to the Dashboard
View and Export Results
Use AI to Create Quizzes and Analyse Results

OR
Sign inSign in with Facebook
Sign inSign in with Google
Quizzes > Society & Culture > Philosophy & Ethics

Take the Sociology Exam Review Quiz Now!

Why is alcohol legal according to the conflict perspective? Find out!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper cutout style quiz on sociology theories conflict, functionalism, symbolic interaction on golden yellow background

This Sociology Exam Review Quiz helps you practice conflict theory, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism so you can check gaps before the exam. Work through quick questions like what a symbolic interactionist would study and which claims fit functionalism or conflict views. Want more reps? Try our extra practice quiz .

What is the primary focus of the functionalist perspective in sociology?
Psychological motivations of individuals
Everyday interactions and individual meanings
The way social institutions maintain stability and order
How power differentials lead to social change
Functionalism examines how social institutions contribute to the maintenance of social order and equilibrium. It treats society like an organism in which each part has a role that promotes stability. Critics note it may downplay conflict and change.
Which of the following best describes the conflict perspective?
An analysis of daily interactions and symbols
Emphasis on power struggles and inequality
Study of individual psychological processes
A focus on social stability and consensus
Conflict theory views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources and power. It highlights inequalities and views change as driven by conflict. This perspective is rooted in Marxist analysis.
Who is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism?
Talcott Parsons
Max Weber
George Herbert Mead
Émile Durkheim
George Herbert Mead laid the groundwork for symbolic interactionism by focusing on how the self develops through social interaction. His student, Herbert Blumer, later coined the term "symbolic interactionism." This perspective explores how people interpret and give meaning to social symbols.
According to Talcott Parsons, what is the primary function of the education system?
Reinforcing class conflict
Socializing individuals into societal norms
Maintaining symbolic meanings
Creating subcultures
Parsons saw education as a key mechanism for teaching cultural values and norms to new generations, ensuring social cohesion. By transmitting shared values, schools help integrate individuals into society. It also sorts individuals into roles based on merit.
Émile Durkheim is most closely associated with which sociological perspective?
Conflict theory
Feminist theory
Symbolic interactionism
Functionalism
Durkheim is considered a founding figure of structural functionalism, emphasizing how social facts and institutions maintain societal order. His studies on suicide and social solidarity illustrate functionalist ideas. He analyzed how collective norms shape individual behavior.
Which perspective would study religious rituals as mechanisms for social cohesion?
Functionalist perspective
Symbolic interactionist perspective
Conflict perspective
Rational choice perspective
Functionalists view rituals as serving to reinforce collective beliefs and social bonds. Rituals provide shared experiences that uphold group solidarity. Emile Durkheim’s work on totemism and religion exemplifies this analysis.
What is a manifest function?
A hidden meaning behind social interactions
A harmful effect of social institutions
The recognized and intended outcome of a social process
An unintended consequence of a social structure
Manifest functions are the deliberate and recognized outcomes of social institutions. They contrast with latent functions, which are unintended. Robert K. Merton popularized these terms to analyze social structures.
In functionalist theory, what does the term 'dysfunction' refer to?
An element that harms the stability of society
A latent benefit of social processes
A method for resolving class conflict
A subjective meaning of social symbols
Dysfunctions are elements of society that disrupt social stability or reduce the ability of the system to adapt. Merton described both manifest and latent dysfunctions. Identifying dysfunctions helps sociologists understand why certain institutions fail.
In conflict theory, what is considered the main driver of social change?
Competition between social groups for resources
Genetic inheritance
Maintenance of social equilibrium
Shared symbols and meanings
Conflict theorists argue that social change arises from struggles over power and resources between groups. Karl Marx focused on class conflict as the engine of societal transformation. This perspective views conflict as normal and necessary for change.
According to symbolic interactionism, how is the 'self' developed?
Through institutional structures
Through genetic predispositions
Via social interactions and language
By economic class position
Symbolic interactionism posits that the self emerges from social interactions, where individuals learn and internalize symbols. George Herbert Mead described the roles of the 'I' and the 'me' in self-development. Language and gesture are crucial for this process.
Which class did Karl Marx identify as the owners of the means of production?
Petite bourgeoisie
Lumpenproletariat
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Marx’s conflict theory distinguishes between the bourgeoisie, who own and control production, and the proletariat, who sell their labor. He argued that this conflict drives historical change. Ownership of resources is central to his analysis.
Which perspective would examine how language shapes social reality?
Conflict perspective
Symbolic interactionist perspective
Rational choice perspective
Functionalist perspective
Symbolic interactionism stresses that language and symbols are the foundation of social life. It studies how individuals use symbols to create meaning and communicate. This perspective helps explain how shared meanings develop.
Who wrote 'The Division of Labor in Society'?
Karl Marx
Émile Durkheim
Max Weber
Talcott Parsons
Émile Durkheim’s seminal work 'The Division of Labor in Society' explores how increasing specialization affects social cohesion. He argued that organic solidarity emerges from interdependence in complex societies. This text is foundational for functionalist theory.
Which perspective would analyze how economic inequality affects educational attainment?
Functionalist perspective
Phenomenological perspective
Conflict perspective
Symbolic interactionist perspective
Conflict theory examines how power imbalances and resource disparities shape access to education. It highlights how inequality reproduces class structures. Scholars view schools as arenas where class conflict plays out.
What are latent functions?
Recognized and intended outcomes of social processes
Mechanisms for conflict resolution
Harmful consequences of social institutions
Unintended and unrecognized consequences
Latent functions are the unanticipated and often unrecognized outcomes of social structures. Merton’s distinction between manifest and latent functions helps analysts see both direct and indirect effects. Identifying latent functions reveals hidden aspects of institutions.
In conflict theory, what does the concept of ideology refer to?
Unintended social consequences
Shared cultural rituals
Set of beliefs that justify and maintain inequality
Symbolic communication
Conflict theorists view ideology as a belief system that supports the interests of dominant groups. Ideologies obscure exploitation by presenting social arrangements as natural. Marx argued that ruling classes propagate ideologies to maintain power.
A welfare program unintentionally discourages recipients from seeking employment. This outcome is an example of what?
Manifest function
Cultural hegemony
Latent dysfunction
Symbolic meaning
A latent dysfunction is an unintended, hidden consequence that undermines social stability. In this case, discouraging employment is unplanned and counterproductive. Identifying such dysfunctions helps refine social policies.
Researcher X studies how gamers use emojis to signal readiness. Which perspective aligns with this study?
Functionalism
Symbolic interactionism
Structuralism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism analyzes how individuals create and share meanings through symbols. Emojis function as symbolic gestures in digital interaction. This micro-level approach examines everyday communication.
Which of the following is a common critique of functionalism?
It focuses too much on individual psychology
It downplays inequality and change
It ignores social stability
It overemphasizes conflict
Critics argue that functionalism glosses over power differentials and social conflict. By emphasizing equilibrium, it may ignore how institutions perpetuate inequality. This blind spot limits its explanatory power regarding change.
In conflict theory, ideology primarily serves to:
Create shared symbols
Promote social integration
Justify the status quo for dominant groups
Regulate daily routines
From a conflict perspective, ideology protects the interests of dominant classes by legitimizing their power. It obscures exploitation by presenting unequal relations as natural. This mechanism helps maintain social control.
Which research method is most closely associated with symbolic interactionism?
Statistics and surveys
Historical comparative analysis
Participant observation
Content analysis
Symbolic interactionists favor qualitative methods like participant observation to capture nuanced social interactions. This method allows researchers to experience contexts firsthand. It helps uncover meanings people assign to symbols.
In Marxist theory, the economic 'base' refers to:
Cultural values and norms
Political institutions
Material means of production and relations
Legal systems
Marx’s base–superstructure model identifies the economic base (means and relations of production) as shaping society’s institutions and ideas. The superstructure includes politics, law, and culture. This relationship explains how material forces impact ideology.
What did Émile Durkheim mean by 'collective conscience'?
Shared norms and values of a society
A psychological state of anomie
Conflict between social classes
An individual’s personal beliefs
Collective conscience refers to the common beliefs and moral attitudes that unify members of a society. Durkheim argued it is stronger in simple societies and declines as specialization increases. It underpins social solidarity.
Which of Merton’s adaptations to strain theory describes individuals who accept goals but use illegitimate means?
Ritualism
Innovation
Conformity
Retreatism
Innovation occurs when individuals pursue culturally approved goals through unapproved or criminal means. Merton’s strain theory explains deviance as an adaptation to societal pressure. This concept links social structure to deviant behavior.
The term 'means of production' refers to:
The symbols used in communication
The cultural tools of a society
Physical and non-human inputs used for goods
Government policies
In Marxist analysis, means of production include factories, land, machinery, and technology used to produce goods. Ownership of these means is central to class relations. Control over production shapes social power.
Which perspective would focus on how media portrayals reinforce social stability?
Feminist theory
Functionalist perspective
Conflict perspective
Symbolic interactionism
Functionalists view mass media as a tool that transmits shared norms and values, promoting social integration. Media rituals create collective experiences that bolster societal cohesion. They analyze how media serve social functions.
Which concept refers to a prescribed sequence of actions for important social events?
Ideology
Ritual
Hegemony
Anomie
A ritual is a set of ceremonial acts performed in a fixed sequence, often carrying symbolic meaning. Functionalists highlight rituals for their role in reinforcing shared values. Durkheim studied rituals as mechanisms for cohesion.
Who introduced the concept of social facts?
Émile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Talcott Parsons
Max Weber
Durkheim defined social facts as external to and coercive of the individual, like laws, morals, and values. He argued that sociologists must study them to understand society. This concept distinguishes sociology from psychology.
How does conflict theory explain the role of education?
As a neutral incubator of social norms
As a purely symbolic system
As a mechanism to maintain social inequality
As a meritocratic sorting system
Conflict theorists view education as reinforcing existing class structures by privileging dominant group values. They argue that schools reproduce inequality through tracking and cultural capital. Education becomes a tool of social control.
In Parsons's AGIL schema, what does 'adaptation' refer to?
Adapting goals to social norms
Maintaining pattern stability
Integrating members into shared values
Adjusting to and changing the environment
Adaptation in AGIL refers to the system’s capacity to interact with and adjust to its environment. It is the first functional prerequisite in Parsons’s model. The economy often fulfills this function.
Which statement correctly contrasts functionalism and conflict theory regarding social order?
Both view order as an illusion
Functionalism sees order as imposed by power; conflict theory sees order as consensual
Both focus solely on micro interactions
Functionalism emphasizes consensus; conflict theory emphasizes coercion and power struggles
Functionalists view social order as emerging from shared norms and values, while conflict theorists see it as maintained through power imbalances. Consensus and cooperation are central to functionalism. Conflict theory argues that dominant groups use coercion to sustain order.
A key critique of functionalism is that it is overly _____, ignoring structural inequalities.
Interactionist
Deterministic
Consensus-oriented
Instrumental
Functionalism’s focus on consensus and equilibrium can overlook the role of conflict and power in shaping social systems. Critics say it justifies the status quo by treating existing arrangements as functional. This consensus bias is a major limitation.
Gramsci’s concept of cultural hegemony refers to:
Dominant class securing consent through ideas and culture
Economic exploitation through wages
Physical coercion by the state
The unintended consequences of social actions
Antonio Gramsci argued that ruling classes maintain power by shaping cultural norms and beliefs to appear natural. Cultural hegemony is securing the consent of the governed rather than using force. It extends Marxist ideas of ideology.
In functionalist theory, a teleological explanation is one that:
Explains social phenomena by reference to their outcomes or purposes
Focuses exclusively on historical origins
Examines symbolic meanings
Analyzes internal psychological states
Teleology in functionalism describes an explanation for a social feature based on its purpose rather than its origin. Critics argue it confuses cause and effect. Merton warned against assuming functions exist because they are necessary.
Which theoretical approach integrates both social structure and individual agency?
Structuration theory
Symbolic interactionism
Classic conflict theory
Pure functionalism
Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory argues that social structures both constrain and enable action, and individuals reproduce structures through practice. It bridges macro and micro levels of analysis. This duality concept addresses the structure–agency debate.
How does critical theory differ from classical conflict theory?
It incorporates culture, ideology, and mass communication
It denies structural inequality
It focuses solely on economic base
It ignores culture entirely
Critical theory, developed by the Frankfurt School, expands beyond economic conflict to examine culture, ideology, and media as sites of domination. It critiques mass culture for perpetuating passive conformity. It blends Marxist analysis with psychoanalytic and cultural studies.
Merton’s refinement of Durkheim’s anomie theory introduced multiple modes of adaptation. Which is NOT one of them?
Mediation
Retreatism
Innovation
Conformity
Robert Merton outlined five adaptations: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. 'Mediation' is not part of this typology. His work added nuance to Durkheim’s concept of anomie by showing varied individual responses.
Which research technique is most associated with symbolic interactionist analysis?
Randomized experiments
Ethnographic fieldwork
Large-scale surveys
Structural equation modeling
Ethnography allows researchers to immerse themselves in social settings to observe interactions and meanings. Symbolic interactionists prioritize understanding how participants interpret their world. This qualitative approach yields rich contextual data.
Actor–network theory challenges which dichotomy?
Structure vs. agency
Nature vs. society
Functional vs. dysfunctional
Qualitative vs. quantitative methods
Actor–network theory by Bruno Latour blurs the line between social and natural actors by treating humans and nonhumans symmetrically. It critiques traditional divides between nature and society. This approach reconceptualizes networks of relations.
False consciousness refers to:
When individuals act against their interests
The belief that existing social arrangements are just
A state of collective solidarity
A symbolic interactionist concept
Marx used 'false consciousness' to describe how subordinate classes adopt the ideology of the ruling class, obscuring their exploitation. It prevents the proletariat from recognizing their shared interests. Overcoming it is necessary for class consciousness.
Erving Goffman’s concept of impression management illustrates:
How individuals present themselves in everyday life
The economic base-superstructure relationship
Class conflict over resources
Society’s macro structures
Goffman’s dramaturgical approach likens social interaction to theater, where individuals manage impressions. This symbolic interactionist idea highlights micro-level performance. It shows how people shape perceptions through behavior and setting.
Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus refers to:
A functional prerequisite
Internalized dispositions shaped by social structures
Overt class conflict
Assets for economic exchange
Habitus describes the ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that individuals acquire through their social background. It links individual agency with social structure. Bourdieu uses it to explain how taste and practices reinforce class distinctions.
Social capital, in conflict theory, is used to explain:
Cultural hegemony
Networks of relationships that provide resources
Manifest functions of institutions
Shared symbols in micro interactions
Social capital refers to the benefits individuals gain from their social networks, such as trust and mutual obligation. Conflict theorists examine how unequal access to networks perpetuates power imbalances. It shows how social ties can reinforce privilege.
Which critique do feminist conflict theorists level at classical Marxism?
It overemphasizes cultural symbols
It underestimates the role of patriarchy in social inequality
It ignores economic structures
It rejects the concept of class
Feminist conflict theorists argue that classical Marxism focuses too narrowly on class to the exclusion of gender relations. They highlight how patriarchy intersects with capitalism to produce multiple layers of oppression. This intersectional approach broadens conflict analysis.
Which approach critiques both functionalism and conflict theory for neglecting micro-level meanings?
Neo-functionalism
Rational choice theory
Phenomenological sociology
Positivist sociology
Phenomenological sociology emphasizes the lived experience and subjective meanings of individuals, filling gaps left by both macro-oriented functionalism and conflict theory. Alfred Schutz pioneered this approach. It focuses on how people construct reality.
Post-structuralist theories move beyond traditional conflict and functionalism by focusing on:
Micro-level role performance
Economic exploitation alone
Power relations in discourse and language
Stable social functions
Post-structuralism examines how power permeates discourse, challenging the structural determinism of functionalism and the economic focus of conflict theory. Thinkers like Foucault analyze how knowledge and power interrelate. This lens reveals hidden power dynamics.
Which research strategy integrates macro and micro analysis in contemporary sociology?
Classical survey methods
Grounded theory
Multi-level modeling
Pure ethnography
Multi-level modeling allows researchers to analyze data that are nested (e.g., individuals within groups), bridging macro-level context and micro-level behavior. It provides statistical rigor for multi-layered social phenomena. This approach is increasingly used in advanced sociological research.
Neo-institutionalism updates functionalist thought by emphasizing:
Normative and cognitive elements shaping institutions
Economic base alone
Micro-level symbolic interactions only
Equilibrium of social systems
Neo-institutionalism examines how institutions are influenced by social norms, cognitive frameworks, and isomorphic pressures rather than purely functional needs. It integrates culture and legitimacy into institutional analysis. This revision provides a richer understanding of organizational behavior.
How does symbolic interactionism challenge Durkheim’s notion of social facts?
By arguing facts are objective realities imposed on individuals
By denying any social influence on individuals
By showing facts emerge through social interaction and interpretation
By focusing solely on economic relations
Symbolic interactionists contend that what Durkheim called social facts are not simply external forces but are continuously produced and reproduced through individual interactions. Meaning is negotiated rather than fixed. This perspective highlights agency in constructing social reality.
0
{"name":"What is the primary focus of the functionalist perspective in sociology?", "url":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/QPREVIEW","txt":"What is the primary focus of the functionalist perspective in sociology?, Which of the following best describes the conflict perspective?, Who is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism?","img":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/3012/images/ogquiz.png"}

Study Outcomes

  1. Explain conflict perspective on alcohol legality -

    Illustrate why, according to the conflict perspective alcohol is legal because it serves the interests of powerful groups and maintains social control over marginalized populations.

  2. Differentiate core concepts in functionalism -

    Analyze statements to determine which functions are emphasized by functionalism and identify exceptions when functionalism emphasizes all of the following except certain social processes.

  3. Describe symbolic interactionist research focus -

    Recognize everyday interactions and symbols that a symbolic interactionist is likely to study, such as face-to-face communication, meaning-making, and micro-level social dynamics.

  4. Compare major sociological theories -

    Contrast conflict perspective, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism to understand how each theory interprets social structures, power relations, and individual behavior.

  5. Prepare for sociology exam questions -

    Use insights from this sociology exam review to confidently tackle scored quiz questions on conflict perspective, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism for effective exam preparation.

  6. Analyze societal structures through theoretical lenses -

    Examine how each major theory interprets social institutions and power dynamics to deepen your understanding of social order, inequality, and change.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Conflict Perspective on Alcohol Legality -

    According to the conflict perspective alcohol is legal because it generates tax revenue and upholds the interests of powerful capitalist groups rather than the disenfranchised. This view highlights how laws reflect power imbalances and economic benefits - remember COPS (Conflict, Oppression, Power, Stratification) to recall core elements.

  2. Functionalism's Key Emphases -

    Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except social conflict; instead it focuses on social integration, consensus, manifest versus latent functions, and societal stability. A quick mnemonic "FACES" (Functions, Adaptation, Consensus, Equilibrium, Stability) helps recall core principles rooted in Durkheim and Parsons.

  3. Symbolic Interactionist Research Focus -

    A symbolic interactionist is likely to study face-to-face interactions, symbols, and meanings individuals assign to daily encounters, such as how a handshake conveys trust. Think SIG (Symbols, Interaction, Gestures) to remember that micro-level analysis pioneered by Mead and Blumer centers on subjective experiences.

  4. The Sociological Triad Mnemonic -

    To ace your sociology exam review, use the mnemonic "CFS" (Conflict, Functionalism, Symbolic) to quickly recall each theory's level of analysis, key authors (Marx, Durkheim, Mead), and primary concepts. Creating a simple Venn diagram on flashcards helps visualize overlaps and distinctions in under two minutes.

  5. Matching Theories to Research Methods -

    When preparing for your sociology exam review, remember that conflict perspective studies often employ critical qualitative methods, functionalists favor surveys and statistical analyses, and symbolic interactionists rely on participant observation. Mapping each theory to its common method via a table enhances application skills and boosts confidence.

Make a Quiz (FREE) Copy & Edit This Quiz Create a Quiz with AI

Philosophy & Ethics Quizzes

Powered by: Quiz Maker