Comercio int. 2

A corporation is considered a multinational ________ if ________.

Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. Firm purchases 18% of a foreign firm. In the second, a U.S. Firm builds a new production facility in a foreign country. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ________.

When a multinational affiliate replicates production in a foreign country it is called ________ foreign direct investment.

When a multinational affiliate replicates elements of a production process in a foreign country it is called ________ foreign direct investment.

When examine worldwide FDI we must remember that FDI flows must be balanced. This means that worldwide:

With respect to multinational activity, measured with FDI, indicated which of the following propositions is false:

With respect to FDI inflows, indicate which of the following propositions is false:

With respect to FDI outflows:

Apart from FDI, we use other indicators to measure the presence of multinationals in the world economy, among them:

For the world as a whole the total sales of the largest multinationals were more than 27 percent of world GDP in the year 2000, and the value added produced by the biggest multinationals accounted for 4.3 percent of world GDP in the same year.

Among the reasons for regional economic agreements, we have:

Among the reasons for regional economic agreements we have:

For a small country to join a regional trade agreement (RTA) is a way of:

Regionalism enables continued protection of economic sectors that would not survive in global competition:

Regions are not natural; regions are social constructions whose members choose how to define their boundaries.

Indicate which of the following is not among the political factors to enter RTA:

Indicate which of the following is not among the economic factors to enter RTA:

During the 60s and 70s there was a pessimistic view about RTAs. Some factors changed the global context in favor of RTA, indicate which of the following is not among those factors:

The USA Government was the strongest supporter of a non-discriminatory multilateral approach to trade at the end of the second world war. However, USA was willing to tolerate regional trading groupings that discriminated against its exports where it believed helped to achieve political objective, as facilitating reconciliation between former enemies, or strengthening the economies of the participants so they would be less susceptible to the communist threat.

About the economic consequences of RTA, indicate which of the following propositions is false:

Between 200o and 2008, the Spanish economy had an average current account deficit of 6,2% of GDP. During the years immediately following the 2008 crisis, Spanish external trade declined sharply. However, imports fell faster than exports because the contraction in Spanish consumption due to the crisis was higher than the contraction experienced by other strong European economies that are important export partners for Spain. The consequence was a fast reduction of the trade deficit and an important increase in the export/imports coverage ratio which at some point between 2008 and 2016 reached a maximum of:

The degree of openness of an economy is measured by the trade openness ratio (exports plus imports divided by GDP). In the case of Spain the 2008 crisis affected very badly the openness ratio falling from 42% to 34%, however the ratio recover gradually and steadily and for 2016 has reached a significative 47%.

Spain ̝s trade balance between 2008 and 2016 shows a small and decreasing external dependence on hydrocarbons. The problem come only from the fluctuations in oil prices.

The growing importance of non-tourism services represents one of the most important structural changes in the Spanish economy since the 2008 crisis. Non-tourism services alone are now able to offset around 70% of the trade balance deficit.

For the period 2008-2016, with respect to non-tourism services, by destination, the Euro Area is the main destination for Spanish non-tourism services exports, accounting for 38% of demand. With respect to non-tourism services, by activity type, business services account for nearly a third of total non-tourism services exports, followed by transport and repairs and telecommunications and ICT.

Between 2009 and 2020 the Spanish current account registered an average..

The Euro area countries represent the main destination market for Spanish exports. Indicate which of the following propositions is true:

Another important trend in the Spanish economy is the growing diversification of the export base. Indicate which of the following propositions is false:

Spain’s foreign sector has already begun the decarbonisation process in recent years. The intensity of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in Spanish exports decreased between 2009 and 2019, compared to the euro area as a whole.

Next Generation EU was agreed in principle by the European Council on 21 July 2020 and adopted on 14 December 2020, the instrument is worth €750 billion. NGEU will operate from 2021–2026, and will be tied to the regular 2021–2027 budget of the EU's Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF). The comprehensive NGEU and MFF packages are projected to reach €1824.3 billion. Why was created the NGEU?

Which of the following is likely the least important factor for firms in determining production location?

Free trade may lead to more pollution because:

When income rises:

As income rises, carbon dioxide emissions per person:

Which of the following would you expect would lead to improved environmental quality?

In 1989 the United States passed a law against catching shrimp with nets that do not have turtle excluder devices. Four Asian countries filed a complaint with the WTO, and the WTO ruled that the U.S. Policy violated WTO rules because:

Which of the following exists when one person's activity results in costs or benefits to someone who is not part of the marketplace decision to undertake the activity?

Which of the following is an example of an international externality, in which production (or consumption) activities in one country impose external costs on other countries?

When domestic production causes pollution that imposes an external cost on the country, the country may export the wrong products because:

When domestic production causes pollution that imposes an external cost on the country,

__________ is the movement of people from one country to another country in which they plan to reside for some noticeable period of time.

The largest net loss to the sending country is likely to be attributable to the emigration of __________ workers.

The loss of future tax contributions is likely to be __________ the reduction in future government spending as people migrate from the sending country.

A country can increase its net gains from migration by directing its immigration policies toward encouraging and selecting more __________ immigrants while reducing the number of __________ immigrants that it admits.

According to the labor-market analysis, the receiving country from emigration is:

Sending countries that do not receive much in the way of remittances from those who emigrated probably gain well-being, but those that receive substantial remittances probably lose well-being.

Analysis of the labor market shows that a receiving country loses economic well-being because of emigration.

Indicate which of the following propositions about the modern history of immigration flows into North America and Europe is false:

The doors in the EU have also fluctuated from opening to closing and vice versa. Indicate which of the following propositions is false:

In the recent past decades, Germany attracted an important flow of immigrants because of:

If a firm's output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled, production is said to occur under conditions of

When there are external economies of scale, an increase in the size of the market will

External economies of scale often arise because similar firms

In an industry where firms experience internal scale economies, the long-run cost of production will depend on

An industry is characterized by internal economies of scale and exists in two countries. Should these two countries engage in trade such that the combined market is supplied by one country's industry, then