Pathophysiology CH 20 Neoplasms and Cancer
What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?
Adenoma
Lipoma
Fibrosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
2. What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Melanomas
Fibromas
3. Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?
It is unencapsulated and invasive.
It consists of undifferentiated cells.
It exerts systemic effects.
Cells appear relatively normal.
4. Which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?
Size of the tumor
Number of metastases
Degree of differentiation of the cells
Number of lymph nodes involved
5. A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT:
Persistent, unusual bleeding.
A change in bowel habits.
Sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea.
A change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion.
6. The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include:
Anemia and weight loss and obstruction of a tube or duct
Obstruction of a tube or duct and cell necrosis and ulceration
Anemia and weight loss and tumor markers in the circulation
Cell necrosis and ulceration and tumor markers in the circulation
7. Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to?
The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells Correct
Severe weight loss and cachexia associated with advanced cancer
The decreased resistance to infection resulting from malignant tumors
The effects of multiple metastatic tumors
8. Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites?
Invasiveness
Seeding
Metastasis
Systemic effect
9. One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to:
Identify the original cell from which the tumor developed.
Locate and identify the primary tumor.
Decide the initiating factor for a particular tumor.
Determine the best treatment and prognosis.
10. The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with:
Exposure to promoters causing dysplasia.
Development of defective genes.
An irreversible change in the cell DNA.
A single exposure to a known risk factor causing temporary cell damage.
11. What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?
A needle containing a radioisotope implanted beside the tumor
Gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
A dose of a radioactive drug to be ingested
A fluid containing radioactive material instilled in a body cavity
12. Radiation therapy destroys:
All cells in the tumor at one time.
The cells in the center of the tumor.
Primarily rapidly dividing cells.
Radioresistant cells.
13. The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:
Thrombocytopenia and leucopenia.
Headache and lethargy.
Nausea and constipation.
Alopecia and weight loss.
14. Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to: (there are two answers!!)
1. Reduce the adverse effects.
Guarantee that all cancer cells are destroyed.
Be effective in more phases of the cell cycle.
Totally block the mitotic stage.
15. Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?
The ovaries are inaccessible for examination.
Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed.
The same tumor markers are present with many types of cancer.
No effective treatment is available.
16. Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by:
Promoting the immune response and removal of abnormal tumor cells.
Blocking hormonal stimulation of tumor cells.
Reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells.
Transporting radioisotopes into the tumor.
17. The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means:
The cancer cells are being destroyed quickly.
The patient is likely to hemorrhage.
Higher doses of chemotherapy could be tolerated by this patient.
The patient is at high risk for infection.
18. Malignant brain tumors:
Metastasize quickly to all parts of the body.
Spread first to lungs and bone.
Spread to other parts of CNS.
Do not metastasize anywhere at any time.
19. Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:
Alopecia
Bone marrow depression
Nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
20. Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because:
Glucocorticoids greatly potentiate the effect of chemotherapy.
The immune system is stimulated.
Skeletal muscle atrophy will be decreased.
Inflammation around the tumor may be reduced.
21. Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because: (there are two answers!!)
The gastrointestinal tract is irritated.
The chemicals stimulate the emetic center.
The drugs have an unpleasant odor.
None of the above
22. What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?
Epithelial cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nerve tissue
Collagen and fibrous tissue
23. Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which:
Chemotherapy cannot be used.
Signs and symptoms are absent.
Complications are evident.
Metastases occur.
24. All of the following are correct statements about skin cancers EXCEPT:
They are difficult to diagnose and treat.
They usually develop slowly on the head, neck, or back of individuals with fair skin.
The number of skin cancer cases is increasing.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer.
25. High risk factors for cancer include: (there is more than one answer!!!)
Human papilloma virus.
Chronic irritation and inflammation.
Repeated sun exposure.
Repeated sun exposure.
26. The term apoptosis refers to:
Programmed cell death.
Abnormal or immature cells.
Degree of differentiation of cells.
The development of new capillaries in a tumor.
27. The warning signs for cancer include:
Unusual bleeding.
Change in a wart or mole (e.g., color).
A new solid lump, often painless.
All the above
28. A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called:
Seeding.
Mutation.
Staging.
Grading.
29. Benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors:
Often have systemic effects.
Contain cells showing increased mitosis and atypical rapid growth.
Are encapsulated and slow-growing.
Can metastasize or invade nearby tissue.
30. Benign tumors in the brain are often life-threatening because they:
Metastasize early in their development.
Create excessive pressure within the skull.
Cannot be removed.
Cause serious systemic effects.
31. Drugs or agents that augment the natural immune response in the body to improve identification and removal of abnormal cells are called:
Biological response modifiers.
Angiogenesis stimulators.
Analgesic complements.
Targeted receptor modifiers
32. The method that can be used as an alternative to surgical removal of a tumor by using heat generated by a needle inserted into the tumor is referred to as:
Radiation therapy.
Thermolysis intervention.
Brachytherapy.
Radiofrequency ablation
33. Staging systems used to classify a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis are based on which of the following factors?
Size of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, metastases
Location of tumor, size, type of cellular abnormality
Size, encapsulated or non-encapsulated, invasion into neighboring tissue
Type of cellular abnormality, size of secondary tumors, location/tissue affected
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