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Dental Research (Vorn Vutha) #DrP

A vibrant and engaging illustration of dental research concepts, depicting dental charts, statistical graphs, and a researcher in a lab setting.

Dental Research Insights Quiz

Test your knowledge on dental research and statistics with this comprehensive quiz designed for students, researchers, and enthusiasts alike. This quiz covers a wide range of topics related to statistical methods, data collection, and research methodologies.

Join us to explore:

Understanding types of variables
Statistical methods and their applications
Importance of data collection and analysis

127 Questions32 MinutesCreated by AnalyzingSmile425

1. In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by?

Using poorly paid student helpers 

The use of samples

The use of censuses

Stopping people in the street 

The use of prevalence

2. The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called?

Descriptive statistics 

All of the above

Analytical statistics

Experimental study

Inferential statistics

3. Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the………………of data?

Processing

Analysis

Sequencing

Collection 

Interview

4. Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific……………?

Measurement

Observation

Analysis

Collection

Researches

5. The……………….process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required?

Editing

Analysis

Tabulating

σ� Ordering 

All of the above

6. A sample is a portion of the………..population that is considered for study and analysis?

Fixed

Distribution

Selected

Random

Total

7. Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the………as possible?

Ethics

Population

Group

Universe

Region

8. A variable is any characteristic which can assume…………value?

Fixed

Assumed

Different

Similar 

Good

9. The basic objective of a sample is to draw………….about the population from which such sample is drawn?

Characteristics 

Introduction

Parameters

Conclusion

Inferences

10. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

σ� Resistance to manipulation

σ� Manipulation of the independent variable  The use of open-ended questions

σ� Focuses only on local problems

σ� The use of open-ended questions

σ� All are not correct

11. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

σ� Age, temperature, income, height

σ� Grade point average, anxiety level

σ� Gender, religion, ethnic group

σ� d. Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level

12. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

Annual income

Nationality

Age

Grade point average

Religion 

13. What is the opposite of a variable?

A data set 

All are correct

A constant

An extraneous variable

A dependent variable

14. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?

σ� Ethnography

σ� Experimental

σ� Causal-comparative

σ� Correlational

σ� All are correct

? A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as

Sample parameter

None of the above answers is correct.

Population parameter

Sample statistic

Population mean

16. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

σ� can never be larger than the population parameter

σ� can never be equal to the population parameter

σ� c. Can never be zero

σ� can never be smaller than the population parameter

σ� All are not correct

17. The mean of a sample is?

σ� always equal to the mean of the population

σ� always smaller than the mean of the population

σ� computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)

σ� computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

σ� All are not correct

18. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal?

The number of items in the study  

One

The number of classes

100

None of the answers is correct.

19. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?

σ� the smallest value

σ� the largest value

σ� the median

σ� the 25th percentile

σ� the mean

20. Mu is an example of a?

Population variance

All are not correct

Population parameter

Sample statistic

Mode 

21. The mean of a sample is?

σ� always equal to the mean of the population

σ� always smaller than the mean of the population

σ� computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)

σ� computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

σ� All are not correct

22. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the?

σ� Variance

σ� interquartile range

σ� range

σ� coefficient of variation

σ� All are not correct

23. Which of the following is not a measure of central location?

Mean

All are not correct.

Median

Variance

Mode

24. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median?

σ� cannot be determined

σ� is the average value of the two middle items

σ� must be equal to the mean

σ� is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order

σ� All are not correct.

25. The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is?

σ� always greater than zero

σ� always less than zero

σ� sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements

σ� always equal to zero

σ� All are not correct.

26. The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called

Range

All are not correct.

Mean

Median

Mode

27. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the?

Range

Median

All are not correct.

Mean

Mode

28. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a?

σ� frequency distribution

σ� relative frequency distribution

σ� frequency

σ� cumulative frequency distribution

σ� All are not correct.

29. The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals?

All are not correct.

6,400

4,096

30. The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals?

All are not correct.

6,561

4096

31. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is?

All are not correct.

32. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is?

All are not correct.

33. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is?

All are not correct.

34. Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is?

All are not correct.

35. Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is?

All are not correct.

670

36. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?

A +b + c

All are not correct

The variance

The range

The standard deviation

37. The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is?

The range

All are not correct.

The variance

The standard deviation

The interquartile range 

38. When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values?

σ� as much as possible since computations are easier

σ� only when individual data values are unavailable

σ� whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable

σ� only when the data are from a population

σ� All are not correct.

39. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is?

Both a and b 

All are not correct.All are not correct.

The range

The interquartile range

The standard deviation 

40. On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as?

Fairly knowledgeable 

All are not correct

Entirely dependent on the teacher

Open minded and radical

A status quo maintainer 

41. Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ?

σ� The third root of the product of N values.

σ� The square root of the product of N values

σ� The fourth root of the product of N values

σ� The Nth root of the product of N values

σ� All are not correct

42. Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series?

Quartile deviation

Mean

Range

Standard deviation

All of them

43. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ?

σ� A cluster sample

σ� A random sample

σ� A systematic sample

 A stratified sample

σ� A multistage sampling

44. If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be?

45. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ?

σ� Statistical inference of external validity of the research

σ� Parameter inference

σ� Data analysis and interpretation

σ� All are correct

46. A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ?

σ� Sample parameter

σ� Inference

σ� Standard deviation

σ� Statistic

σ� All are correct

47. If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ?

48. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?

σ� can never be larger than the population parameter

σ� can never be equal to the population parameter

σ� can never be zero

σ� can never be smaller than the population parameter

σ� All are correct

49.  is an example of a?

σ� population parameter

σ� sample statistic

σ� population variance

σ� mode

σ� All are not correct

50. The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ?

σ� Alphanumeric

σ� Numerical

Ordinal

Category

Nominal

51. The fundamental statistical indicators are ?

σ� Mean and D. Standard deviation

σ� Median

σ� Variance

σ� Mode

σ� Range

52. If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?

40%

80%

20%

10%

90%

53. The median of a series of numerical values is?

A frequency table 

A distribution table

Equal to the average

A graph or hart

A number

54. The median of a series of numerical values is?

σ� A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

σ� The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series

σ� The most commonly encountered values among the series

σ� A measure of the eccentricity of the series

σ� A measure of central tendency

55. Relative risk?

σ� Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease

σ� is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor

σ� Cannot be greater than 1

σ� is expressed as a percentage

σ� is proportion

56. If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?

σ� very high when exposed to the factor

σ� very small when exposed to the factor

σ� the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure

σ� lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100

σ� Equal in the exposed

57. The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05

σ� the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05

σ� the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05

σ� None of the above answers is correct.

58. If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?

σ� We reject H0 and accept H1

We can decide

We accept H0

We reject H1

We cannot decide

59. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?

σ� Prevent infection

σ� Prevent disease

σ� Prevent transmission

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And c. above

60. A “benefit” of research may accrue?

σ� To the participant

σ� To his/her family

σ� To society

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

61. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?

σ� Beneficence

σ� A methodologically sound study design

σ� Justice

σ� Informed consent

62. Surveillance data must be?

σ� Rapidly collected

σ� Use simple case definitions

σ� Provide very precise estimates

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

63. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?

σ� A diagnostic algorithm

σ� Staff members

σ� A sampling frame

σ� All are correct

64. A good surveillance system should provide information about?

σ� Who is being infected

σ� Where the infected individuals are

σ� How rapidly infection is spreading

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And c. above

65. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?

σ� Cohort

σ� Serial cross-sectional

σ� Mortality

σ� Syndromic

σ� a. And c. above

66. Results of surveillance should be distributed to?

σ� Decision makers

σ� The public

σ� The data collectors

σ� All are correct

σ� a. And b. above

67. The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?

σ� Change in behavior

σ� Comprehensive coverage

σ� Effective use of behavioral theory

σ� Sustained behavior change

σ� Change in belief

68. The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:

Alphanumeric

Nominal

Numerical

Ordinal

69. The fundamental statistical indicators are:

Variance 

Range

Mode and Median

Mean and standard deviation

70. The average of series of numerical values is:

σ� The Sum of the values divided by their number

σ� Lower than the minimum value in the series

σ� Lower than the average value in the series

σ� An indicator of measurement of the values of the series

71. Standard deviation:

σ� Is measured using the unit of sample

σ� Is measured using the squared unit of the variable

σ� Is values generally comparable with mode value

σ� Is the square root of variance

72. The median of a series of numerical values is:

σ� Equal to the average

σ� A number

σ� A graph or chart

σ� A frequency table

73. The median of a series of numerical values is:

σ� A measure of centricity

σ� Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

σ� The most commonly encountered values among the series

σ� The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series

74. The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:

σ� The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05

σ� The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05

σ� The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05

σ� The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05

75. If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:

We reject Ho and accept H1

We accept H0

We cannot decide

We reject H1

76. A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:

Discreet numerical 

Dichotomous

Ordinal

Nominal

Continuous

77. The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:

78. A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:

40.5

38.5

79. For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:

σ� Simple random Sampling

σ� Standard random Sampling

σ� Systematic random Sampling

σ� Cluster random Sampling

σ� Quasi random sampling

80. Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:

σ� Rates and Ratios

σ� Rates, Ratios and proportions

σ� Rates and proportions

σ� Ratios and proportion

81. If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:

100 per 1,000 per year

50 per 1,000

50 per 1,000 per year

100 per 1,000

82. Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:

Descriptive epidemiology

Intervention studies

Analytical epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology

83. Cross _ sectional study is also known as:

Prevalence study

Follow _ up study

Longitudinal study

Incidence study

84. The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:

Descriptive epidemiology 

Ecological studies

Analytical epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology

85. Case control studies are often called as:

Follow _ up studies 

Ecological studies

Prospective studies

Retrospective studies

86. Which one of the following is correct about case control method?

σ� The study is expensive

σ� Long follow _ up period is often needed

σ� Yields incidence rates and attributable risk

σ� It uses a control or comparison group

87. The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:

Fixing

Blinding

Matching

Randomization

88. The components of epidemiology are:

Determinants of disease 

Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease

Disease frequency

Distribution of disease

89. Cohort study is also known as:

Incidence study 

Prevalence study

Longitudinal study

Prospective study

90. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?

σ� Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation

σ� The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause

σ� It uses a control or comparison group

σ� Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study

91. The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:

Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct 

Exposed to non-exposed

Causes to effect

Effect to cause

92. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:

σ� Starts with the disease

σ� Involves fewer number of subjects

σ� Yields incidence rate

σ� Relatively in expensive

93. Pilot study is done to:

σ� Find the feasibility in conducting study

σ� Determine the sample size

σ� Find the all of those

σ� Find the unknown effect

94. The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:

Epidemic

Exotic

Pandemic

Endemic

95. The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:

Herd immunity 

Combination of Active and passive

Active immunity

Passive immunity

96. Experimental studies are:

σ� Cohort and case _ control studies

σ� Prevalence and incidence studies

σ� Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials

σ� Cohort and prevalence studies

97. Matching is done to:

σ� Eliminate bias in sampling

σ� Eliminate confounding factors

σ� Stratified samplingc

σ� Quota sampling

98. Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:

Stratified Sampling 

Quota Sampling

Random sampling

Systemic sampling

99. Hypothesis is:

An Experiment

A theory

A report 

A supposition from an observation

100. Risk factors related to dental caries are:

σ� Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time

σ� Bacteria, periodontal disease, food

σ� Host, time and gingival disease

σ� Environment and oral hygiene

101. Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?

Nominal scale 

Ordinal scale

Interval or Ratio scale

Dichotomous scale

102. If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as?

σ� Type I error

O Type II Error

σ� Power

σ� Specificity

103. Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14)

12.8

104. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

Mean

Median

Range

Mode

105. Standard deviation is the square of:

Regression

Mode

Standard error

Variance

106. A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called:

Frequency polygon

Pie chart

Histogram

Bar chart

107. Correlation coefficient is a number between:

+1 and +2

-1 and +1

0 and +1

-1 and 0

108. In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as:

Block

Group

Flock

Population

109. Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called:

σ� Quantitative variable

σ� Qualitative variable

σ� Absolute variable

σ� Continuous variable

110. Flower color is a:

Qualitative variable 

Continuous variable

Quantitative variable

Absolute variable 

111. Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called:

Absolute variable 

Continuous variable

Quantitative variable

Discrete variable

112. Height of students in a class is a:

Absolute variable 

Continuous variable

Qualitative variable

Discrete variable

113. In inferential statistics, we study:

σ� The method to make decisions about population based on sample results

σ� How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode

σ� How a sample is obtained from a population

σ� How to make decisions about range and standard deviations

114. In descriptive statistics, we study:

σ� The description of decision making process

σ� The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data

σ� How to describe the probability distribution

σ� How to describe the non-probability distribution

115. When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using:

A Sample

A Parameter and A population

A Parameter

A Population

116. In Statistic, a sample means:

A portion of the population

All the items under analysis

A portion of the sample

All the items under investigation 

117. The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of…….:

Continuous data

Discrete data

Qualitative data

Categorical data

118. Data in the population Census Report is:

Secondary data

Primary data

Grouped data

Ungrouped data

119. Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from:

Population

Data

Sample

σ� Observations

120. Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts?

Percentiles

Deciles

Quartiles

Standard Deviations

121. You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of:

Inferential statistics

Population

Descriptive statistics

Parameter

122. In statistics, a population consists of:

σ� All people living in a country

σ� All people living in the area under study

σ� All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied

σ� All people are investigated

123. Which one is the not measure of dispersion:

σ� The range

σ� 50th Percentile

σ� Inter – quartile Range

σ� Variance

124. Mu is an example of a:

Population variance

Standard population

Population parameter

Sample Statistic

125. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the:

Coefficient of variation 

Range

Variance

Interquartile range

126. The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal:

The number of items in the study 

100

One

The number of classes

127. In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?

The largest value 

The 25th Percentile

The Smallest value

The median 

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