Dental Research (Vorn Vutha) #DrP
Dental Research Insights Quiz
Test your knowledge on dental research and statistics with this comprehensive quiz designed for students, researchers, and enthusiasts alike. This quiz covers a wide range of topics related to statistical methods, data collection, and research methodologies.
Join us to explore:
- Understanding types of variables
- Statistical methods and their applications
- Importance of data collection and analysis
1. In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by?
Using poorly paid student helpers
The use of samples
The use of censuses
Stopping people in the street
The use of prevalence
2. The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called?
Descriptive statistics
All of the above
Analytical statistics
Experimental study
Inferential statistics
3. Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the………………of data?
Processing
Analysis
Sequencing
Collection
Interview
4. Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific……………?
Measurement
Observation
Analysis
Collection
Researches
5. The……………….process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required?
Editing
Analysis
Tabulating
σ Ordering
All of the above
6. A sample is a portion of the………..population that is considered for study and analysis?
Fixed
Distribution
Selected
Random
Total
7. Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the………as possible?
Ethics
Population
Group
Universe
Region
8. A variable is any characteristic which can assume…………value?
Fixed
Assumed
Different
Similar
Good
9. The basic objective of a sample is to draw………….about the population from which such sample is drawn?
Characteristics
Introduction
Parameters
Conclusion
Inferences
10. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
σ Resistance to manipulation
σ Manipulation of the independent variable The use of open-ended questions
σ Focuses only on local problems
σ The use of open-ended questions
σ All are not correct
11. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
σ Age, temperature, income, height
σ Grade point average, anxiety level
σ Gender, religion, ethnic group
σ d. Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level
12. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
Annual income
Nationality
Age
Grade point average
Religion
13. What is the opposite of a variable?
A data set
All are correct
A constant
An extraneous variable
A dependent variable
14. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
σ Ethnography
σ Experimental
σ Causal-comparative
σ Correlational
σ All are correct
? A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as
Sample parameter
None of the above answers is correct.
Population parameter
Sample statistic
Population mean
16. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?
σ can never be larger than the population parameter
σ can never be equal to the population parameter
σ c. Can never be zero
σ can never be smaller than the population parameter
σ All are not correct
17. The mean of a sample is?
σ always equal to the mean of the population
σ always smaller than the mean of the population
σ computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)
σ computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items
σ All are not correct
18. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal?
The number of items in the study
One
The number of classes
100
None of the answers is correct.
19. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?
σ the smallest value
σ the largest value
σ the median
σ the 25th percentile
σ the mean
20. Mu is an example of a?
Population variance
All are not correct
Population parameter
Sample statistic
Mode
21. The mean of a sample is?
σ always equal to the mean of the population
σ always smaller than the mean of the population
σ computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1)
σ computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items
σ All are not correct
22. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the?
σ Variance
σ interquartile range
σ range
σ coefficient of variation
σ All are not correct
23. Which of the following is not a measure of central location?
Mean
All are not correct.
Median
Variance
Mode
24. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median?
σ cannot be determined
σ is the average value of the two middle items
σ must be equal to the mean
σ is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order
σ All are not correct.
25. The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is?
σ always greater than zero
σ always less than zero
σ sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements
σ always equal to zero
σ All are not correct.
26. The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called
Range
All are not correct.
Mean
Median
Mode
27. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the?
Range
Median
All are not correct.
Mean
Mode
28. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a?
σ frequency distribution
σ relative frequency distribution
σ frequency
σ cumulative frequency distribution
σ All are not correct.
29. The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals?
8
All are not correct.
6,400
4,096
10
30. The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals?
0
All are not correct.
6,561
8
4096
31. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is?
5
All are not correct.
8
6
7
32. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is?
All are not correct.
5
6
7
8
33. Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is?
All are not correct.
5
6
7
8
34. Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is?
All are not correct.
1
2
10
12
35. Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is?
35
All are not correct.
10
670
67
36. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?
A +b + c
All are not correct
The variance
The range
The standard deviation
37. The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is?
The range
All are not correct.
The variance
The standard deviation
The interquartile range
38. When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values?
σ as much as possible since computations are easier
σ only when individual data values are unavailable
σ whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable
σ only when the data are from a population
σ All are not correct.
39. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is?
Both a and b
All are not correct.All are not correct.
The range
The interquartile range
The standard deviation
40. On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as?
Fairly knowledgeable
All are not correct
Entirely dependent on the teacher
Open minded and radical
A status quo maintainer
41. Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ?
σ The third root of the product of N values.
σ The square root of the product of N values
σ The fourth root of the product of N values
σ The Nth root of the product of N values
σ All are not correct
42. Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series?
Quartile deviation
Mean
Range
Standard deviation
All of them
43. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ?
σ A cluster sample
σ A random sample
σ A systematic sample
A stratified sample
σ A multistage sampling
44. If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be?
8
10
6
12
14
45. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ?
σ Statistical inference of external validity of the research
σ Parameter inference
σ Data analysis and interpretation
σ All are correct
46. A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ?
σ Sample parameter
σ Inference
σ Standard deviation
σ Statistic
σ All are correct
47. If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ?
44
45
50
49
60
48. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic?
σ can never be larger than the population parameter
σ can never be equal to the population parameter
σ can never be zero
σ can never be smaller than the population parameter
σ All are correct
49. is an example of a?
σ population parameter
σ sample statistic
σ population variance
σ mode
σ All are not correct
50. The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ?
σ Alphanumeric
σ Numerical
Ordinal
Category
Nominal
51. The fundamental statistical indicators are ?
σ Mean and D. Standard deviation
σ Median
σ Variance
σ Mode
σ Range
52. If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is?
40%
80%
20%
10%
90%
53. The median of a series of numerical values is?
A frequency table
A distribution table
Equal to the average
A graph or hart
A number
54. The median of a series of numerical values is?
σ A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
σ The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series
σ The most commonly encountered values among the series
σ A measure of the eccentricity of the series
σ A measure of central tendency
55. Relative risk?
σ Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease
σ is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor
σ Cannot be greater than 1
σ is expressed as a percentage
σ is proportion
56. If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is?
σ very high when exposed to the factor
σ very small when exposed to the factor
σ the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure
σ lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100
σ Equal in the exposed
57. The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows?
σ the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05
σ the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05
σ the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05
σ the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05
σ None of the above answers is correct.
58. If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then?
σ We reject H0 and accept H1
We can decide
We accept H0
We reject H1
We cannot decide
59. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?
σ Prevent infection
σ Prevent disease
σ Prevent transmission
σ All are correct
σ a. And c. above
60. A “benefit” of research may accrue?
σ To the participant
σ To his/her family
σ To society
σ All are correct
σ a. And b. above
61. The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is?
σ Beneficence
σ A methodologically sound study design
σ Justice
σ Informed consent
62. Surveillance data must be?
σ Rapidly collected
σ Use simple case definitions
σ Provide very precise estimates
σ All are correct
σ a. And b. above
63. The requirements for an effective surveillance system include?
σ A diagnostic algorithm
σ Staff members
σ A sampling frame
σ All are correct
64. A good surveillance system should provide information about?
σ Who is being infected
σ Where the infected individuals are
σ How rapidly infection is spreading
σ All are correct
σ a. And c. above
65. Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs?
σ Cohort
σ Serial cross-sectional
σ Mortality
σ Syndromic
σ a. And c. above
66. Results of surveillance should be distributed to?
σ Decision makers
σ The public
σ The data collectors
σ All are correct
σ a. And b. above
67. The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is?
σ Change in behavior
σ Comprehensive coverage
σ Effective use of behavioral theory
σ Sustained behavior change
σ Change in belief
68. The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is:
Alphanumeric
Nominal
Numerical
Ordinal
69. The fundamental statistical indicators are:
Variance
Range
Mode and Median
Mean and standard deviation
70. The average of series of numerical values is:
σ The Sum of the values divided by their number
σ Lower than the minimum value in the series
σ Lower than the average value in the series
σ An indicator of measurement of the values of the series
71. Standard deviation:
σ Is measured using the unit of sample
σ Is measured using the squared unit of the variable
σ Is values generally comparable with mode value
σ Is the square root of variance
72. The median of a series of numerical values is:
σ Equal to the average
σ A number
σ A graph or chart
σ A frequency table
73. The median of a series of numerical values is:
σ A measure of centricity
σ Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower
σ The most commonly encountered values among the series
σ The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series
74. The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows:
σ The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05
σ The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05
σ The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05
σ The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05
75. If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then:
We reject Ho and accept H1
We accept H0
We cannot decide
We reject H1
76. A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is:
Discreet numerical
Dichotomous
Ordinal
Nominal
Continuous
77. The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13:
6
7
8
9
10
78. A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is:
36
40.5
40
38.5
42
79. For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of:
σ Simple random Sampling
σ Standard random Sampling
σ Systematic random Sampling
σ Cluster random Sampling
σ Quasi random sampling
80. Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are:
σ Rates and Ratios
σ Rates, Ratios and proportions
σ Rates and proportions
σ Ratios and proportion
81. If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be:
100 per 1,000 per year
50 per 1,000
50 per 1,000 per year
100 per 1,000
82. Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as:
Descriptive epidemiology
Intervention studies
Analytical epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
83. Cross _ sectional study is also known as:
Prevalence study
Follow _ up study
Longitudinal study
Incidence study
84. The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is:
Descriptive epidemiology
Ecological studies
Analytical epidemiology
Experimental epidemiology
85. Case control studies are often called as:
Follow _ up studies
Ecological studies
Prospective studies
Retrospective studies
86. Which one of the following is correct about case control method?
σ The study is expensive
σ Long follow _ up period is often needed
σ Yields incidence rates and attributable risk
σ It uses a control or comparison group
87. The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as:
Fixing
Blinding
Matching
Randomization
88. The components of epidemiology are:
Determinants of disease
Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease
Disease frequency
Distribution of disease
89. Cohort study is also known as:
Incidence study
Prevalence study
Longitudinal study
Prospective study
90. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study?
σ Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation
σ The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause
σ It uses a control or comparison group
σ Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study
91. The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from:
Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct
Exposed to non-exposed
Causes to effect
Effect to cause
92. Which one of the following is correct about cohort study:
σ Starts with the disease
σ Involves fewer number of subjects
σ Yields incidence rate
σ Relatively in expensive
93. Pilot study is done to:
σ Find the feasibility in conducting study
σ Determine the sample size
σ Find the all of those
σ Find the unknown effect
94. The “unusual” occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of “Expected occurrence” is known as:
Epidemic
Exotic
Pandemic
Endemic
95. The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as:
Herd immunity
Combination of Active and passive
Active immunity
Passive immunity
96. Experimental studies are:
σ Cohort and case _ control studies
σ Prevalence and incidence studies
σ Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials
σ Cohort and prevalence studies
97. Matching is done to:
σ Eliminate bias in sampling
σ Eliminate confounding factors
σ Stratified samplingc
σ Quota sampling
98. Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is:
Stratified Sampling
Quota Sampling
Random sampling
Systemic sampling
99. Hypothesis is:
An Experiment
A theory
A report
A supposition from an observation
100. Risk factors related to dental caries are:
σ Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time
σ Bacteria, periodontal disease, food
σ Host, time and gingival disease
σ Environment and oral hygiene
101. Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on?
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval or Ratio scale
Dichotomous scale
102. If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as?
σ Type I error
O Type II Error
σ Power
σ Specificity
103. Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14)
11
12.8
13
14
104. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
Mean
Median
Range
Mode
105. Standard deviation is the square of:
Regression
Mode
Standard error
Variance
106. A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called:
Frequency polygon
Pie chart
Histogram
Bar chart
107. Correlation coefficient is a number between:
+1 and +2
-1 and +1
0 and +1
-1 and 0
108. In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as:
Block
Group
Flock
Population
109. Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called:
σ Quantitative variable
σ Qualitative variable
σ Absolute variable
σ Continuous variable
110. Flower color is a:
Qualitative variable
Continuous variable
Quantitative variable
Absolute variable
111. Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called:
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
Quantitative variable
Discrete variable
112. Height of students in a class is a:
Absolute variable
Continuous variable
Qualitative variable
Discrete variable
113. In inferential statistics, we study:
σ The method to make decisions about population based on sample results
σ How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode
σ How a sample is obtained from a population
σ How to make decisions about range and standard deviations
114. In descriptive statistics, we study:
σ The description of decision making process
σ The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data
σ How to describe the probability distribution
σ How to describe the non-probability distribution
115. When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using:
A Sample
A Parameter and A population
A Parameter
A Population
116. In Statistic, a sample means:
A portion of the population
All the items under analysis
A portion of the sample
All the items under investigation
117. The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of…….:
Continuous data
Discrete data
Qualitative data
Categorical data
118. Data in the population Census Report is:
Secondary data
Primary data
Grouped data
Ungrouped data
119. Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from:
Population
Data
Sample
σ Observations
120. Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts?
Percentiles
Deciles
Quartiles
Standard Deviations
121. You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of:
Inferential statistics
Population
Descriptive statistics
Parameter
122. In statistics, a population consists of:
σ All people living in a country
σ All people living in the area under study
σ All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied
σ All people are investigated
123. Which one is the not measure of dispersion:
σ The range
σ 50th Percentile
σ Inter – quartile Range
σ Variance
124. Mu is an example of a:
Population variance
Standard population
Population parameter
Sample Statistic
125. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the:
Coefficient of variation
Range
Variance
Interquartile range
126. The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal:
The number of items in the study
100
One
The number of classes
127. In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?
The largest value
The 25th Percentile
The Smallest value
The median
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