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PPP is designed to be a flexible protocol that can support different types of network layer protocols

In PAP, the user's identity and password are sent in plaintext across the PPP link to the remote device for verification

Exchange routing information and determine the best path for forwarding IP packets within a network

OSPF uses cost-based routing, which means that it selects the best path for data traffic based on the lowest cost, rather than the shortest path

Disadvantages: OSPF can be complex to configure and maintain and may require significant resources to operate efficiently

LSAs contain the state and cost of each directly connected link

On of Frame Relay advantage Cost-effective

Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that allows users to securely connect to a private network over the internet

The MRU size specifies the minimum size of the packets that can be sent over the link.

PAP is one of the authentication protocols THAT NOT supported by PPP.

PAP is a more secure authentication protocol compared to CHAP since it uses a challenge-response mechanism to protect against replay attacks.

OSPF is highly scalable and CAN’T support large networks with many routers and subnets.

The frequency of link-state updates in OSPF depends on the stability of the only.

However, OSPF routers also use a feature called "aging" to ensure that LSAs are retained in the network indefinitely.

Leased lines - Public dedicated lines leased from a telecom carrier.

VPN works by using a combination of decryption and tunneling protocols to create a secure connection between the user's device and the private network.

LCP stand for

PAP stand for

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) it is

OSPF has a ....................... Which means that it can quickly adapt to changes in the network topology.

Advantages of OSPF provides:

Which of the following is the most commonly used version in OSPF

Share information about their local network topology with other routers in the network called:

By default, LSAs in OSPF have a lifetime of ................ , after which they are removed from the network.

This command displays the current OSPF configuration and status

Uses public infrastructure like the Internet to provide secure connections between the branch and central network.

Is a networking protocol used to establish a PPP connection over an Ethernet network

It works by dividing data into small frames, which are then transmitted over a shared network infrastructure to their destination

Frame Relay advantage:

MPLS provides several benefits, including

The major characteristics of WANs is They use the services of common carriers/ service provider.

Router is not one of the WAN Devices

WANs differ from LANs in several ways, one of them WAN → greater geographic distances.

HDLC is stand for High level data link control.

PPP is not stand for point to point protocol.

Circuit switching is a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in an broken path.

It is possible for a packet to be delivered if one of the nodes on its way is crashed momentarily. Thus all its queued packets may be lost.

N both packet switching methods, a message is broken into small parts, called packets.

The packets take a variety of possible paths through the network

No need for complete end-to-end path before communication can take place

The physical layer is responsible for wire or wireless connection between network nodes

…………….. Is a data communications network that extends across a large geographic area to interconnect LANs

WAN……………. A multiport internetworking device used in service provider networks

An example of leased line ?

Disadvantages of Packet switching

192.168.1.0 belongs to which of these classes ?

130.10.10.10 belongs to which of these classes ?

What is the mask for this ip 190.16.0.0

In packet switching, the ……… signal from your phone is converted into a ………. Data stream

End-user software such as web browsers and email clients