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ESC 1000 Midterm 1/7 and 2/7

Consider the following: words consist of one or more letters and sentences consist of one or more words (“Enough!”). How does this analogy apply to elements, minerals, and rocks?
Minerals consist of one or more elements, and rocks consist of one or more minerals.
Rocks consist of one or more elements, and elements consist of one of more minerals.
Minerals consist of one or more rocks, and rocks consist of one or more elements.
Elements consist of one or more minerals, and minerals consist of one or more rocks.
Which of the following is a mineral by definition?
Crude oil – A naturally - occurring flammable liquid composed of a mixture of various hydrocarbons
Olivine – An olive-green or brown crystal found in various types of igneous rock, with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Steel – A metal alloy made by mixing iron and other elements (usually carbon) in various combinations for a variety of industrial and home products
Obsidian – Volcanic glass of variable composition that cooled too quickly for any crystals to form
Refer to a periodic table (such as the one in your text). How many protons does the element silicon (Si) ALWAYS have?
14
28.09
14.09
The number of protons may vary.
Which of the following statements is NOT part of the octet rule?
Atoms may gain or lose electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
Atoms may share electrons so they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
If an atom does not have eight electrons in its outermost shell, it is likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms.
The octet rule is a chemical law and explains chemical bonding behavior for all elements.
Which of the following minerals is harder than a copper penny but softer than glass?
Calcite
Orthoclase
Fluorite
Gypsum
Which of the following statements about cleavage and crystal shape is NOT true?
All minerals have both a crystalline structure and cleavage.
Cleavage is caused by weak bonds within the mineral’s crystal structure.
A mineral tends to break along cleavage planes, but does not break along crystal faces.
A mineral will cleave with the same geometry no matter how finely the mineral crystal is broken.
Which group of minerals is most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Sulfides
Carbonates
Silicates
Halides
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic shared by both light and dark silicate minerals?
Silicon and oxygen in the crystalline structure
A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron building block
Commonly form from the cooling of molten rock (magma)
Iron and magnesium in the crystalline structure
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the rock cycle?
The rock cycle operates continually around Earth.
Changes in rocks take place over very long time periods.
The rock cycle shows the standard order of rock changes as magma  igneous rock  sediment  sedimentary rock  metamorphic  magma (repeat).
Portions of the cycle are driven by Earth’s internal heat while other portions get their energy from the Sun.
What processes form an igneous rock?
Weathering, transportation, and deposition
Lithification
Heat and pressure
Cooling and crystallization of magma
Imagine an igneous rock with large, visible mineral crystals. What can you conclude about the magma that formed this rock?
It cooled very slowly.
It cooled at Earth’s surface.
It was rich in silica.
It has undergone magmatic differentiation.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Granite and gabbro have similar cooling histories.
Rhyolite and granite have similar mineral compositions.
Diorite and andesite have similar cooling histories.
Mafic rocks are rich in the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar.
What is NOT true about mechanical weathering?
It increases a rock’s overall surface area exposed to the elements.
It does not change the chemical composition of the rock.
A common product is clay minerals.
It tends to increase the rate of chemical weathering.
Which of the following detrital sedimentary rocks is best associated with a lagoon depositional environment?
Conglomerate
Shale
Sandstone
Breccia
What does ALL limestone have in common?
All limestone forms from biochemical processes.
All limestone is composed mainly of the mineral calcite.
All limestone contains shells.
All limestone indicates a marine depositional environment.
Metamorphism takes place _______.
At or near the surface of Earth
When rock is buried and melted
When sediment is lithified through compaction or cementation processes
In the solid state
Toasting a piece of bread is analogous to the processes that produce what type of rock?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Any of the above
Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
Certain minerals may recrystallize.
The rock becomes more compact.
Crystals may grow larger.
All of the above.
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