New part5(1132-1172) nana 4

27) A 45-year-old white male presents to the ER after an episode of syncope. His medical history is unremarkable except for an upper respiratory infection one week ago. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg and respirations are 13/min. His neck veins are distended and his heart sounds are distant. His lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Chest x-ray reveals small bilateral pleural effusions and an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Which of the following EKG findings is fairly specific for his condition?

28) A 70-year-old patient presents to the ER with a 3-hour history of intensive retrosternal chest pain that radiates to the interscapular area. He states that he has never experienced this pain before. His past medical history is significant for a 20-year history of hypertension and a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus, type 2. His current medications include enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. He does not smoke or consume alcohol. His vital signs are BP 180/110 mmHg in the right arm and 178/110 mmHg in the left arm, PR 85/min and RR 18/min. The physical examination revealed an early decrescendo-type diastolic murmur at the left sternal border. The EKG is normal. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?

30) A 15-year-old male presents to your office on the advice of his football coach. The patient started playing football this year and suffered a syncopal episode at practice yesterday. He reports that he was sprinting with the rest of the team and became lightheaded. He lost consciousness and fell to the ground, regaining consciousness within one or two minutes. He suffered no trauma during the event. He has no prior history of head injury or recent illness. He has had no prior episodes of syncope. The patient is adopted and family history unavailable. Physical examination is unremarkable. What is the best course of action regarding this patient’s syncopal episode?

31) A 42-year-old man develops shortness of breath (SOB) and chest pain 7 days after an open cholecystectomy. His blood pressure is 145/86 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations 24/min, and oxygen saturation of 97%. Pulmonary embolism is clinically suspected. Which of the following is the most common ECG finding of pulmonary embolism?

32) A 32-year-old woman presents to the ED with a persistent fever of 101°F over the last 3 days. The patient states that she used to work as a convenience store clerk but was fired 2 weeks ago. Since then, she has been using drugs intravenously daily. Cardiac examination reveals a heart murmur. Her abdomen is soft and nontender with an enlarged spleen. Chest radiograph reveals multiple patchy infiltrates in both lung fields. Laboratory results reveal white blood cells (WBC) 14,000/µL with 91% neutrophils, hematocrit 33%, and platelets 250/µL. An ECG reveals sinus rhythm with first-degree heart block. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

33) An elderly man presents to the emergency department with chest pain. He has a history of stable angina and recent onset diabetes mellitus, but now the chest pain comes on with less exertion and takes longer to go away. An ECG and cardiac enzymes are ordered. If this man has unstable angina, what are the expected findings on ECG and cardiac enzyme testing?

34) A 64-year-old white man with type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department after “passing out.” While climbing the stairs, he felt dyspneic and lost consciousness as he reached the top. Before the event he experienced no palpitations or change in vision. When he awoke he felt alert and called for help immediately. He reports dyspnea on exertion for the past year. He has no history of chest pain, seizures, or recent illnesses. Medications include calcium and vitamin D supplements, glyburide, and synthroid. He is allergic to penicillin. Family history is noncontributory. He drinks wine socially and does not smoke or use illicit substances. His blood pressure is 136/92 mmHg, heart rate is 88/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F). Physical examination reveals a systolic crescendodecrescendo murmur best heard in the second right intercostal space with a soft S2. ECG shows nonspecific ST-segment changes and left ventricular hypertrophy with a normal heart rate and rhythm. Which of the following interventions will most likely reveal the cause of this syncopal event?

35) A 70-year-old man comes to his primary care physician for his annual check-up. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease, and had coronary artery bypass grafting 6 years ago. On examination the physician notes a right carotid bruit. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

36) A 62-year-old man with coronary artery disease (CAD) presents with presyncope. His physical examination is normal except for bradycardia (pulse 56 beats/min) and an irregular pulse. The electrocardiogram (ECG) shows Wenckebach’s type atrioventricular (AV) block. Which of the following are you most likely to see on the ECG?

37) A 36-year-old woman presents to the ED with sudden onset of left-sided chest pain and mild shortness of breath that began the night before. She was able to fall asleep without difficulty but woke up in the morning with persistent pain that is worsened upon taking a deep breath. She walked up the stairs at home and became very short of breath, which made her come to the ED. Two weeks ago, she took a 7-hour flight from Europe and since then has left-sided calf pain and swelling. What is the most common ECG finding for this patient’s presentation?

39) Yesterday you admitted a 55-year-old white male to the hospital for an episode of chest pain, and you are seeking to rule out MI plus assess for any underlying coronary artery disease. The patient tends to be anxious about his health. On admission, his lungs were clear, but his heart revealed a grade 1/6 early systolic murmur at the upper left sternal border without radiation. Blood pressure readings have consistently been in the 140/90 mmHg to 150/100 mmHg range. Cardiac enzymes are normal. A resting ECG shows only left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary ST-T changes (“LVH with strain”). Why would a treadmill ECG stress test not be an appropriate test in this patient?

40) A 67-year-old male presents to your office after community ultrasound screening revealed an aortic aneurysm measuring 3.0 x 3.5 cm. Physical examination confirms a palpable, pulsatile, nontender abdominal mass just above the umbilicus. The patient’s medical conditions include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco use. What is the best recommendation for the patient to consider?

41) A 67-year-old male presents to your clinic to establish primary care; he is asymptomatic. He has a history of hypertension for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide. His father had a myocardial infarction at age 62. The patient smoked until 5 years ago, but has been abstinent from tobacco since then. His blood pressure in the office today is 132/78 mmHg. Aside from being overweight, the remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following preventive health interventions would be most appropriately offered to him today?

43) An 81-year-old man is hospitalized for acute onset of shortness of breath and lower extremity edema. Although he lives by himself, it is very difficult for him to move around his apartment without experiencing fatigue. He has not seen his physician in years but was told in the past that he had high blood pressure. On physical examination his jugular venous pulse is palpated 9 cm above his sternal notch, inspiratory crackles are heard at his lung bases, and there is 3+ lower extremity edema. Which of the following will confirm the most likely diagnosis?

44) A 58-year-old man with no prior cardiac history presents with retrosternal chest pain starting at rest and lasting 30 minutes. The pain radiates to the left arm and is associated with diaphoresis and dyspnea. His blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg, pulse 100/min, the heart sounds are normal, and the lungs are clear to auscultation. Which of the following is the next most appropriate investigation?

46) A 58-year-old man is undergoing cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain symptoms. He is worried about the risks, and as part of obtaining informed consent, you advise him about the risks and benefits of the procedure. Which of the following aspects of angiography is true?

47) A 50-year-old man comes in for his annual check-up. There is a swelling on his left eyelid, which he casually acknowledges by saying that it has appeared "on-and-off for the past 2 years." It initially starts as a painful lesion which regresses with hot compresses, but then eventually reappears. On examination of his left eye, you note a nodular, painless, rubbery lesion on the eyelid without any discharge, redness or other abnormalities. What is the best next step in the management of his eye lesion?

48) A 60-year-old male farmer presents to the office for the evaluation of a slightly painful ulcer on the top of his lower lip. The ulcer has not healed since he first noticed it three months ago. He has always been healthy and denies any sexual activity during the past year. He is afebrile. Physical examination shows a 3x7 mm, partially encrusted ulcer in the vermilion zone near the moist line (mucocutaneous junction) of the lower lip, surrounded by a 6 x 12 mm area of induration. There are no palpable submental or submandibular lymph nodes. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Complete blood count and differential are normal. Biopsy of the ulcer will most likely to show

50) A 30-year-old black female has a 2-month history of non-productive cough and a painful skin eruption in the lower extremities. She denies fever or weight loss. Physical examination shows several non-tenders raised plaques around the nares and scattered similar plaques around the base of the neck. In the lower extremities she has several erythematous tender non-ulcerated nodules, measuring up to 4 cm in diameter. Chest x-ray reveals bilateral hilar adenopathy and a streaky interstitial density in the right upper lobe. What is the best way to establish a histological diagnosis?

51) A 72-year-old woman presents with pruritus for the past 6 weeks. She is careful to moisturize her skin after her daily shower and uses soap sparingly. She has never had this symptom before. The itching is diffuse and keeps her awake at night. Over this time she has lost 15 lb of weight and has noticed diminished appetite. She has previously been healthy and takes no medications. Physical examination shows no evidence of rash; a few excoriations are present. She appears fatigued and shows mild temporal muscle wasting. The general examination is otherwise unremarkable. What is the best next step in her management?

53) A 39-year-old male with a prior history of myocardial infarction complains of yellow bumps on his elbows and buttocks. Yellow-colored cutaneous plaques are noted in those areas. The lesions occur in crops and have a surrounding reddish halo. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation of this patient?

54) A 20-year-old white man notes an uneven tan on his upper back and chest. On examination, he has many circular, lighter macules with a barely visible scale that coalesce into larger areas. Which test is most likely to establish the diagnosis?

55) A 25-year-old postal worker presents with a pruritic, nonpainful skin lesion on the dorsum of his hand. It began like an insect bite but expanded over several days. On examination, the lesion has a black, necrotic center associated with severe local swelling. The patient does not appear to be systemically ill, and vital signs are normal. Which of the following is correct? .

56) A 25-year-old who has been living in Washington, DC, presents with a diffuse vesicular rash over his face and trunk. He also has fever. He has no history of chickenpox and has not received the varicella vaccine. Which of the following information obtained from history and physical examination suggests that the patient has chickenpox and not smallpox?

57) A 68-year-old man complains of several blisters arising over the back and trunk for the preceding 2 weeks. He takes no medications and has not noted systemic symptoms such as fever, sore throat, weight loss, or fatigue. The general physical examination is normal. The oral mucosa and the lips are normal. Several 2 to 3 cm bullae are present over the trunk and back. A few excoriations where the blisters have ruptured are present. The remainder of the skin is normal, without erythema or scale. What is the best diagnostic approach at this time?

58) A 49-year-old African-American male comes to the office and complains of headaches which have been worsening for the last three months. His other complaints include diffuse joint pains, pain on the lateral half of his right hand, difficulty getting his wedding ring out due to finger swelling, and difficulty holding and gripping objects with his right hand. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, which has not been controlled well despite compliance with medications, very low salt diet, and regular exercise. His current medications are amlodipine, lisinopril, and hydrochlorothiazide. His blood pressure is 146/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, temperature is 36.7°C (98°F) and respirations are 14/min. His facial features appear coarse when compared to his driver's license photo, which was taken three years ago. His palms are sweaty and have a doughy feel. His skin is oily. There are multiple skin tags, particularly around his neck area. Hand examination reveals positive Tinel's and Phalen's sign. Which of the following will be the most helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis?

59) A 54-year-old male comes to the office for follow-up care of his foot ulcer. He has no complaints regarding the ulcer, but he has recently become polyuric and polydipsic. Fasting blood work reveals elevated glucose levels. He is prescribed oral hypoglycemics, and counseled on self-monitoring at home. On his next follow-up visit, the patient proudly states that he has been "very compliant" with his medications, and that his glucose levels are "always well-controlled." Which of the following is the best way to determine whether this patient is telling the truth?

60) A 48-year-old white male complains of generalized bone pain after undergoing bowel surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. His pain is more severe at the lower spine, pelvis, and lower extremities. Examination shows tenderness over the lower spine, pelvis, and lower extremities. Proximal muscle weakness is noted. X-rays of the lumbar spine show decreased bone density with blurring of the spine. X-rays of the femoral neck show pseudofractures, bilaterally. Which of the following lab abnormalities is consistent with this patient's diagnosis?

61) A 24-year-old white female is brought to the emergency department (ED) by her mother due to altered mental status. According to her mother, she suffered from viral gastroenteritis 4 days ago. Since then, she has been on oral fluids. Over the past 2 days, her condition had been deteriorating, but she kept refusing admission to the hospital. Her past history is not significant, except for excessive thirst, water intake and weight loss over the past two months. Her blood pressure is 100/56 mmHg, pulse is 120/min (regular and weak), temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), and respirations are 28/min (rapid and deep). Pulse oximetry is 94% on room air. She is arousable and moves all her extremities. Her mucous membranes are very dry. Her neck is supple. The chest is clear on auscultation. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

62) A 21-year-old female has a several month history of easy fatigability and palpitations. She also complains of excessive sweating. She follows a strict, low calorie diet in order to lose weight. Her blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg and her heart rate is 100/min. Her BMI is 19kg/m2 Thyroid function testing reveals the following findings: TSH decreased, Total T4 high, Total T3 high. Radioiodine uptake is diffusely decreased over the thyroid gland. Which of the following is the most likely pathologic finding on biopsy of this woman's thyroid gland?

63) A 45-year-old white male patient presents for the evaluation of high blood pressure. He also complains of polyuria, polydipsia and fatigue. His past medical and family histories are unremarkable. He does not use tobacco, alcohol or drugs. His blood pressure is 180/100mmHg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show low serum potassium and high plasma aldosterone levels. CT scan of the abdomen shows a small, right adrenal mass. Which of the following additional findings is most likely to be present in this patient?

64) A 28-year-old white female presents to the office for the evaluation of goiter. She denies any recent change in appetite or weight, diarrhea, constipation, heat or cold intolerance, dyspnea and hoarseness. Her menses are normal and regular. Examination shows a symmetrically enlarged, non-tender, firm and rubbery thyroid gland. There is no lymphadenopathy. The rest of the physical examination is normal. Laboratory studies reveal an elevated serum TSH level with normal T4 and T3 levels. Serological testing for Hashimoto's thyroiditis is ordered. Which of the following are the most prevalent antibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

65) An elderly woman is brought to the emergency department (ED) by her husband in a semiconscious state. According to her husband, she had complained of feeling unwell "over the past day or so”, but he only became very concerned when he returned from work today and found her very drowsy and difficult to arouse. Her past medical history is significant for diabetes with diabetic nephropathy and hypothyroidism. Her medications include thyroxine, metformin, gliclazide and lisinopril. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99°F), blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg, and pulse is 90/min. GCS = 13/15 (Motor 6, Verbal4, Eye3). She is confused and not oriented to time or place, but is able to follow commands. Physical examination reveals dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. Neurological examination reveals weakness in the left arm. The rest of the examination is unremarkable. Urinalysis shows: Blood negative, Glucose +++, Ketones negative, Protein +, Leukocyte esterase negative, Nitrites negative, WBC 10-20/HPF. Which of the following is the most appropriate next investigation to perform?

66) A 45-year-old female comes to the office for the evaluation of excessive hair growth over her face and body. Her hirsutism rapidly developed over a period of 3 months. She underwent bilateral tubal ligation 4 years ago. Her menstrual cycles were regular in the past, but for the last 3 months, she has not had a menstrual period. She denies any hot flashes or vaginal discomfort. On physical examination, her height is 5'2" (169 cm) and weight is 140 lbs (63.5kg). A large amount of coarse terminal hair is noted on her face, chest and lower abdomen. She appears masculine and has an enlarged clitoris. There is significant temporal balding. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

67) A 27-year-old Caucasian male is diagnosed with medullary thyroid carcinoma that is non-resectable. His past medical history is insignificant. He does not smoke or consume alcohol. His family history is significant for thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma in his father. Which of the following tests could have been most effective in preventing this patient's non-resectable cancer? .

68) A 35-year-old Caucasian male presents with weakness, fatigue, and weight loss over the past year. He is anorexic and has lost interest in all his activities. His temperature is 37.1°C (99°F), pulse is 84/min, blood pressure is 101/72 mmHg, and respirations are 14/min. On physical examination, he does not appear to be in acute distress. Dark brown pigmentation is present on his skin creases and oral cavity mucous membranes. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.3 g/dL, WBC count 3,000/micro-L, Neutrophils 60%, Monocytes 5%,Eosinophils 10%, Basophils 1%, Lymphocytes 24%, Serum sodium 130 meq/L, Serum potassium 5.5 meq/L. Chest x-ray and PPD tests are normal. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

69) A 56-year-old female comes to the office and complains of general malaise and headaches. Her other symptoms are episodic palpitations, throbbing headaches and diaphoresis. She feels "very anxious all the time." Her past medical history is unremarkable. Her deceased sister had very high blood pressure. Her blood pressure is 230/110 mmHg and pulse is 110/min. Initial laboratory studies reveal: WBC 7,000/cmm, Hb 11.2 g/L, Platelets 325,000/cmm, Calcium 11.9 mg/dl. What is the best next step in the evaluation of this patient?

70) A 23-year-old man presents to your office complaining of occasional headaches, muscle weakness and fatigue. He also describes periodic numbness of his extremities. The symptoms started 6 months ago and have gradually progressed. His past medical history is insignificant. He is not taking any medication. His blood pressure is 165/104 mmHg and heart rate is 80/min. His physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following laboratory findings is the most specific for the patient's condition?

71) A 58-year-old Caucasian male presents with polyuria and polydipsia for the past 4 months. He also reports easy bruising and difficulty in climbing stairs. He weighs 180 lbs (81.6kg) and is 5'7"(170cm) tall. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 76/min, blood pressure is 155/100 mmHg, and respirations are 15/min. Physical examination reveals significant proximal muscle weakness of all the extremities. Skin examination reveals significant pigmentation on the exposed areas. Lab studies show: Sodium 145 meq/L, Potassium 2.9 meq/L, Bicarbonate 30 meq/L, Fasting blood glucose 240 mg/dL, Hemoglobin 13 g/dL, WBC 14,000/micro-L, Neutrophils 70%, Lymphocytes 23%, Monocytes 5%, Basophils 1%,Eosinophils 1%, 24hr urinary free cortisol 1100 microgram, Plasma ACTH 250 pg/mL (Normal 9-52 pg/mL). High dose dexamethasone suppression test did not decrease the 24 hr urinary cortisol excretion. Which of the following is consistent with this patient's findings?

72) A 60-year-old white male is hospitalized due to an acute myocardial infarction. His other medical problems include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and degenerative joint disease. He admits to smoking 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years, as well as drinking 2 bottles of beer daily for the past 15 years. His medications include aspirin, glyburide, metoprolol, enalapril, heparin, and albuterol and ipratropium inhalers. His blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). During his stay in the hospital, a number of blood tests were ordered. Which of the following lab abnormalities is an indication for thyroid function testing?

73) A 45-year-old unconscious male is brought to the emergency room. His airway is secured, oxygen is administered, and his vitals are as follows Temperature 36.4°C (97.8°F); PR 102/min; BP 90/65 mmHg; RR 27/min. An IV line is secured and blood and urine samples are drawn. Lab results are as follows: Blood urea nitrogen 40 mg/dl, Calcium 9.1 mg/dl, ALT 50 U/L, AST 60 U/L, Ammonia 15 micro-mol/1 (Normal is 9-33 micro-mol/1), PT 13 sec, APTT 30 sec, Amylase 100 U/L, Glucose 400 mg/dl, Sodium 134 meq/L, Potassium 5.2 meq/L, Chloride 97 meq/L, Bicarbonate 12 meq/L. Arterial Blood Gases: PH 7.19, PaCO2 25 mm Hg, PaO2 80 mm Hg. Blood and urine are positive for ketones. A diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is made and IV infusion of normal saline and regular insulin are started. What will be a most reliable index for monitoring the response to treatment?

74) A 27-year-old woman presents to the office due to a significant amount of hair on her cheeks, chin and upper lips. This symptom developed over the past two months. Her last menstrual period was 12 weeks ago, but she did not seek medical help because her home pregnancy test was negative. Her medical history is unremarkable. She denies taking any medications other than oral contraceptive pills. Physical examination reveals acne on the forehead and cheeks; there is terminal hair on the upper lip, cheeks, chin, upper chest and lower abdomen. Examination of the genitals shows clitoromegaly. The abdominal exam is normal; the uterus is normal in size. Ultrasound reveals a normal uterus and ovaries, but there is a left adrenal mass. Which of the following measurements is most specific for this patient's condition?

75) A 16-year-old female presents to the office with her mother and complains of changes in her physical appearance over the past year. She first noted the appearance of dark hair on the cheeks, upper lips, around the nipples and umbilicus. Her menstrual cycles have always been irregular since her menarche at age 14. Her medical history is otherwise unremarkable. She denies taking any medications. She has a boyfriend, but claims that she is still not sexually active. Her blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and temperature is 37°C (98°F). Pelvic examination could not be performed, and abdominal examination is normal. Ultrasound is normal. Results of the initial workup are as follows: Serum Na+ 140mEq/L, Serum K+ 4.0mEq/L, Serum Cl- 98 mEq/L, Bicarbonate 25 mEq/L, 1,7-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone elevated. According to these findings, which of the following hormone deficiencies does this patient most likely have?

76) A 6-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a routine physical examination. His mother reports no problems over the past year except that he seems to be shorter than the other boys in his class. His mother is 163 cm (5'4") tall and experienced menarche at age 12 years, and his father is 178 cm (5'10") tall and went through puberty at approximately age 14 years. On his growth curve, the boy’s height was at the 10th percentile at birth, at the sixth percentile by age 3 years, and at the third percentile now. His weight is currently at the 25th percentile. Which of the following is most important in this patient’s evaluation?

77) A 16-year-old obese Hispanic girl presents to her physician’s office complaining of ugly skin around my neck‖ and having to wear turtlenecks. On examination the physician notes darkening and thickening of the skin, which has a velvety appearance. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action?

79) A 45-year-old woman with chronic alcohol abuse admitted 3 days ago for nausea and severe diarrhea now complains of perioral and finger tingling. She was admitted for hydration after 1 week of severe watery diarrhea. She has been receiving intravenous hydration and dextrose but has not been able to take oral nutrition secondary to continued nausea. Her blood pressure is 130/74 mmHg, pulse is 68/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. She is afebrile. Physical examination is significant for facial twitching on percussion of her facial nerve just anterior to the ear, as well as the induction of carpal spasm after the inflation of a blood pressure cuff on her arm. Which of the following is most likely to have caused these findings?

81) A 65-year-old black female presents for an annual examination. Physical examination is unremarkable for her age. In completing the appropriate screening tests, you order a dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate whether the patient has osteoporosis. DXA results reveal a T-score of 3.0 at the total hip and −2.7 at the spine, consistent with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Since her Z-score is -2.0, you proceed with an initial evaluation of secondary osteoporosis. Laboratory evaluation reveals: Calcium: 9.7 mg/dL, Cr: 1.0 mg/dL, Bun: 19 mg/d, Glucose: 98 mg/dL, 25, OH vitamin D: 12 ng/mL (optimal > 25), WBC: 7700/μL, Hg: 12 g/dL, HCT: 38 g/dL, PLT: 255,000/μL. Based on the above information, additional laboratory would most likely reveal which of the following?

82) A 58-year-old male is referred to your office after evaluation in the emergency room for abdominal pain. The patient was diagnosed with gastritis but a CT scan with contrast performed during the workup of his pain revealed a 2-cm adrenal mass. The patient has no history of malignancy and denies erectile dysfunction. Physical examination reveals a BP of 122/78 mmHg with no gynecomastia or evidence of Cushing syndrome. His serum potassium is normal. What is the next step in determining whether this patient’s adrenal mass should be resected?

83) A 36-year-old white female comes to the office due to swelling in front of her neck. She denies any hoarseness, dysphagia, fever, chills, diarrhea, constipation, heat or cold intolerance, and changes in appetite or weight. Her menstrual cycles are regular. She does not have any history of head and neck irradiation. Her family history is negative for thyroid problems. Her blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). Examination of the neck shows a 2 x 2 cm, discrete, non-tender, firm, mobile nodule in the left thyroid lobe. There is no cervical lymphadenopathy. The rest of the examination is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the evaluation of this patient?

84) A 40-year-old African American female comes to you for her routine medical check-up. She admits to smoking one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. Her mother and one maternal uncle have diabetes. Her height is five feet six inches, and weight is 130 lbs. Her blood pressure is 122/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and temperature is 37°C (98°F). What is the most appropriate screening test for diabetes mellitus?

85) A 41-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with palpitations. On questioning she notes heat intolerance, nervousness, and insomnia. On physical examination the physician notes a fine tremor, diffuse non-pitting edema of the anterior lower leg, and bulging of both of her eyes. What finding on blood test would confirm the diagnosis?

86) A 4-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his worried mother. She notes that he urinates 10 times a day and is always drinking water. She also reports that despite eating more than either of his brothers did at the same age, he is not gaining any weight. Which of the following human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types is associated with the most likely diagnosis for this child?

87) A 40-year-old alcoholic male is being treated for tuberculosis, but he has not been compliant with his medications. He complains of increasing weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and nausea over the preceding three weeks. He appears thin, and his blood pressure is 80/50 mmHg. There is increased pigmentation over the elbows and in the palmar creases. Cardiac examination is normal. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation?

88) A 58-year-old postmenopausal female presents to your office on suggestion from a urologist. She has passed 3 kidney stones within the past 3 years. She is taking no medications. Her basic laboratory work shows the following: Na: 139 mEq/L, K: 4.2 mEq/L, HCO3: 25 mEq/L, Cl: 101 mEq/L, BUN: 19 mg/dL, Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL, Ca: 11.2 mg/dL. A repeat calcium level is 11.4 mg/dL; PO4 is 2.3 mmol/L (normal above 2.5). Which of the following tests will confirm the most likely diagnosis?

90) A 64-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle crash and receives a CT of the abdomen that shows a finding of a unilateral mass in the left adrenal gland. He is unharmed from the accident, feels well, and has never smoked. His blood pressure is 155/90 mmHg, deep tendon reflexes are 3/4, and muscle strength is 4/5. Laboratory studies show: Na+: 150 mEq/L, K+: 3.0 mEq/L, Cl−: 105 mEq/L, HCO −: 36 mEq/L. Plasma renin activity is also decreased. Which of the following is most likely to be increased?

91) A 19-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is taking 30 units of NPH insulin each morning and 15 units at night. Because of persistent morning glycosuria with some ketonuria, the evening dose is increased to 20 units. This worsens the morning glycosuria, and now moderate ketones are noted in urine. The patient complains of sweats and headaches at night. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? .

92) A 48-year-old high school teacher with no prior medical history presents to his primary care physician after feeling extremely fatigued for > 1 month. Previously an avid runner, he has recently experienced dyspnea on moderate exertion. Although he denies vomiting, he admits to intermittent episodes of diarrhea. His blood pressure is 73/37 mmHg and he is afebrile. On physical examination his skin is warm and erythematous, and his jugular venous pressure is elevated. Cardiac examination reveals a systolic murmur near the right border of the sternum that is accentuated with inspiration. Which of the following is most consistent with these findings?

93) A 3010-g (6.6-lb) boy was born to a 37-year-old primagravida by spontaneous vaginal delivery after an uncomplicated pregnancy. On examination he has cyanotic extremities and a significant right precordial heave, a single S2, and a harsh systolic ejection murmur along the sternal border. He also has a prominent squared nose and cleft palate. An echocardiogram is subsequently performed and demonstrates tetralogy of Fallot. Corrective surgery is performed without complications. At 2 months of age the infant is diagnosed with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, and at 3 months he is diagnosed with fungal septicemia. Additional work-up of this child should include which of the following tests?

94) A 50-year-old female is evaluated for hypertension. Her blood pressure is 130/98 mmHg. She complains of polyuria and mild muscle weakness. She is on no blood pressure medication. On physical examination, the PMI is displaced to the sixth intercostal space. There is no sign of congestive heart failure and no edema. Laboratory values are as follows: Na+: 147 mEq/dL, K +: 2.3 mEq/dL, Cl−: 112 mEq/dL, HCO3: 27 mEq/dL. The patient denies the use of diuretics or over-the-counter agents to decrease fluid retention or promote weight loss. She does not eat licorice. Which of the following tests is most useful in establishing a diagnosis?

95) A 36-year-old female complains of inability to lose weight despite low-calorie diet and daily exercise. She has also noticed that she is cold intolerant. She is wearing a jacket even though it is summer. She also reports constipation and hair loss. These symptoms have been worsening over the past 2 to 3 months. An elevated TSH and low total and free T4 confirm your suspicion of hypothyroidism. You suspect the etiology of this patient’s hypothyroidism to be autoimmune thyroiditis. What is the best test to confirm the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis?

96) A 72-year-old man with end stage renal disease secondary to hypertension presents with several months of back pain. He denies fever, weight loss, difficulty walking, altered sensation in his legs, or incontinence. He was diagnosed with renal disease 20 years ago and was managed medically for many years. However, 2 years ago he began hemodialysis because of a progressive decline in renal function. There is no family history of renal disease or malignancy. Physical examination is unremarkable. X-ray of the chest shows ill-defined bands of increased bone density adjacent to the vertebral endplates. What laboratory abnormalities is most likely in this patient?

97) An 82-year-old woman presents 1-hour after the sudden onset of moderate-to-severe epigastric pain. The pain radiates to her back, both scapulae, and both arms. She has been nauseated and vomited three times in the past hour. Her past medical history is remarkable for peptic ulcer disease 10-years ago, cholelithiasis for the past 6-years, and stable angina pectoris for the past 3-years. She has had occasional episodes of biliary colic and two bouts of acute cholecystitis which were treated conservatively. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 14/min. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Abdominal examination shows a soft abdomen with mild tenderness to palpation in the epigastrium. Murphy's sign is negative. Which of the following studies should be done first?

98) A 65-year-old woman presents with a 2-month history of fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. She takes no medication. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), blood pressure is 162/83 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 21/min. Auscultation shows a 2/6 systolic murmur in the 2nd right intercostal space. No peripheral edema is noted. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. EKG shows sinus tachycardia and non-specific ST-T changes. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.1 g/L, MCV 73 fl, Platelets 360,000/mm3, Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3, Neutrophils 56%, Eosinophils 1%, Lymphocytes 33%, Monocytes 10%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

99) A 45-year-old Mexican male presents with a 2-day history of traces of blood on the tissue paper after he wipes. He does not have gross blood mixed with stool, but on one occasion there were drops of blood in the toilet after defecation. He has no past medical history or family history of cancer or other significant disease. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

100) A 26-year-old man presents with a 1-week history of intermittent, crampy, lower abdominal pain accompanied by rectal urgency, bloody diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. His symptoms have become more severe over the past 24 hours. His past medical history is unremarkable. He denies any recent travel or antibiotic use. His temperature is 38.5°C (102.0°F), blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 15/min. Abdominal examination reveals distension and tenderness to palpation without rebound or guarding. The bowel sounds are decreased. Rectal examination shows marked rectal tenderness and mucus mixed with blood in the vault. An x-ray film of the abdomen shows distended colon filled with gas. Laboratory studies show: Hb 10.8 g/dl, WBC 19,600/cmm, Platelet count 459,000/cmm, ESR 54/hr. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

101) A 34-year-old woman complains of occasional diarrhea and crampy lower abdominal pain. She says that at times her symptoms hamper her performance in important business meetings. The pain sometimes occurs after meals but is not always preceded by eating. The pain is often accompanied by diarrhea with small amounts of stool and mucus. Her past medical history is significant for bleeding hemorrhoids. Her mother died of colon cancer. Which of the following findings is most likely in this patient?

102) A 40-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort. The discomfort is localized to the center of the upper abdomen and is not related to meals or fatty food. She has a history of similar symptoms. She has not had gastrointestinal bleeding, fatigue, dysphagia, or weight loss. Her mother has a history of gastric ulcer. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Complete physical examination is unremarkable. Stool for heme occult is negative. Complete blood count and serum chemistries are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

103) A 30-year-old woman presents with a 5-month history of episodic retrosternal pain that radiates to the interscapular region. The pain episodes typically last 15 minutes, and are precipitated by emotional stress and hot or cold food. Her relative gave her sublingual nitroglycerine tablets, which alleviated the pain. Her past medical history is unremarkable, and she does not take any other medications. There is no family history of coronary artery disease. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A lipid profile is within normal limits. An EKG shows a normal sinus rhythm. A stress test fails to reproduce the symptoms or to induce ST/T wave changes. Chest x-ray, upper GI endoscopy, and echocardiography show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

104) A 45-year-old male comes to the physician for epigastric pain and diarrhea. His past medical history is significant for chronic duodenal ulcers. He has been smoking 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. He occasionally drinks alcohol. He denies illegal drug use or multiple sexual partners. Physical examination shows abdominal tenderness without rebound or rigidity. Endoscopy shows prominent gastric folds, chronic duodenal ulcer, and upper jejunal ulceration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the diagnosis of this patient?

105) A 32-year-old female from South America presents with a 3-month history of progressive difficulty with swallowing for both liquids and solids. At night she has a bitter taste in her mouth. Over the past two months, she has had a 10 lb (4.54 kg) weight loss. She has not had any previous illnesses, and does not take any medication. Physical examination is unremarkable. A lateral x-ray film of the chest shows extreme dilatation of the esophagus with an air fluid level. Which of the following is the diagnostic test for this patient's condition?

106) A 50-year-old man presents with a 3-hour history of right arm pain. Two weeks ago, he was treated for superficial thrombophlebitis of the right cephalic and right saphenous veins. For the past two months, he has had significant back pain, which is being treated with NSAIDs. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 10/min. Physical examination shows a swollen, ruddy and warm right arm, but is otherwise unremarkable. Cervical and chest x-ray films show no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hct 50%, Platelets 120,000/cmm, WBC 9,600/cmm, Neutrophils 60%, Eosinophils 2%, Basophils 0%, Lymphocytes 31%, Monocytes 7%, PT 25 sec, PTT 39 sec, Fibrinogen 300 mg/dL, Fibrin split products positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

107) A 45-year-old Asian-American female comes to the physician due to bloating, flatulence, abdominal cramps and explosive watery diarrhea. These symptoms occur after ingesting dairy products. She has not had any weight loss. She has not had bone pain or easy bruising. Physical examination shows abdominal distention and borborygmi. You decide to investigate the patient further. Which of the following test results is most likely to be observed?

108) A 50-year-old male undergoes vagotomy and pyloroplasty for a peptic ulcer perforation. His early postoperative course is complicated by fever and hypotension, which are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and IV fluid support. He then recovers well; however, on post-operative day 6 he develops nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and profuse, watery diarrhea. His temperature is 38.9°C (102° F), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 18/min. Abdominal examination shows tenderness in the sigmoidal area. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. Laboratory studies show: Hb 11.5g/dL, Platelet count 180, 000/cmm, Leukocyte count 17, 500/cmm, segmented neutrophils 75%, Bands 10%, Eosinophils 1%, Lymphocytes 14%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

109) A 68-year-old woman with a history of heavy alcohol use and chronic pancreatitis presents with a several month history of recurrent epigastric pain. The pain is occasionally associated with nausea and vomiting. She has lost 15 lbs (6.8 kg) over the past 3 months. She is afebrile. Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Laboratory studies show: Albumin 3.0 mgldl, Total bilirubin 3.5 mgldl, Direct bilirubin 24 mgldl, Alkaline phosphatase 220 U/L, Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) 28 U/L, Alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) 25 U/L, Amylase 145 U/L, Lipase 100 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

110) A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department due to a one day history of abdominal pain and increasing distension. He has not passed flatus during this time. He has had nausea without vomiting. He has a history of cirrhosis secondary to chronic alcoholism. He is taking spironolactone and furosemide. His temperature is 38.0°C (101.3°F), blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical examination shows a slightly confused man with a flapping tremor. Breathing is labored and lungs are clear to auscultation. Abdominal examination shows distension, tenderness to palpation with rebound, and no guarding; a fluctuating wave and shifting dullness are present. Abdominal auscultation shows splashing and markedly decreased bowel sounds. An x-ray film of the chest shows no abnormalities. An x-ray film of the abdomen shows gas in the small and large bowels without air-fluid levels. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

111) A 42-year-old male presents with a 2-year history of heartburn. The heartburn occurs after heavy meals and while supine. Over time, his symptoms have been increasing in severity and frequency. His symptoms used to be alleviated with the use of over-the-counter antacids, but these have become ineffective in the past two months. He also complains of epigastric pain and occasional vomiting, both of recent onset, especially in the morning. He denies dysphagia or odynophagia. He eats junk food and drinks two cups of coffee daily. He regularly drinks grape brandy and smokes 1 pack of cigarettes/day. Abdominal examination shows epigastric tenderness. Abdominal ultrasound is unremarkable. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

112) A 66-year-old man returns to the emergency department (ED) for a second time because of persistent left lower quadrant pain and developing fever, despite 48 hours of oral antibiotics. He had presented to the ED 2 days ago because of left lower quadrant pain. He was able to tolerate a diet and had no fever; he was then sent home on antibiotics, and instructed to return if there was no improvement. He has a 2-week history of constipation without regular bowel movements. Laxatives have not relieved his symptoms. His diet consists of meat with very few vegetables. His vital signs are within normal limits, except for a low-grade fever. Abdominal examination shows left lower quadrant tenderness and guarding. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a WBC of 16,400/cmm. He is admitted and started on IV antibiotics. Forty-eight hours later, his symptoms persist without any improvement. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

113) A 58-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right subcostal heaviness, intermittent pain, food intolerance, and 13.2 lbs-weight loss (6kg) over the past 2 months. Her pain has been worsening for the past 2 days; it was initially localized to the right upper quadrant, but has now shifted to her back. Her past medical history is remarkable for appendicitis, which was complicated by perforation and peritonitis 20 years ago. Abdominal examination shows epigastric tenderness. There is a palpable mass below the right costal margin. Murphy's sign is negative. Abdominal ultrasound shows an enlarged gallbladder and dilation of the hepatic ducts. Laboratory studies show: WBC 11,000/cmm, Total bilirubin 24 mg/dl, Direct bilirubin 1.6 mg/dl, Alkaline phosphatase 310 U/L, Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) 87 U/L, Alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) 56 U/L, Amylase 140 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

114) A 50-year-old white male presents with complaints of bitter taste and central chest pain. He further describes he pain as moderate-to-severe, occurring during or after meals, non-radiating, and burning. The pain is relieved with antacids, and worsened by lying supine. He has lost 10 lbs (4.5kg) over the past 5-months (unintentional). He has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His vital signs are stable, and he is afebrile. The physical examination is unremarkable. Chest x-ray and EKG show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

115) A 63-year-old man presents with a 2-month history of dysphagia for both solids and liquids. He has had a 6.6 lb (3kg) weight loss over this time. His past medical history is remarkable for a transient ischemic attack 6 months ago, two bouts of pneumonia in the past 3 months, and chronic heartburn treated with over-the-counter antacids. Physical examination shows a supple neck without masses. Abdominal examination shows mild epigastric tenderness to deep palpation. Chest x-ray is normal for his age. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

116) A 47 -year-old male comes to the emergency department complaining of an intense burning pain in his abdomen. The pain started a couple of hours ago and is getting worse. He also has nausea and vomited twice. The vomitus is described as dark red-brown in color. He drank "quite a bit of alcohol' last night. He has had several episodes of this type of pain before, and was diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease five years ago. Several courses of H. Pylori eradication therapy have been prescribed in the past, but the patient admits to being non-compliant. He admits to smoking and drinking heavily. His temperature is 36.8° C (98.2° F), blood pressure is 126/88 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. The physical examination is remarkable for marked epigastric tenderness. No masses or rebound tenderness are appreciated. IV fluids are administered, blood tests are taken, and upper Gl endoscopy is being arranged. Which of the following serum markers is most likely to be elevated in this patient?

117) A 65-year-old Asian male presents to the physician with a four-week history of weakness and vague postprandial epigastric pain. His past medical history is insignificant. He does not take any medications. He smokes 1½packs of cigarettes daily and drinks alcohol occasionally. The fecal occult blood test is positive. Gastroduodenoscopy shows an antral ulcer. Four of seven biopsies taken from the margins of the ulcer are consistent with adenocarcinoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

118) A 45-year-old male presents to the office with complaints of progressive difficulty in swallowing both solids and liquids. His other complaints include occasional regurgitation of undigested food, and a nighttime cough which disturbs his sleep. The physical examination is unremarkable. Barium studies show a dilated esophagus, loss of esophageal peristalsis, and smooth tapering of the distal esophagus. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

119) A 76-year-old man with multi-infarct dementia is brought to the emergency department because of lethargy. For the past 6 months, he has had difficulties with feeding and occasionally regurgitates undigested food. In recent days, his condition has deteriorated, and he has become lethargic. He has a history of hypertension for 15 years, chronic atrial fibrillation for 7 years, dementia for 5 years, and frequent respiratory tract infections for the past year. His temperature is 37.8°C (101.5°F), blood pressure is 150/95 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 26/min. Physical examination shows foul-smelling breath; there is a fluctuating mass in the left side of his neck. Auscultation shows crackles in the right lung base. An x-ray film of the chest shows multiple infiltrates without cavitation in the right lower lung field. The patient is admitted, sputum and blood cultures are sent, and antibiotics are started. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

120) A 69-year-old man has had pain in left lower quadrant (LLQ) for 3 days. The pain was intermittent, but since yesterday it has been constant. He also had sweating and chills for the last 2 days. He hasn't had a bowel movement for 4 days, but has passed flatus. He vomited once and still has nausea. His past medical history is remarkable for constipation and nephrolithiasis. His vital signs are: PR: 110/min; BP: 122/80mm Hg; RR: 24/min; Temperature: 38.6°C (101.3°F). His abdomen is soft and tender to palpation in the left lower quadrant. Deep palpation is difficult but reveals no masses or organomegaly. Bowel sounds are decreased. Rectal exam is positive for enlarged prostate. Costovertebral angle tenderness is absent. Ultrasound shows bilateral hydronephrosis and stones in the kidneys. His laboratory test results are: WBC 14,500/cmm, Hb 11.7gm/dl, Hct 34%, ESR 40/hour, BUN43 mg/dl, Creatinine 2.0 mg/dl. Urinalysis RBC 4-10/hpf; WBC 3/hpf; few hyaline casts; many oxalate crystals. The next step should be?

121) A 46-year-old white male presents with chronic diarrhea, abdominal distention, flatulence, and weight loss. He also has arthralgias and bulky, frothy stools. He has never had blood transfusions, tattooing or highrisk sexual behaviors. His temperature is 38.3°C (101°F), blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination shows generalized lymphadenopathy and skin hyperpigmentation. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic test?

122) A 40-year-old male comes to the physician complaining of diarrhea with pale, voluminous, foulsmelling stools that are difficult to flush. He has had this problem sporadically for years, but has neglected medical care. He also has severe, intermittent, epigastric pain lasting 15 to 30 minutes after eating. He admits to chronic alcohol consumption. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the best test to confirm fat malabsorption in this patient?

123) A 40-year-old man with long-standing alcohol abuse complains of abdominal swelling, which has been progressive over several months. He has a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. On physical examination, there are spider angiomas and palmar erythema. Abdominal collateral vessels are seen around the umbilicus. There is shifting dullness, and bulging flanks are noted. Which of the following is the most important first step in the patient’s evaluation?

124) A 70-year-old man presents with a complaint of fatigue. There is no history of alcohol abuse or liver disease; the patient is taking no medications. Scleral icterus is noted on physical examination; the liver and spleen are nonpalpable. The patient has a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Urinalysis shows bilirubinuria with absent urine urobilinogen. Serum bilirubin is 12 mg/dL, AST and ALT are normal, and alkaline phosphatase is 300 U/L (three times normal). Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation?

125) A 45-year-old woman presents with a 1-week history of jaundice, anorexia, and right upper quadrant discomfort. On examination she is icteric, with a tender right upper quadrant and liver span of 14 cm. There is no shifting dullness or pedal edema and the heart and lungs are normal. On further inquiry, she reports consuming one bottle of wine a day for the past 6 months. Which of the following laboratory tests are most likely to be characteristic of a patient with jaundice secondary to alcoholic hepatitis? .

126) A 60-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse presents to the ED with hematemesis for 1 day. He denies abdominal or chest pain. On physical examination, his eyes appear reddened which he attributes to having drunken heavily the night before (he also reveals vomiting several times after this recent binge). Vital signs are HR 115 beats per minute, BP 130/85 mm Hg, RR 18 breaths per minute, and temperature 99.5°F. Chest radiograph is unremarkable. Laboratory results reveal a WBC 10,000/μL, haemoglobin 14 mg/dL, hematocrit 40%, and platelets 210/μL. Which diagnosis is endoscopic evaluation most likely to confirm?