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Diagnosis USMLE 8 (1401-1494)

A previously healthy 18-month-old has been in a separate room from his family. The family notices the sudden onset of coughing, which resolves in a few minutes. Subsequently, the patient appears to be normal except for increased amounts of drooling and refusal to take foods orally. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this toddler’s condition?

Severe gastroesophageal reflux

Foreign body in the airway

Croup

Epiglottitis

Foreign body in the esophagus

A previously healthy 21-year-old woman has a profuse, malodorous vaginal discharge. Examination shows a greenish gray "frothy" discharge with a "fishy" odor and petechial lesions on the cervix. There is no cervical motion tenderness. Her temperature is 37.5 C (99.4 F), blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 16/min. Microscopic evaluation of the discharge is most likely to show which of the following?

. "Clue cells"

. Gram-negative diplococci

. Gram-positive diplococci

. Motile, flagellated organisms

. Pseudohyphae or hyphae

A previously healthy 55-year-old man undergoes elective right hemicolectomy for a stage I (T2N0M0) cancer of the cecum. His postoperative ileus is somewhat prolonged, and on the fifth postoperative day his nasogastric tube is still in place. Physical examination reveals diminished skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and orthostatic hypotension. Pertinent laboratory values are as follows:Arterial blood gases: pH 7.56, PCO2 50 mm Hg, PO2 85 mm Hg.Serum electrolytes (mEq/L): Na+ 132, K+ 3.1, Cl- 80; HCO3- 42.Urine electrolytes (mEq/L): Na+ 2, K+ 5, Cl- 6What is the patient’s acid–base abnormality?

. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis

. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

. Combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

. Mixed respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

A previously healthy 8-year-old boy has a 3-week history of low-grade fever of unknown source, fatigue, weight loss, myalgia, and headaches. On repeated examinations during this time, he is found to have developed a heart murmur, petechiae, and mild splenomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Rheumatic fever

. Kawasaki disease

. Scarlet fever

Endocarditis

. Tuberculosis

A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is brought to the office by his mother because he has multiple staring episodes. During these episodes, he is unresponsive to verbal or tactile stimuli, and produces lip-smacking movements. Each episode lasts for a few minutes, after which he remains confused for some time. He has no family history of any seizure disorder. His neurological examination is unremarkable. EEG performed before and after hyperventilation is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Complex partial seizure

. Typical absence seizure

. Atypical absence seizure

. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

A previously healthy full-term infant has several episodes of duskiness and apnea during the second day of life. Diagnostic considerations should include which of the following?

Hemolytic anemia

Congenital heart disease

Idiopathic apnea

Harlequin syndrome

Hyperglycemia

A term male infant is found to be cyanotic shortly after birth and requires endotracheal intubation. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 68/34 mm Hg (equal in all four extremities), pulse is 180/min, and respirations are 32/min. His precordium is dynamic, has a grade III systolic murmur, and a single S2. Chest radiography shows a normal heart size and increased pulmonary vascular markings. An arterial blood gas on an FiO2 of 100% shows pH 7.34; PaCO2: 47 mm Hg; PaO2: 46 mm Hg. Which of the following file:///D:/DES_Entry_2016MCQs/3C_USMLE/C-2Diagnosis/C-2Diagnos... 274 of 316 12/19/2016 2:59 PM diagnoses is most consistent with these findings?

. Atrial septal defect

. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

. Patent ductus arteriosus

. Tetralogy of Fallot

. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

A woman comes to an emergency department because she is in labor. She has had no prenatal care. Her baby is delivered and appears to be of about 32 weeks' gestation. The newborn is very pale and shows severe, generalized edema. Cord-blood hematocrit is 22%, and cord-blood bilirubin is 7 mg/dl. Ultrasound examination demonstrates pleural effusions, ascites, cardiomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

ABO incompatibility

Beta thalassemia

Congenital spherocytosis

Sickle cell anemia

Rh incompatibility

A young Caucasian mother brings her 5-year-old daughter to the pediatrician two months after the girl first began attending kindergarten. She says that earlier this week, her daughter's teacher called to say that the girl persistently refuses to answer questions or to speak to others in class. The teacher added that the girl also does not smile at, play with, or otherwise engage her fellow students. The mother finds this very surprising because her daughter is very verbal and talkative at home, plays happily with her siblings, and is an affectionate child. Further questioning reveals that the girl is "a little shy" at social gatherings. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Separation anxiety disorder

. Social phobia

. Selective mutism

Autism

. Stranger anxiety

Acute renal failure occurs following aortic angiography in a 72-year-old man. His weight has been rising, his lungs show rales at both bases, and he is dyspneic. His fractional excretion of sodium is greater than 1. He has eosinophilia on his peripheral smear, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and proteinuria with microscopic hematuria. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his renal failure?

. Hypovolemia

. Renal artery cholesterol embolism

. Acute tubular necrosis

. Cardiogenic shock

. Aortic dissection

An 18-month-old Caucasian boy is brought to the emergency department due to a 3-day history of fever and facial rash. His past medical history is significant for atopic dermatitis, which was diagnosed 1 week ago and treated with topical steroids. Examination reveals numerous umbilicated vesicles over erythematous skin of both cheeks. Submandibular adenopathy is present. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Varicella

. Impetigo contagiosa

. Contact dermatitis

. Atopic dermatitis exacerbation

. Eczema herpeticum

An 18-year-old boy comes to clinic to discuss an embarrassing problem. For the last 6 weeks he has noticed a painless mass in his right testis. This is not bothering him at all, but it is becoming larger. He is afraid that his girlfriend may notice it and find out about his other partners. He has multiple partners, and does not use condoms. He has no fever and no other medical complaints. His cousin has SLE but otherwise family history is unremarkable. On ultrasound you suspect testicular cancer and order a few tests. Results are as follows: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Increased, Beta subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Normal, Placental Alkaline phosphate (PLAP) Normal, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Slightly Increased, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Increased. What could be the most likely diagnosis?

. Seminoma

. Embryonal carcinoma

. Choriocarcinoma

Teratoma

. Sertoli cell tumor

An 18-year-old college freshman is brought to the emergency department by his friends. They say that he is normally happy and good-natured, but became unusually withdrawn and aloof a few hours after a football game. He complains of a dry mouth. Physical examination reveals injected conjunctivae and tachycardia. Which of the following is most consistent with this patient's presentation?

. Opioid overdose

. Adrenal crisis

. Alcohol intoxication

. Cocaine withdrawal

An 18-year-old football player is seen in the emergency ward with severe knee pain incurred after being hit by a tackler while running. Which of the following findings on physical examination is most sensitive for an anterior cruciate ligament injury?

. Excessive valgus laxity of the knee

. Excessive varus laxity of the knee

. Locked knee

. Positive Lachman test

. Positive posterior drawer test

An 18-year-old gang member is stabbed in the back, just to the right of the midline. Physical examination shows paralysis and loss of proprioception distal to the injury on the right side, and loss of pain perception distal to the injury on the left side. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Anterior cord syndrome

Central cord syndrome

Complete transection of the spinal cord

Hemisection of the spinal cord

Posterior cord syndrome

An 18-year-old girl comes to the emergency department for sudden-onset redness and swelling of her skin over exposed areas. She had just spent 1 hour at the beach when she began to experience a burning sensation, followed by redness and swelling of those areas. Her face has a few inflammatory nodules as well as open and closed comedones, and she was recently prescribed "some medication for the past month or so" for her facial lesions. Her pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, respirations are 14/min and temperature is 37.2°C (99°F). On examination, you notice erythema, edema and vesicles on her face, neck, dorsal hands and upper chest. She has no mucosal lesions. Which of the following best explains her condition?

. Allergic contact dermatitis

. Erythromycin-induced phototoxicity

. Stevens-Johnson syndrome

. Doxycycline-induced phototoxicity

. Benzoyl peroxide induced phototoxicity

An 18-year-old girl comes to the emergency department with a rash and arthralgias. She is sexually active and has had the same sexual partner for the past 4-months. Recent medical history is significant for an episode of dysuria and increased urinary frequency, both of which started 5-days ago. Her primary care physician prescribed TMP+SMX (Bactrim) for this. She developed her present symptoms 3-days after starting the medication. Her aunt has Lupus. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination shows a disseminated maculopapular rash; there is no costovertebral tenderness or flank pain; serum creatinine is 2 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows 2-5 RBC/hpf, numerous white blood cell casts made mostly of eosinophils, and mild proteinuria. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Disseminated gonococcemia

. Post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis

. Drug induced interstitial nephritis

. Lupus nephritis

. Pyelonephritis

An 18-year-old male college student is seen in the student health clinic for urinary frequency, dysuria, and urethral discharge. Which of the following is likely to explain his condition?

. Herpes simplex

. Escherichia coli urinary tract infection

. Chlamydial urethritis

. Syphilis

. HIV infection

An 18-year-old male undergoes elective hernia repair. During the operation, he suffers considerable blood loss, and receives a blood transfusion. He then experiences an anaphylactic transfusion reaction. He is resuscitated and further hospital course is uncomplicated. His past medical history is significant for recurrent sinopulmonary infections and intermittent episodes of diarrhea since childhood. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

. IgA deficiency

. DiGeorge Syndrome

. X linked agammaglobulinemia

. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

. Cystic fibrosis

An 18-year-old man was traveling at a high speed when his car slammed into a wall. He is brought into the emergency department by ambulance. His blood pressure is 60/40 mmHg, pulse is 115/min and weak, respirations are 18/min, and central venous pressure is 2 cmH2O. He is responsive only to painful stimuli. Breath sounds are equal bilaterally, and cardiac auscultation reveals only tachycardia. The abdomen is soft, nondistended, and nontender with active bowel sounds. A chest x-ray film shows a widened mediastinum. Which of file:///D:/DES_Entry_2016MCQs/3C_USMLE/C-2Diagnosis/C-2Diagnos... 281 of 316 12/19/2016 2:59 PM the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Cardiac contusion

Cardiac tamponade

Flail chest

Ruptured thoracic aorta

Tension pneumothorax

An 8-month-old pale child is referred by a nurse practitioner due to "pale mucous membranes, irritability, and listlessness." The stool examination is negative for occult blood, ova and parasites. Laboratory studies reveal: Hemoglobin 6.0 g/L, MCHC 25%, MCH 16.5 pg, MCV 68 fl, Reticulocytes 0.6%, Platelets 230,000/mm3, Leukocyte count 5,500/mm3, Neutrophils 56%, Eosinophils 1%, Lymphocytes 33%, Monocytes 10%, Serum Iron 40 mg/dL, TIBC 460 mg/dL (normal 300-350 mg/dL), Percent saturation of transferrin 8.7%, Total serum bilirubin 0.9 mg/dL. The peripheral blood smear shows marked anisocytosis, microcytosis, hypochromia, and poikilocytosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Iron deficiency anemia

. Sideroblastic anemia

. Dimorphic anemia

. Megaloblastic anemia

. Anemia of chronic disease

An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a head injury. He hit his head on the ground when he fell off his bicycle. He was not wearing a helmet at the time. There was no loss of consciousness. He vomited 2 times after the accident and now complains of a right-sided headache and inability to hear with his right ear. There is no photophobia or diplopia. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg, pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 22/min. He is alert and oriented and responds appropriately to questions. There is a round hematoma on the right side of his head. Bloody drainage is noted from his right ear. Which of the following injury is most consistent with these findings?

Concussion

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Temporal bone fracture

Tympanic membrane perforation

An 8-year-old boy is brought to the office due to headaches and impaired walking. These symptoms started seven days ago, and progressed gradually. He just recently recovered from otitis media that was superimposed on an acute respiratory infection. His past medical history is significant for three episodes of otitis media and one episode of pneumonia. His temperature is 36.7C (98F), blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals mild right-sided hemiparesis and a slightly dilated left pupil. The funduscopic examination is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Brain abscess

Bacterial meningitis

Toxoplasmosis

Venous thrombosis

Arterial thrombosis

An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician with a rash on his abdomen. The mother first noticed the rash about 3 weeks ago. The boy has no fever or other symptoms. On examination, there is a well-circumscribed, circular, erythematous, scaly annular patch on his abdomen. The border of the skin lesion is raised and well defined. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Erythema multiforme

Erythema nodosum

Impetigo

Nummular eczema

Tinea corporis

An 8-year-old Cub Scout who returned from an outing 9 days ago is brought to the clinic with the rapid onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The maculopapular rash began on the flexor surfaces of the wrist and has become petechial as it spread inward to his trunk. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

. Lyme disease

. Tularemia

. Measles

. Toxic shock syndrome

. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

An 80-year-old female is brought to your office, by her son, because of severe fatigue. She lives alone and is suffering from severe degenerative joint disease, which puts her in a house arrest-type state. Her son usually helps with getting grocery. Her only other medical problem is hypertension. She takes hydrochlorothiazide and acetaminophen. Her vitals are stable. On examination, she has pallor, and evidence of severe degenerative joint disease. Which of the following is the most likely cause of pallor in this patient?

. Vitamin D deficiency

. Vitamin C deficiency

. Iron deficiency

. Folate deficiency

. Chronic hemolysis

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