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Foundations ultimate quiz part 1

Science can prove a theory is true but cannot prove it is false.

True

False

A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are _____.

Comparing multiple hypotheses for why the car will not start

Testing a theory for why the car will not start

Making observations to inspire a theory for why the car will not start

Stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?

There is very little difference between the two – they are basically the same thing.

Hypotheses are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; theories typically address more specific issues.

Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues

Hypothesis are based on data, theories are not.

Theories are proposed to test scientific hypotheses.

Which of the statements below is the worst definition of science?

One of many approaches that humans can use to understand the universe.

the application of sophisticated tools and reasoning to explore natural and supernatural phenomena

A method that includes observation, hypothesis building, experimentation, and interpretation of natural phenomena.

the logical interpretation of evidence derived from human senses and devices to explain natural phenomena.

Because science is a human endeavor,

Scientific evidence changes depending on the culture of the scientist.

Scientists’ interpretations can be influenced by their cultures.

Scientists from different cultures obtain different results.

Science favors the parsimonious explanation, meaning the explanation that is the

Most scientific explanation of all of the facts.

The explanation that was proposed first.

Simplest explanation of all of the facts

Most accepted explanation of all of the facts.

Over the past 25 years, our classification of living things has changed from a two kingdom, to three kingdom, to five kingdom, to three domain model. This change is an example of:

The self-correcting nature of science.

The limited value of science.

The increasing complexity of scientific theories.

The cultural biases of scientists.

Because scientific explanations must be discarded or revised based on new evidence

Facts do not exist in science; everything is subject to each individual’s opinion.

Scientists must be willing to change their minds in light of new evidence. Correct

Science is unable to provide adequate explanations of the natural world.

Science provides an unreliable view on the world.

Ethical scientific practices include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Properly treating human and animal subjects.

B. Conducting oneself appropriately and reporting findings promptly.

C. Careful consideration of harmful effects that could be brought about by applying the research.

D. Altering experiments or results so they are more consistent with the theory.

Because scientists cannot exactly replicate the origin of life,

A. The origin of life should not be pursued scientifically

B. The experiments that scientists conduct today cannot provide evidence for how life arose on earth.

C. Observation of fossils is the most valuable way scientists can obtain evidence about the origin of life on earth.

D. Observations of fossil and living organisms, as well as experiments, can provide evidence for how life arose on earth.

The best scientific explanation of a process or observation is determined by:

A. Reputation of the scientist

B. Peer review

C. The sophistication of the equipment used to collect data

D. Scientific evidence

The fact that scientists consider their conclusions to be tentative means that scientific conclusions are:

A. Durable but not unchanging. Correct

B. Subject to frequent changes.

C. All equally valid explanations.

D. Will never be correct.

The best experimental design ____.

A. Includes a large sample size for each condition

B. Includes a control

C. Alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition

D. All of the above Correct

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

A. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

B. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis.

C. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. Incorrect

D. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis.

A controlled experiment _______

A. Is any experiment that is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate

B. Proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data

C. Includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

D. Includes at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables

Which of the following best describes the role of sunlight in chemical evolution?

A. Sunlight heated that atmosphere providing enough energy for gases to react to form larger molecules Incorrect

B. Sunlight provided early photosynthetic organisms with the energy they needed to thrive.

C. High-energy photons generated free radicals which reacted to form larger molecules.

What was the purpose of the boiling water in Stanley Miller’s chemical evolution experiment?

A. It added water vapor to the other gases that were present

B. It helped molecules to circulate throughout the system

C. It provided energy for reactions between CH4, H2, and NH3

D. A and B

What advantage(s) does hydrothermal vent model have over the prebiotic soup model of chemical evolution?

A. The walls of the vents concentrate reactants

B. Minerals in the vents catalyze reactions

C. Magma converts stable gases to reactive free radicals

D. A and b

Consider a peptide that is 4 amino acids long. How many different tetrapeptides can a cell make?

A. 4 to the power of 4 Incorrect

B. 20 to the power of 20

C. 4 to the power of 20

D. 20 to the power of 4

A single strand of DNA consists of a backbone of alternating:

A. Sugar and nitrogenous base groups, with phosphates protruding from the bases Incorrect

B. Phosphate and sugar groups, with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars

C. Phosphate and sugar groups, with nitrogenous bases protruding from the phosphates

Your book discussed two approaches to exploring chemical evolution: The top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. Which of the following is the best example of a top-down approach?

A. The Stanley Miller experiment demonstrated that organic compounds could be created using a microcosm of early Earth. Incorrect

B. Existing cells perform similar reactions to those that occur in hydrothermal vents and they also contain the same minerals

C. Computer programs have shown that sunlight may have played a role in the creation of organic molecules.

D. Both a and b

Which of the following functional groups is not paired with a molecule that can possess it?

A. Sulfhydral: DNA

B. Amino: Amino Acid Incorrect

C. Carboxyl: Amino Acid

The reaction that links amino acids together to form a larger polypeptide can be correctly be called any of the following except:

A. Polymerization reaction

B. Hydrolysis reaction

C. Condensation reaction Incorrect

D. Dehydration reaction

At pH7, amino acids become ionized. When this happens, the amino acid

A. Stays in solution

B. Exhibits altered chemical reactivity

C. Acts as both an acid and a base Incorrect

D. All of the above

The type of bond that links amino acids within a protein is called a ________ bond

A. Glycosidic

B. Peptide

C. James

D. Phosphodiester

E. All of the above

The valence of a carbon atom is _______, meaning it can form up to _______ bond(s) with other atoms.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

When amino acids polymerize the carboxyl group becomes a ______________ group.

A. Carbonyl

B. Hydroxyl

C. Sulfhydryl

D. Amino

When amino acids polymerize the carboxyl group becomes a ______________ group.

A. Carbonyl

B. Hydroxyl

C. Sulfhydryl

D. Amino

Normal protein folding is often facilitated/assisted by molecular

A. Chaperones

B. Calmodulins

C. Proteosomes

D. Prions

In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____.

A. The nucleoid

B. A membrane-enclosed nucleus

C. The endoplasmic reticulum

D. mitochondria

E. None of the above

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

A. lipids

B. glycogen

C. proteins

D. cellulose

E. None of the above

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____

A. Anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen—the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts

B. An endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus

C. Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell—the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

D. Acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you most likely expect to be the immediate consequence?

A. A change in the shape of the nucleus

B. The loss of all nuclear function

C. The inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division

D. Failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information

E. None of the above

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

A. ribosome

B. lysosome

C. Contractile vacuole

D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

E. None of the above

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

A. lysosomes

B. plasmodesmata

C. rough ER

D. Golgi vesicles

E. None of the above

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be defective in this condition?

A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

B. lysosome

C. Plasma membrane

D. mitochondrion

E. None of the above

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A. glyoxysome

B. vacuole

C. mitochondrion

D. Golgi apparatus

E. None of the above

Which animal cell organelle is a redox reaction center that is capable of oxidizing the ethanol in alcoholic beverages?

A. lysosome

B. peroxisome

C. vacuole

D. mitochondrion

E. None of the above

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____.

A. A bacterium

B. An animal but not a plant

C. A plant but not an animal

D. Nearly any eukaryotic organism

E. None of the above

When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?

A. Plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole

B. Secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole

C. Primary cell wall → plasma membrane → lysosome → cytoplasm → vacuole

D. Primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole

E. None of the above

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.

A. vacuoles

B. chloroplasts

C. mitochondria

D. lysosomes

E. None of the above

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____.

A. ribosomes

B. mitochondria

C. peroxisomes

D. lysosomes

E. None of the above

Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?

A. In the extracellular matrix

B. In the Golgi apparatus

C. In mitochondria

d. None of the above

When a membrane is freeze-fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane, the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane are _____.

A. Integral proteins

B. Peripheral proteins

C. phospholipids

D. carbohydrates

E. None of the above

Charles Darwin proposed a view of evolution that differed from previous views (i.e. Lamarckian) in which way:

A. Darwin proposed that species change through time.

B. Darwin proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics.

C. Darwin proposed genes were central to phenotypic change.

D. Darwin proposed all extant species are derived from one (or a few) common ancestor(s).

Structural homology (homologous structures) found in two species:

A. Necessarily have similar functions.

B. Were formerly useful, but are meow useless.

C. Are derived from a structure in a common ancestor.

D. Are found only in distantly related species.

Which is NOT a postulate (criterion) for natural selection to work

A. A trait varies among individuals within a population

B. The trait affects fitness

C. Reproductive success is variable

D. The characteristics that an individual acquires over a lifetime must be heritable

E. These are all postulates for natural selection to work

Which of the following are not consistent with the evolutionary prediction that species change through time:

A. Most species that have ever existed are meow extinct

B. Living species resemble fossils of extinct species

C. Vestigial traits are common

D. The characteristics of populations vary and change from generation to generation

E. All of the above

Which would be the strongest evidence to collect to compare fitness among individuals within a species

A. The ability to obtain food and avoid predators

B. The number of children produced by each individual

C. The ability to be socially dominant and secure mates

D. longevity (length of life)

E. All of the above are needed to get a good estimate of fitness

A diagram illustrating the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among a group of species is a

A. Developmental pathway.

B. Phylogenetic tree.

C. Evolutionary network.

D. n-dimensional hypersphere.

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