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Physiology Midterm 2 practice

Cardiac output is equal to ________.
Stroke volume โˆ’ cardiac rate
Stroke volume + cardiac rate
Stroke volume ร— cardiac rate
Stroke volume / cardiac rate
Norepinephrine is released from ________ neurons, causing heart rate to ________.
Parasympathetic; decrease
Sympathetic; decrease
Parasympathetic; increase
Sympathetic; increase
The cardiac control center of the ________ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.
Pons
Cerebrum
Midbrain
Medulla oblongata
The ejection fraction is ________.
Decreased by sympathetic agonists
The ratio of end diastolic volume to end systolic volume
The ratio of stroke volume to end diastolic volume
Increased by parasympathetic agonists
Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Cardiac contractility
Total peripheral resistance
End diastolic volume (EDV)
Emotional stress
Stroke volume is directly proportional to ________.
Both preload and contractility are correct
Preload
Total peripheral resistance
Contractility
In response to increased ventricular filling, ________.
Myocardial contractility decreases
Total peripheral resistance increases
Sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine
Myocardial cells stretch
Cardiac output would be increased by ________.
Sympathetic antagonists
Positive chronotropic agents
Parasympathetic agonists
Negative inotropic agents
Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT ________.
The skeletal muscle pump
Sympathetic stimulation of the veins
Hypertension
Exhalation
The ________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.
Osmotic pressure
Blood pressure
Net filtration pressure
Oncotic pressure
Net filtration would be decreased by ________.
Increased cellular metabolism
Liver damage
Increased hepatic protein synthesis
Hypotension
What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?
Hydrostatic force in the interstitial fluid
Colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which angiotensin II raises blood pressure?
Stimulating production of aldosterone
Stimulating the thirst center in the hypothalamus
Causing vasodilation in arterioles
Increasing peripheral resistance
The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) functions antagonistically to ________.
ADH
Angiotensin I
Glucocorticoids
Aldosterone
Blood volume would be increased by ________.
Decreased aldosterone secretion
Increased atrial natriuretic factor secretion
Increased renin secretion
Decreased vasopressin secretion
Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called ________.
Vasogenic
Extrinsic
Myogenic
Metabolic
Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Increased extracellular K+
Increased tissue carbon dioxide
Decreased tissue oxygen
Decreased tissue metabolism
Control of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly under ________ control.
Hormonal
Intrinsic metabolic
Intrinsic myogenic
Extrinsic metabolic
Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?
Veins
Capillaries
Arterioles
Venules
Increased blood pressure stimulates ________.
Postural hypotension
Decreased outflow from the baroreceptors
Decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart
Decreased parasympathetic outflow to the heart
Which blood protein is an antibody that helps fight infection?
Fibrinogen
Beta globulin
Alpha globulin
Gamma globulin
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white blood cells?
Have amoeboid movement
Make up the major formed element
Can leave blood vessels
Have nuclei and mitochondria
What type of antigens are present in Type O blood?
Neither A nor B
A only
Both A and B
B only
If the ________ were not properly functioning, congestion in the venous system would be an expected sign.
Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
What structures keep the AV valves from everting under high ventricular pressure?
Interventricular and interatrial septa
Annuli fibrosis
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Semilunar valves
During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation ________.
Ventricular pressure is increasing
Left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
The atrioventricular valves are open
Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
Systole refers to the ________ of the ventricles, when pressure is ________.
Contraction; highest
Filling; highest
Relaxation; lowest
Blood flow; lowest
The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by ________.
Inward diffusion of Na+
Inward diffusion of K+
Outward diffusion of K+
Inward diffusion of Ca2+
Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart are opened by an increase in Ca2+ in the cytoplasm. This is referred to as ________.
Calcium-stimulated calcium release
Calcium-stimulated depolarization
Calcium-induced repolarization
calcium-induced fibrillation
Myocardial cells exhibit a plateau phase instead of quickly repolarizing. This is due to ________.
inward diffusion of calcium through slow Ca2+ channels
Inward diffusion of sodium through fast Na+ channels
inward diffusion of potassium through voltage-gated K+ channels
Outward pumping of sodium by the Na+/K+ pump
The P wave of an ECG represents ________.
Ventricular repolarization
Atrial depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Atrial repolarization
Which vessels are most important for controlling resistance to blood flow?
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Elastic arteries
Within the blood vessels, valves are found in the ________.
Arterioles
Arteries
veins
Capillaries
Hormones that enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have ________.
Synergistic effects
antagonistic effects
Complementary effects
Permissive effects
When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are ________
Permissive
Inhibitory
Antagonistic
Synergistic
The molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are ________.
Tissue hormones
Lipophilic hormones
Prohormones
Prehormones
Water-soluble hormones differ from lipophilic hormones, in that ________.
Water soluble hormones never enter the cell
Water-soluble hormone secretion is always under hypothalamic control
Lipophilic hormones utilize second messengers to impact protein synthesis within the cell
water soluble hormones require transport proteins to reach their target cells
Steroid hormone receptors may be found ________.
in the nucleus
Both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus
in the cytoplasm
On the cell surface
How is most thyroid hormone transported in the plasma?
As T3 bonded to globulin
As T4 bonded to globulin
As free T4
As free T3
The posterior pituitary gland ________.
Synthesizes oxytocin, which plays a vital role in inducing labor
Releases its hormones in response to stimulation by hormones from the hypothalamus
Regulates the secretion of hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland
Releases hypothalamic hormones, but does not produce its own
Cortisol secretion would cease if the ________ no longer secreted ACTH.
Hypothalamus
Adrenal cortex
Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ________ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Growth would be inhibited by increasing ________ secretion.
Prolactin
Thyroid hormone
Somatomedin
Somatostatin
Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would cause decreased secretion of ________.
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropin
Growth hormone
Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to ________.
Positive feedback inhibition
Negative feedback inhibition
Positive feedback effect
Feed forward
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Stimulates loss of water by the kidneys
Causes large urine volume
Causes a darkening of the skin
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes ________.
Pituitary cachexia
Acromegaly
Myxedema
Gigantism
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation?
Prolactin
Oxytocin
ADH
Luteinizing hormone
Which of the following is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure?
Hydrocortisone
Norepinephrine
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in regulation of ________.
Ca2+ balance
Reproduction
Blood glucose
Na+ balance
What is NOT an effect of taking exogenous glucocorticoids?
Hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance
Autoimmune reactions
Decreased systemic inflammation
Osteoporosis
Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called ________.
Cerebral rhythms
Biomimetic rhythms
Psychological rhythms
Circadian rhythms
The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________.
larynx
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Primary bronchi
Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because ________.
There are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane
Alveoli are one cell thick
The air-blood barrier is two cells thick
All of the choices are correct
During inspiration, ________.
Alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
Transpulmonary pressure increases
Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
The diaphragm relaxes
The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________.
Compliance
Elasticity
Surface tension
None of the choices are correct
How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs?
Decomposes water
Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Covers the alveoli
All of the choices are correct
Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of ________.
Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Alveolar macrophages
None of the choices are correct
Quiet expiration is caused by ________.
Contraction of the internal intercostals
Lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure
Contraction of the external intercostals
Contraction of the scalenes
Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure.
Increase; decrease
Decrease; decrease
increase; increase
Decrease; increase
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________.
Vital capacity
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the ________.
Total lung capacity
Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be ________.
11400 mm Hg
646 mm Hg
114 mm Hg
1140 mm Hg
The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood ________.
Is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
increases at higher altitudes
Is described primarily by Boyle's law
All of the choices are correct
The ventilation/perfusion ratio ________.
Increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles
Is lowest at the apex of the lungs
Decreases when ventilation is increased
increases when blood flow is decreased
Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the ________.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Lymph
Blood
Air
The primary drive to breathe is elicited by which of the following?increased PCO2
Increased PCO2
increased PO2
Reduced PO2
Reduced PCO2
The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the ________.
Sympathetic nervous system
Vagus nerve
parasympathetic nervous system
Phrenic nerve
Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Increased pH, decreased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________.
Dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion
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แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ,   แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก  แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜  แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜  แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜  แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒšแƒก, แƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒก, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒšแƒก (แƒžแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜)... แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก  แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜  แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก  แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—  แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜  แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜  แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ   แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“   แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.            แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜  แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜    แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜   แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช  แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜  แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜   แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒ”แƒก  แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜  แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก  แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒแƒ—.  แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ; แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก; แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒคแƒฃแƒขแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒ.       แƒแƒกแƒ-แƒ‘แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ ,,แƒค“-แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ.     แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒ    แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒก -  แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒขแƒแƒœแƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ.    แƒ’แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ—  แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ  แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก  แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก  แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘: แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.     แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜  แƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 3โ€ฏ500 แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก.     3.แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก  แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.แƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก   แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“   แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก   แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—  แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜  แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช  แƒฎแƒ˜แƒš-แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“   แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ.     5.แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ    แƒฌแƒแƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”    แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—  แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ   แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—.       แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ   แƒแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—  แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒแƒ แƒ  แƒแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ  แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜  แƒ™แƒฃแƒญแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“   แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. 300-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒก   แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜   แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜    แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—   แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”   แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒก   แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ”แƒก   แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“   แƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ˜แƒก    แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”    แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ    แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ”. แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš 10 แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ  แƒกแƒฃแƒš  แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒช 10 แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ  แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก  แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก  แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—  แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก 6 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก  แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”   แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒจแƒแƒ   แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก  แƒแƒ   แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”  แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก  แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜   แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ   แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช   แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก   แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒก  แƒ™แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ–แƒแƒ’  แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก  แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒ  แƒ—แƒฃ  แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก  แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ,  แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก   แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›  แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒก  แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜   แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒก  แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜   แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก    แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜   แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜    แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ”  แƒกแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒแƒ—  แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒจแƒ–แƒ”   แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—  แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก  แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก   แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช    แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜   แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜    แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ   แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก  แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ”  แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ  แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒญแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜  แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก    แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜   แƒ™แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜   แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ.   แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ      แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ: แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜-แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ - แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ,  แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ - แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”; แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ; แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜  แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—, แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒœแƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ; แƒ›แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒแƒ—แƒก.  แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก  แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒก แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ/ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. .     แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒญแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ-แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜; แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—.
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