DES part2 episode4

50) A 22-year-old man presents to the ED with a history consistent with an acute MI. His ECG reveals ST elevations and his cardiac biomarkers are positive. He has been smoking half a pack of cigarettes per day for the last 3 months. He drinks alcohol when hanging out with his friends. His grandfather died of a heart attack at 80 years of age. The patient does not have hypertension or diabetes mellitus and takes no prescription medications. A recent cholesterol check revealed normal levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his presentation?

51) A 29-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 3-week history of being awakened by a dull, prolonged chest pain that occurs 3–4 times a week. She is a smoker but has never suffered a myocardial infarction (MI) or had chest pain before and has no family history of early MI. Results of a 12-lead ECG are normal. Her first set of cardiac enzyme measurements (creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB fraction, troponin I) are negative. If coronary angiography were taken at the time of her chest pain, which of the following findings is most like?

52) A 42-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a complaint of increasing shortness of breath when walking to get his newspaper, difficulty breathing while lying fl at, and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight gain over the past month. He is afebrile, his pulse is 75/min, and his blood pressure is 98/50 mmHg. On examination he smells of alcohol and has 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremities and a third heart sound. X-ray of the chest reveals cardiomegaly. What additional findings must be present to confirm this man’s underlying diagnosis?

54) A 42-year-old man with known valvular heart disease develops a fever for 1 week. He appears unwell; findings include a pansystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the axilla and a soft S1 sound. He has petechiae on his conjunctival sac, linear hemorrhages under a few fingernails, and painful, tender, and erythematous nodules on some of the distal fingertips. Which of the following is the most responsible mechanism for these physical findings?

55) A 67-year-old man presents with an anterior myocardial infarction (MI) and receives thrombolytic therapy. Three days later, he develops chest pain that is exacerbated by lying down, and his physical findings are normal except for a friction rub. His ECG shows evolving changes from the anterior infarction but new PR-segment depression and 1-mm ST-segment elevation in all the limb leads. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

56) A 77-year-old man, complaining of abdominal pain, anorexia, and nausea and vomiting over the past 24 hours, presents to the clinic with his son. The son reveals that his father has also complained of blurred vision. The patient’s vital signs are stable and his abdomen is soft, but he appears to be somewhat confused. He is currently taking metoprolol, digoxin, and hydrochlorothiazide for ischemic congestive heart failure. His son says that sometimes his father confuses his medications. The patient also has renal insufficiency with a baseline serum creatinine of 2.6 mg/dL. The ECG reveals a widened QRS complex and a new first-degree heart block. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?

58) A 35-year-old woman presents to the clinic because of visual problems. She states that she has always had difficulty looking up, and over the past few years her overall vision has become blurry. Review of symptoms is notable for several recent episodes of “near fainting.” She takes no medication and has no other medical history, and has not seen a physician for 7 years. Because she was adopted as a child, she does not know her family history, but her son has required special tutoring at school. The patient also remarks that her son seems to have been dropping objects lately. Physical examination reveals bilateral ptosis. Her extraocular movements are intact and the pupils are equal, round, and reactive. Her corrected visual acuity is 20/100 in the right eye and 20/120 in the left eye. The view of the fundus is obscured. On ambulation she raises her knees and makes a slapping sound on the floor as she walks. ECG indicates heart block. What is the pathogenesis of this patient’s disorder?

61) A 37-year-old woman with sarcoidosis presents to her primary care physician complaining of progressive fatigue and shortness of breath over the past 3 months. She also reports that her socks and shoes do not fit the way they used to and that she fainted a few weeks ago for the first time in many years. She denies any recent illness and only takes medications to control her sarcoid. She states that she is more comfortable sitting than lying down. She has jugular venous distension, which increases with inspiration. Her blood pressure is 134/87 mmHg, respiratory rate is 17/min, pulse is 96/min, and temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F). She also has decreased breath sounds bilaterally at the bases. ECG shows decreased QRS voltage. An echocardiogram shows a thick left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

62) A 1-week-old infant presents to her general pediatrician’s office for a well-child visit. She was born at 37 weeks’ gestation without complications. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 130/min, blood pressure is 72/54 mmHg, and respiratory rate is 28/min. She is currently at the 50th percentile for weight and 75th percentile for height. She is acyanotic and has a wide, fixed split S2, with a 2/6 systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

63) Which of the following patients has the lowest clinical probability for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE)?

64) A 72-year-old man presents with shortness of breath and increased home oxygen requirement. The patient has coronary artery disease, he has had two previous myocardial infarctions, and he has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring 2 L of continuous home oxygen. The patient has a 45-pack-year history of smoking. He is unable to walk more than a block and the swelling in his legs has worsened. The physician suggests measuring a brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level to distinguish a cardiac from a pulmonary cause of his symptoms. Which of the following statements regarding BNP is true?

65) A 77-year-old man with a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a 90-pack-year smoking history presents to the emergency department with lethargy and abdominal pain. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.5°F), blood pressure is 82/54 mmHg, pulse is 125/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. A pulsatile abdominal mass is palpable just superior to the umbilicus. There is diffuse abdominal tenderness, although rebound tenderness and guarding are absent. There is also slight skin discoloration noted in the left lower back. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

66) A 52-year-old African-American man with a history of smoking and asthma presents to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath. He has alcohol on his breath and admits to drinking 3–4 beers each night plus an occasional “mixed drink.” He denies drug use and states that he has been feeling well until recently, when he began to sleep with more pillows and to become out of breath when walking. His blood pressure is 143/89 mmHg, respiratory rate is 21/min, pulse is 112/min, and he is afebrile. On physical examination he has a laterally displaced point of maximal impulse and an S3 gallop, as well as rales over his right lung base. X-ray of the chest shows cardiomegaly and a pleural effusion. Echocardiogram reveals an ejection fraction of 25%. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

67) A cardiologist is called to consult on the care of a 2-day-old girl delivered at 33 weeks’ gestation. The infant is lying supine in her isolette. She is acyanotic, but has a heart rate of 192/min and a respiratory rate of 60/min. She has a nonradiating continuous machinery murmur at the left upper sternal border that remains the same with compression of the ipsilateral, then contralateral jugular veins. S1 and S2 are normal. Her peripheral pulses are bounding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

68) A 59-year-old man presents to his internist for a routine visit. He has no complaints, and review of symptoms is negative. His past medical history is significant for poorly controlled hypertension for 15 years due to noncompliance with antihypertensive medications. He takes hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg orally four times a day. His family history is significant for hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. He has a 30-pack-year smoking history and drinks two beers a day. On physical examination he is a mildly obese man in no acute distress. He has a normal jugular venous pressure. He has a prominent point of maximum impulse, regular rate and rhythm, normal S1, loud S2, and audible S4 with no murmurs. His lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, and he has no signs of edema. His abdominal and neurologic examinations are within normal limits. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 81/min, respiratory rate is 12/min, blood pressure is 165/96 mmHg, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. His ECG shows normal sinus rhythm with large amplitude of the S wave in V1 and V2 and of the R wave in V5 and V6. Also present are diffuse ST segment/T wave changes, widened bifid P waves, and prolonged QRS waveforms. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

69) A 60-year-old woman is transferred to a physician from an outside hospital following a motor vehicle collision. Her medical history is notable for Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. She is otherwise healthy. Which of the following triads is most likely to characterize her medical history prior to the collision?

4) A 42-year-old man found vomiting in the street is brought to the ED by emergency medical services (EMS). He has a known history of alcohol abuse with multiple presentations for intoxication. Today, the patient complains of acute onset, persistent chest pain associated with dysphagia, and pain upon flexing his neck. His BP is 115/70 mmHg, HR is 101 beats per minute, RR is 18 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. As you listen to his heart, you hear a crunching sound. His abdomen is soft with mild epigastric tenderness. The ECG is sinus tachycardia without ST-T–wave abnormalities. On chest radiograph, you note lateral displacement of the left mediastinal pleura. What is the most likely diagnosis?

5) A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic hypertension presents to the ED with sudden-onset tearing chest pain that radiates to his jaw. His BP is 205/110 mmHg, HR is 90 beats per minute, RR is 20 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. He appears apprehensive. On cardiac examination you hear a diastolic murmur at the right sternal border. A chest x-ray reveals a widened mediastinum. Which of the following is the preferred study of choice to diagnose this patient’s condition?

6) A 36-year-old man is seen because of palpitations. He admits to precordial discomfort, weakness, and anxiety. His pulse is 150/min, and his blood pressure is 124/70 mmHg. Heart sounds are normal. Carotid sinus pressure gradually changes the rate to 75/min, but when released, the pulse rate returns to 150/min. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

7) A 25-year-old man complains of left precordial chest pain that radiates to the left shoulder but not down the left arm. The pain is accentuated by inspiration and relieved by sitting up. The pain is accompanied by fever and chills. His blood pressure is 105/75 mmHg, pulse 110/min and regular, and temperature 37.5°C. Aside from the tachycardia, there are no abnormal physical findings in the heart or lungs. The ECG shows STsegment elevation in all leads except aVR and VI. On the third hospital day, the patient’s blood pressure falls, JVP rises, and he goes into CHF. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

9) A 42-year-old female with acute pericarditis develops jugular venous distention and hypotension. The ECG shows electrical alternans. Which of the following is the most likely additional physical finding?

10) A 36-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of a genital sore. The patient is a sexually active heterosexual involved with three partners and practices unprotected intercourse. Four days ago he noted a painless sore on his penis. He is afebrile, with a heart rate of 80/min and blood pressure of 120/77 mmHg. Physical examination reveals a solitary ulcerated lesion located on the lateral aspect of his penis. The lesion is nontender and associated with bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Physical examination is otherwise normal. If left untreated, this man is at increased risk for which of the following?

14) A boy is delivered at 37 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is the product of a normal pregnancy and was delivered without complications. Prenatally the mother was blood type B and was rubella immune and negative for Rh antibody, group B streptococci, rapid plasma reagin, hepatitis B surface antigen, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. The patient appears cyanotic. He is breathing at a rate of 60/min and his heart rate is 130/min. He has a normal S1 and S2. There is a harsh holosystolic murmur that is loudest at the left lower sternal border. His examination reveals palpable nonbounding peripheral pulses bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

15) A 75-year-old man comes into the emergency department with a 10-minute history of crushing substernal chest pain radiating to his left arm. This man is well known to the staff due to his long history of chest pain. His creatine phosphokinase level is elevated and his troponin T level is 0.4 ng/mL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

16) A 55-year-old man with hypertension and a one-pack-per-day smoking history presents to the ED complaining of three episodes of severe heavy chest pain this morning that radiated to his left shoulder. In the past, he experienced chest discomfort after walking 20 minutes that resolved with rest. The episodes of chest pain this morning occurred while he was reading the newspaper. His BP is 155/80 mmHg, HR 76 beats per minute, and RR 15 breaths per minute. He does not have chest pain in the ED. An ECG reveals sinus rhythm with a rate of 72. A troponin I is negative. Which of the following best describes this patient’s diagnosis?

20) A 38-year-old woman presents to the emergency room complaining of chest pain for the past several hours. She describes it as sharp, centrally located and non-radiation. The pain worsens somewhat with inspiration and movement. The patient denies having fevers, chills, dyspnea, swelling, or difficulty breathing at night. She says she first noticed the pain while exercising three weeks ago, but has experienced it at rest as well. She says that she has been exercising heavily in an attempt to lose weight. Her BMI is currently 34kg/m2. Her father had a myocardial infarction at age 60. Her medical history is significant for two normal vaginal deliveries. She smokes a half-pack of cigarettes daily. On physical examination, her blood pressure is 112/69 mmHg and her heat rate is 72/min. Cardiac exam reveals a regular S1 and S2 without extra sounds or murmurs. There is tenderness to palpation over the sternum. What is the most likely cause of her chest pain?

21) A 12-year-old white male wants to participate in sports at school. He has been growing normally since birth. His immunizations are up-to-date and he is not suffering from any known medical conditions. Which of the following measures should be taken to screen him for underlying heart disease that could cause sudden cardiac death?

25) An 18-year-old girl comes to the emergency department for sudden-onset redness and swelling of her skin over exposed areas. She had just spent 1 hour at the beach when she began to experience a burning sensation, followed by redness and swelling of those areas. Her face has a few inflammatory nodules as well as open and closed comedones, and she was recently prescribed "some medication for the past month or so" for her facial lesions. Her pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, respirations are 14/min and temperature is 37.2°C (99°F). On examination, you notice erythema, edema and vesicles on her face, neck, dorsal hands and upper chest. She has no mucosal lesions. Which of the following best explains her condition?

27) A 55-year-old man comes to the office due to a sudden onset of blisters all over his body. He complains of pain in the involved areas. He first noticed the lesions in his mouth a few days ago. His pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F). On examination, there are crops of flaccid bullae over normal-appearing skin, and large erosions at sites where the bullae had ruptured. The oral mucosa shows erosions and ulcerations. Slight rubbing of the uninvolved skin causes easy separation of the epidermis. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows deposits of IgG inter cellularly in the epidermis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

28) A 45-year-old woman comes to the office for the evaluation of reddened areas over her face (flushed skin). These areas worsen every time she drinks something hot or goes out in hot, sunny weather. Her vital signs are stable. On examination, there is evident erythema over her nose, cheeks, forehead and chin with telangiectasias, pustules and papules. What is the most likely diagnosis?

30) A 28-year-old Caucasian woman presents to the primary care physician with complaints of painless blistering on the backs of her hands, accompanied by an increased fragility of the surrounding skin. She first noted the blisters one week ago, after spending some time gardening outdoors. She denies ever having similar symptoms, but suspects that her mother may occasionally have had a similar presentation that eventually resolved without treatment. Her past medical history is significant for chronic infection with Hepatitis C virus. Current medications include oral contraceptives, which were begun last month. Physical examination reveals mild hyperpigmentation of the face. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

31) A 36-year-old male presents to clinic complaining of a pruritic eruption on his forearms. He denies fever, chills and malaise. Physical examination reveals an erythematous rash with occasional vesicles affecting both forearms. No lymphadenopathy is appreciated. Vesicular fluid grows coagulase-negative staphylococci. His only relevant history is recent work in the woods behind his home chopping and transporting firewood. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

32) A 64-year-old female presents with complaints of lesions over her breasts and thighs. She had been experiencing severe pain in those areas prior to developing redness and blisters. Her past medical history is significant for valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation, ulcerative colitis diagnosed 20 years ago, and a resection of part of her colon. She is a known patient of yours, and four days ago, you started her on treatment for atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmics and oral anticoagulants. Her pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F). On examination, you notice well-demarcated lesions with bullae and necrotic changes over her thighs and breasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

33) A mother brings her 6-month-old infant to your office for evaluation of scaly, erythematous lesions around his eyebrows and sides of his nose. She also notes a scaly scalp that improves with baby shampoo. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

36) An 83-year-old man is brought to the office by his wife because he has had frequent falls for the past 3 months. The wife says that, "He's not his usual self these days. He needs help with everything, even everyday things." The patient has mask-like facies. He speaks very softly with a poorly modulated voice, and he has a fine tremor in both hands. The resting tremor in his hands disappears with voluntary movements. The other pertinent findings include a shuffling gait with short steps, stooped posture, tendency to fall and rigidity of both upper limbs. What skin condition is associated with this patient's neurologic diagnosis?

37) A 43-year-old woman comes to the office because she has "finally decided to see a doctor." For the past four months, she has suffered from itching all over her body. She is tired of using over-the-counter products with no relief. Over the past two months, she has had loose stools, which "take forever to flush." Physical examination reveals jaundice, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The results of her blood work are as follows: Alkaline phosphatase 200 u/dL, Bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL, Anti-mitochondrial antibodies positive. Which of the following benign lesions of the eye is frequently associated with this patient's condition

38) A 25-year-old male comes to the office due to severe itching and burning of the skin lesions on his knees, elbows and back of his neck. He gives a history of loose stools, flatulence, weight loss of more than 10 lbs, and fatigue for the past 6 months. His vital signs are stable. On examination, there are papules and vesicles over the extensor aspect of his elbows, knees, posterior neck and scalp. The laboratory studies reveal the presence of anti-endomysial antibodies. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

39) A 36-year-old male comes to the office for the evaluation of a skin lesion. For the past two months, he noticed darkening and thickening of the skin over his neck and groin area. These areas occasionally feel itchy. His pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F). Physical examination reveals symmetrical, hyperpigmented, velvety plaques on the axilla, groin and posterior neck. This patient's condition should alert the physician to check for which of the following?

41) A 17-year-old man presents with a non-pruritic rash in his periumbilical area. The rash consists of firm, dome-shaped, flesh-colored papules with central umbilication. This patient's rash is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

42) An 8-year-old boy is brought to the office due to itchy rashes with blisters over his face, trunk and legs for the past 2 days. His vital signs are normal, except for a temperature of 37.7°C (100°F). On examination, you notice macules, pustules, vesicles, and honey-colored crusts around his mouth, nose, legs, buttocks and trunk area. What is the most likely diagnosis?

43) An 18-year-old white female is brought to the emergency department due to severe vomiting, fever and rashes. She was fine until today, when she developed a fever, flu-like symptoms and dizziness. She has a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. She denies taking drugs or alcohol, or being exposed to other sick individuals. She had her period yesterday, but did not place a tampon until today, 6 hours prior to becoming ill. Her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago. She appears alert but listless. Her temperature is 38.8°C, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 23/min, and blood pressures are 100/66 mmHg, supine and 66/30 mmHg, standing. On examination, there are erythematous flat and raised rashes on her trunk and extremities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

44) An 18-month-old Caucasian boy is brought to the emergency department due to a 3-day history of fever and facial rash. His past medical history is significant for atopic dermatitis, which was diagnosed 1 week ago and treated with topical steroids. Examination reveals numerous umbilicated vesicles over erythematous skin of both cheeks. Submandibular adenopathy is present. What is the most probable diagnosis?

46) A 28-year-old Caucasian male presents to the office with a rash on his trunk. He complains of constant itching over the area. He has no other medical problems. He denies any family history of diabetes. He currently has two sexual partners, and he does not use condoms. His pulse is 84/min, blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 37°C (98.4°F). On his trunk, there are 4 circular patches with central clearing and scaly borders, measuring approximately 3-8cms in diameter. What is the most likely diagnosis?

47) A 30-year-old, Caucasian male comes to the office for the evaluation of some pale patches in a mottled distribution over his trunk area. He just returned from a 2-week summer vacation in the Bahamas, where he first noticed these lesions. His skin is generally well-tanned. Located over his central upper trunk area are multiple, velvety pink, pale macules, measuring approximately 4-5 mm in diameter. These lesions scale on scraping. What is the most likely diagnosis?

48) A 48-year-old Caucasian female presents to your office due to a small swelling on her left lower eyelid. She has worked outdoors her whole life. This swelling has been present for the past 6 months. Recently, she noticed a loss of eyelashes on her lower eyelid. On examination, there is a small nodular lesion on the lower eyelid margin. It is firm, painless, pearly and indurated. Loss of lashes on the left lower eyelid is confirmed. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

49) A 5-month-old infant is brought to the office by his mother because of a rash on his face, hands and chest. The baby is constantly scratching these areas, and his mother is having a hard time keeping his hands away from the rash. She has tried a variety of over-the-counter products and many home remedies, as advised by her mother, but has noted no improvement. On physical examination, there are erythematous lesions on his cheeks with erosion, scaling, excoriated papules and plaques. Similar lesions are also found on his trunk, scalp and forehead. The lesions are symmetrical, and the diaper area appears spared. What is the most likely diagnosis?

50) A 48-year-old white male comes to the emergency department with complaints of severe pain and swelling in his left leg. He sustained an injury to his left leg while playing tennis five days ago. The pain worsened over the past 2-3 days, and is now unbearable. He also complains of flu-like symptoms. His temperature is 39C° (102°F), pulse is 104/min, blood pressure is 110/80 mmHg, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals an edematous limb with purplish discoloration of the injured area, along with bullae and a serosanguineous discharge. The leg is extremely tender to touch. A scalpel incision of the skin reveals yellowish green necrotic tissues. What is the most likely diagnosis?

51) A 20-year-old woman presents with complaints of a rash for the past 2 days. She was in good health until 5-6 days ago, when she developed fever, malaise and headache. The rash first appeared on her face, and then rapidly spread to her trunk and extremities. Her pulse is 86/min, blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 37.2°C (99°F). On examination, there is a pink maculopapular rash involving her face, trunk and extremities. Tender lymph nodes are palpable in the posterior auricular and posterior cervical areas. Her soft palate reveals patchy erythema. What is the most likely diagnosis?

52) A 4-year-old girl is brought to the office by her parents due to a red rash and blisters. Yesterday, she had a fever and was irritable. Today, she developed the rash with blisters. Her pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 39°C (102°F). On examination, there are superficial flaccid bullae and an erythematous rash diffusely distributed over her body. Nikolsky's sign is positive. Her face is edematous, and there is crusting around the mouth area. Her skin is warm and tender with exfoliation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

53) A 23-year-old college student comes to the office due to itching all over her body for the past 10 days. She hardly gets to sleep at night because of it. Her roommate has similar complaints. Her vital signs are stable. Physical examination reveals vesicles and pustules arranged in short, gray wavy channels on the finger webs, heels of palms, and in wrist creases. There are papules over the nipples and areola of her breasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

54) A 7-year-old girl is brought to the office by her mother due to a rash all over her body. She was apparently in good health until 4 days ago, when she developed fever, cough and eye pain. This morning, she developed a rash on her face, which later spread all over her entire body. Her pulse is 86/min, respirations are 14/min, blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, and temperature is 37.2°C (99°F). On examination, there is an erythematous maculopapular rash covering her entire body. There are small red spots with bluish specks on her buccal mucosa. What is the most likely diagnosis?

55) A 17-year-old female presents with a pruritic rash localized to the wrist. Papules and vesicles are noted in a band like pattern, with slight oozing from some lesions. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the rash?

57) A 15-year-old girl complains of low-grade fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, runny nose, and cough. After this prodromal phase, a rash of discrete pink macules begins on her face and extends to her hands and feet. She is noted to have small red spots on her palate. What is the most likely cause of her rash?

58) A 17-year-old girl noted a 2-cm annular pink, scaly lesion on her back. Over the next 2 weeks she develops several smaller oval pink lesions with a fine collarette of scale. They seem to run in the body folds and mainly involve the trunk, although a few occur on the upper arms and thighs. There is no adenopathy and no oral lesions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

59) A 45-year-old man with Parkinson disease has macular areas of erythema and scaling behind the ears and on the scalp, eyebrows, glabella, nasolabial folds, and central chest. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

60) A 33-year-old fair-skinned woman has telangiectasias of the cheeks and nose along with red papules and occasional pustules. She also appears to have conjunctivitis with dilated scleral vessels. She reports frequent flushing and blushing. Drinking red wine produces a severe flushing of the face. There is a family history of this condition. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

61) A 50-year-old male presents for the evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia of two months duration. He also complains of weakness and fatigue. He had one episode of paralysis that resolved on its own. He has a 20 pack-year history of smoking. He does not drink alcohol. His past medical and family histories are not significant His pulse is 78/min, blood pressure is 150/96 mmHg and temperature is 37°C (98.6°F). The rest of his examination, including the neurological examination, is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show: Plasma sodium 145 mEq/L, Potassium 24 mEq/L, Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dl, Plasma renin activity low, Plasma aldosterone concentration high. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

62) A 24-year-old Caucasian female comes to the outpatient clinic and complains of heat intolerance and increased appetite. Her past medical history is insignificant. She denies use of over-the-counter medications. Her pulse is 110/min and regular, temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), and respirations are 14/min. Swelling is noted in the front of her neck, which moves with deglutition. Lab studies show: Total T4 Increased, Free T4 Increased, TSH Decreased. Radioactive iodine uptake is decreased. The thyroid scan shows very low uptake of radioiodine. What is the most likely diagnosis?

63) A 17-year-old white female comes to the office for the evaluation of fatigue which has been present for the past 4 months. Her past medical history is insignificant. She denies the use of any drugs. Her pulse is 74/min, blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). Physical examination shows scars on the dorsum of her hands and dental erosions. Laboratory studies show: Plasma sodium 139 mEq/L, Serum potassium 2.3 mEq/L, Bicarbonate 40 mEq/L. Urine chloride concentration is 15 mEq/L (Normal = 80-250 mEq/L). Based on these findings, what is the most likely diagnosis?

64) A 56-year-old female is admitted with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure from systemic lupus erythematosus and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. She has a history of recurrent kidney stones. Laboratory studies show the following: Serum calcium 10.6 mg/dL, Serum albumin 3.9 g/L, PTH 140 pg/mL, Serum phosphorus 3.0 mg/dL. Her baseline serum creatinine level ranges from 1.6 to 1.8 mg/dL. Her bone mineral density is measured by DXA scan, revealing a T score of-2.5 at the lumbar spine, which is consistent with osteoporosis. What is the most likely cause of this patient's hypercalcemia?

65) A 31-year-old Hispanic female presents with palpitations and weight loss. Her past medical history is insignificant. Her family history is unremarkable. She recently moved from South America. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. She is married and has three children. Her last delivery was four years ago. Her blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, temperature is 36.7°C (98°F) and respirations are 20/min. Her eye examination is unremarkable. Thyroid examination reveals a 2 x 2 cm left-sided thyroid nodule. Her T3 and T 4 are elevated, and TSH is undetectable. Radioactive iodine scan shows uptake only in the left thyroid nodule. Uptake in the rest of the thyroid is markedly reduced. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

66) A 36-year-old male comes to the office for the evaluation of fatigue and weakness for the last several weeks. He denies any change in appetite, change in weight, heat or cold intolerance, nausea, vomiting and constipation. He cannot recall any recent stressful events. His past medical and family histories are unremarkable. He does not have any medications. His pulse is 76/min, blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98°F). He is well-oriented to time, place and person. His neurological examination is nonfocal; the deep tendon reflexes are normal. Lab tests show: Hematocrit 43%, WBC count 6,000/microl, Platelet count 200,000/microl, Serum calcium 11 mg/dL, Serum albumin 4.5 g/dL, 24-hour urinary calcium 200 mg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

1) A 63-year-old white female presents with a thyroid nodule. She denies any weight loss, change in appetite, diarrhea, heat or cold intolerance, menstrual irregularities, hoarseness and dyspnea. Her past medical history is unremarkable. There is no family history of thyroid cancer. She does not take any medications. Physical examination shows a 4-5 cm, fixed, hard, and non-tender thyroid nodule. There is cervical lymphadenopathy. Her serum TSH level is normal. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid shows malignant cells. Which of the following is the most likely expected pathology on FNA?

2) A 36-year-old female presents with headaches and visual problems. She also complains of palpitations, heat intolerance and weight loss. Her past medical history is unremarkable. She is currently on no medications. Her blood pressure is 130/60 mmHg, heart rate is 100/min and regular, and weight is 152 lb (weight one year ago was 170 lb). Physical examination reveals a symmetrically enlarged thyroid gland without any tenderness. Auscultation of the chest reveals tachycardia. She has bitemporal hemianopsia on confrontation. The rest of the physical examination is unremarkable. Her lab investigations show: Serum T3 222 ng/mL, Serum T4 13.9 mcg/dL, Serum TSH 7.9 IU/mL, Alpha subunit level elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

3) A 35-year-old male presents with complaints of weakness and fatigue of one year's duration. He is anorexic and has lost interest in all his activities. He also complains of cold intolerance and constipation. His blood pressure is 98/72 mmHg, temperature is 37.1°C (99°F), respirations are 14/min, and pulse is 50/min. His skin is dry and rough, nails are brittle, and hair is thin. There is no hyperpigmentation of the skin. Delayed deep tendon reflexes are noted on neurological examination. Lab studies show: Hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL, WBC count 5,000/micro-L, Neutrophils 45%, Monocytes 5%, Eosinophils 10%, Basophils 1%, Lymphocytes 40%, Serum sodium 135 mEq/L, Serum potassium 4.0 mEq/L. Which of the following is most consistent with this patient's findings?

4) A 60-year-old male is admitted to the hospital because of right lower lobe pneumonia. His medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, severe degenerative disease of the spine, and longstanding lower back pain. He is a chronic smoker with a 40-pack year smoking history. During his hospitalization, the laboratory report shows decreased serum calcium levels and increased phosphate levels. Further evaluation reveals increased serum intact parathyroid hormone levels. Which of the following medical conditions is most likely responsible for this patient's abnormal lab findings?

5) A 43-year-old female presents to the physician's office with muscle cramps, polydipsia and polyuria. She has no other medical problems, and does not take any medications. She does not use tobacco, alcohol or drugs. Her father died from alcoholic liver disease at age 50. Her pulse is 75/min, respirations are 13/min, blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, and temperature is 37°C (98.6°F). Laboratory studies show: Blood glucose 115 mg/dL, Serum sodium 142 mEq/L, Serum potassium 2.7 mEq/L. Plasma renin activity is low. What is the most likely diagnosis?

6) A 30-year-old Hispanic male presents to the office with complaints of palpitations, tremor, nervousness and headache. His past history is insignificant. His mother has type 2 diabetes, which is well-controlled with medications. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 100/min, blood pressure is 150/80 mmHg, and respirations are 16/min. He appears anxious, sweaty and shaky. His neurological examination is non-focal, and examination of other systems is unremarkable. His fingerstick blood glucose level is 38 mg/dL. Intravenous administration of a bolus of 50% dextrose leads to the improvement of his symptoms. He is then subjected to supervise prolonged fasting. After an overnight fast, laboratory studies reveal: Blood glucose 40 mg/dl, Serum insulin 15 microU/L (normal value is < 6 microU/L with hypoglycemia), Serum pro-insulin 9 microU/L (normal value is < 20% of total immunoreactive insulin), C-peptide level 0.8 nmol/L (normal value is less than 0.2 nmol/L), Sulfonylurea Negative, IGF-II Negative. Based on the above information, what is the most likely cause of this patient's hypoglycemia?

7) A 35-year-old male presents to the family physician for bilateral gynecomastia. He observed a progressive increase in his breast size starting 6 months ago. He is sexually active and denies any drug use. Physical examination reveals bilateral gynecomastia and tenderness. The genito-urinary examination shows a 1 cm nodule in the right testis. Otherwise, the examination is within normal limits. The laboratory report shows: LH 3 U/L, FSH 2 U/L, testosterone 270 ng/dL (Normal 3-10 ng/dL), estradiol 115 pg/mL (Normal 20-60 pg/mL), beta HCG undetectable, AFP undetectable. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

8) A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a "pins and needles" sensation around her mouth for the last 2-3 weeks. She gets similar sensations in her feet sometimes, along with muscle cramps, especially at the end of the day. She has no similar episodes in the past and has always been healthy. She works as a waitress and has "clean habits." Her family history is not significant. She is currently not taking any medications, and is allergic to penicillin. Her vital signs are normal. Examination is unremarkable. The patient's labs reveal: CBC: Hb 12.4 g/dl, WBC 6,000/cmm. Serum: Serum Na 140 mEq/L, Serum K 4.0 mEq/L, Chloride 100 mEq/L, Bicarbonate 24 mEq/L, BUN 10 mg/dl, Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dl, Glucose 100 mg/dl, Calcium 6.5 mg/dl, Phosphorus, inorganic 5.8 mg/dl. Protein: Total 7.0 g/dl, Albumin 3.8 g/dl, Globulins 3.0 g/dl. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her condition?

9) A 56-year-old male presents in the emergency department with severe nausea, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, and constipation. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His home medications include metformin, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. He has a 26-pack-year history of smoking. He drinks alcohol occasionally. He denies the use of recreational drugs. His father also has diabetes mellitus type 2. His blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, temperature is 36.7°C (98°F) and respirations are 16/min. His mucus membranes are dry. His lung examination reveals decreased breath sounds over the right base. The rest of the physical examination is unremarkable. The patient is subsequently admitted. Laboratory studies (obtained in the emergency department) are as follows: Serum calcium 14.8 mg/dl, Albumin 4.0 g/dl, PTH 9 pg/ml (normal 10-60 pg/ml), Serum creatinine 1.9 mg/dl, BUN 54 mg/dl, Blood glucose 180 mg/dl, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 30 ng/ml (normal 20 to 60 ng/ml), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 30 pg/ml (normal 15 to 65 pg/ml). What is the most likely cause of this patient's hypercalcemia?

10) A 63-year-old otherwise healthy male presents with a thyroid nodule. He denies any symptoms of anxiety, heat or cold intolerance, and recent changes in appetite or weight. He has hypertension, which is being treated with a beta-blocker. He does not have any other medical problems. He denies any family history of thyroid disease. His pulse is 79/min and blood pressure is 130/76 mmHg. Neck examination shows a hard, fixed, non-tender, 4 cm thyroid nodule in the right thyroid lobe. His serum TSH level is normal. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) shows follicular cells. Follicular carcinoma is suspected. Which of the following is necessary to make a diagnosis of follicular thyroid cancer?

11) A 38-year-old Caucasian female presents to the office complaining of lethargy, weight gain and fatigue. She denies headaches, pruritus or urine discoloration. She just gave birth 2 months ago via vaginal delivery; her baby is in good health and receives formula nutrition. Her delivery was complicated by vaginal bleeding that required blood transfusion, and postpartum endometritis that rapidly responded to antibiotics. She has not had any menstrual periods following delivery. Physical examination shows sparse pubic hair, dry skin and delayed tendon reflexes. Urinalysis shows no glucose or ketones. Which of the following is most likely to be responsible for this patient's condition?

12) A 56-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 7-month history of headache and visual disturbance. Her past medical history is unremarkable. She is currently not taking any medications. She admits to smoking a pack of cigarettes daily for the last 15-years, and does not drink. On visual field examination, there is a small field defect noted in both eyes. MRI scan shows a pituitary tumor. Which of the following is the most common type of pituitary tumor?

13) A 65-year-old Hispanic male comes to the office for a routine medical check-up. He has a history of diabetes for the past twenty years, and hypertension for the past ten years. His daily medications include insulin and ramipril. He was diagnosed with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at his last ophthalmologic visit. Reports from his previous laboratory studies show microalbuminuria. A detailed neurological examination is performed to check for any neuropathy. Which of the following is the most common type of neuropathy found in diabetics?

14) A 65-year-old man presents with a 1-day history of hematuria and sharp flank pain (rated 10 of 10) radiating toward the groin on the right side. Past medical history is significant for three prior episodes of nephrolithiasis over the past 5 years, all of which presented with a similar clinical picture. He is not taking any medication. There is no family history of renal calculi, renal disease, or endocrine disorders. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.5°F), heart rate is 125/min, and blood pressure is 132/86 mmHg. He is in obvious distress and cannot sit still on the bed. Physical examination is significant for a soft, nontender abdomen and extreme costovertebral angle tenderness on the right. Laboratory values show: Na+: 142 mEq/L, K+: 4.8 mEq/L , Cl−: 104 mEq/L, HCO −: 24 mEq/L , Ca2+: 11.0 mg/dL , PO4: 1.4 mg/dL , Mg2+: 2.0 mg/dL , Blood urea nitrogen: 12 mg/dL, Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL, Glucose: 118 mg/dL, Intact parathyroid hormone: 300 pg/mL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

15) A 90-year-old male complains of hip and back pain. He has also developed headaches, hearing loss, and tinnitus. On physical examination the skull appears enlarged, with prominent superficial veins. There is marked kyphosis, and the bones of the leg appear deformed. Serum alkaline phosphatase is elevated. Calcium and phosphorus levels are normal. Skull x-ray shows sharply demarcated lucencies in the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. X-rays of the hip show thickening of the pelvic brim. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

16) A 35-year-old white male presents with fatigue, decreased appetite, weight gain, constipation and cold intolerance. He cannot recall any stressful event. He does not take any medications. He is a non-smoker and non-alcoholic. His pulse is 47/min and blood pressure is 145/91 mmHg. Physical examination reveals cool, pale skin, coarse hair, and brittle nails. There is delayed relaxation of deep tendon reflexes. The thyroid gland is normal on palpation. Laboratory studies reveal increased serum free T3 and T4 levels, and normal serum TSH level. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?