Quiz Chapter 10 and Chapter 5 part 2
Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
Cognition
Concept
An organizing principle derived from experience.
Cognition
Concept
Cognition is derived from the Latin word Cogito which means "to think"
True
False
A representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category.
Prototype
Exemplar
A specific member of a category used to represent the category.
Exemplar
Prototype
Compared to prototypes, exemplar's provide a better way of thinking about the variability of the category.
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Apples are more likely than avocados to be a person's exemplar fruit because of the extensive experience we have with apples in the U.S.
Cierto
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Being able to detect pain, see things, and hear sounds is termed what? The important/operative word here is detect.
Sensations
Feelings
Signal detection
More correct and broader answer would be sensation.
I am at home listening and watching my TV. Trish comes over to ask me a question. She walks into the house and yells at me that the TV's volume is up too high. What is a good reason why I do not notice that the TV is up so lound (it iis not realted to me being much older that Trish).
Sensory adaption
Sensations
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold.s
Absolute threshold
Difference threshold
Vision is one of the most imporatant aspects of sensation and sensory systems in a human. Give me a reason for that fact. Think of the brain.
Because approximately 50% of our cerebral cortex process visual information
Depth perception
I just bought a shirt. The shirt is a very bright blue. The more times that I was the shirt the more it fades or the less color it has. What physiological process explains this?
Opponent process theory
Cones
Trichromatic theory
It is the AMPLITUDE of waves. The "strenght" or the amount of energy in the wave.
Dark blue has a lot of aplitude or energy and dull red has less amplitude or energy.
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How do rods differ from cones in the retina?
A rod picks up dim light, and cones pick up color and fine detail.
Process color and detect fine detail
What is the iris?
Colored muscle that surrounds the pupil.
White mucus on the eye.
Tell me about the fovea
Processes detailed vision and is part of the retina
Brightly colored muscle surrounding pupil
An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
How does the brain process visual information?
Primary visual cortex
The brain flips the image
Light enters and travels to cornea, pupil, and lens before reaching retina.
Info travels from retina to thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala
What is the opponent theory of color recognition and why is it supported?
Gets support from our understanding of the anatomy of the visual system. Because groups of cells that process yellow and blue or red and green are located together.
A theory of color vision that suggests we have a red-green channel and a blue-green channel in which activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other color.
The Gestal psychologists discussed several aspects or principles of perception. Tell me about the principle of Figure and Ground and then tell me about the principle of Closure.
Figure, identifying main objects in the scene
When looking at a picture we identify the main object, which stands out from the background. We frequently assume the figure stands in front of most of the ground.
Which stands out from the background, we cant look back and forth between the two. Looking at both can be frustrating.
Closure occurs when people see a complete, unbroken image even when there are gaps in the lines forming the image.
You are paining a picture and you want to try to represent depth in that picture. How can you represent a road as getting further away from you in that picture?
Linear perspective
T is where two parallel lines converge on a horizon
What is Occlusion?
The blocking of images of distant objects by closer objects.
If my hand is in front of my face you can see all of my hand but my hand blocks out part of my face.
How do hair cells stimulate the auditory nerve?
It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters onto the cells of the auditory nerve.
They don't
Grouping plays a significant role in the perception of what?
In the perception of music and speech
Speech
Which cortex contains the primary somatosensory cortex (perception of touch)?
Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensation
Primary motor cortex
Parietal lobe
How does the input of olfactory inforamation to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?
Ontribute to emotional an social experiences
It doesn't make direct pathways to the thalamus
Olfactory pathways do not make direct connection with the thalamus before the information reaches the cerebral cortex.
What happens to our lens as we age?
It begins to yellow, which protects the eye from ultraviolet radiation but affects the percepetion of color.
It gets wrinkly.
What do Americans think about body odor that is different from other cultures?
We thinks it's is nasty. Other cultures could care less
They do not find it offensive
Americans find body odor offensive while other cultures do not.
What happens to our taste buds as we get older?
We lose our sensitivity to taste.
The taste buds become less sensitive.
A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles.
Problem
Problem solving
The use of information to meet a specific goal.
Problem
Problem solving
What are the steps to problem solving?
1) Understand the problem
2) Make a plan
3)Carry out the plan
4)Look back.
1)Make a plane
2)Understand the problem
3)Look back
4)Carry out the plan
Functional fixedness -A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form.
Cierto
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A precise,step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem
Algorithm
Heuritstic
A short-cut to problem solving; also known as a rule of thumb.
Heuristic
Availability heuristic
A rule of thumb in which the frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind.
Heuristic
Availability heuristic
A rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype.
heuristic
Availability heuristic
Representativeness heuristic
A rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative.
Recognition heuristic
Affect heuristic
A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut"reactions to stimuli
Recognition heuristic
Affect heuristic
The representativeness heuristic makes us believe that stimuli similar to a prototype are more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar. Katrina Hodge, 2009 Miss England, may not fit your prototype of a Lance Corporal and Iraq War veteran. However, there are many more soldiers than beauty queens, so the likelihood that a beautiful is a soldier is higher than the likelihood that she is a beauty queen.
Cierto
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In Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman's classic Asian disease problem. They discovered that when a question was framed negatively, people were more likely to choose the riskier alternative.
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Three brain circuits play particularly important roles in decision making.
The first circuit assigns value to situations along the lines of pleasure and pain and involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala.
The second circuit is an impulse control network that controls unwanted responses and includes the lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex.
The third is an attentional circuit that monitors significant stimuli, and involves the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. This circuit also seems to be involved with more complex social decision making, such as deciding whom to trust.
The first circuit is an impulse control network that controls unwanted responses and includes the lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex.
Adolescents Make Risky Decisions in the Presence of Peers.
Cierto
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An example of Availability is...
Despite news and missing child reports that make kidnappings appear to be common, fewer than 100 children per year are abducted by strangers in the United States.
A big, muscular student at Ohio State University is probably a football player( even though fewer than 100 of Ohio State's 60,000 plus students are on the football team)
Eating dessert instead of staying on your diet is an emotional choice.
Wine labeled as "California wine" is rated higher than
An example of representativeness is...
Eating dessert instead of staying on your diet is an emotional choice.
Despite news and missing child reports that make kidnappings appear to be common, fewer than 100 children per year are abducted by strangers in the United States.
A big, muscular student at Ohio State University is probably a football player( even though fewer than 100 of Ohio State's 60,000 plus students are on the football team)
Eating dessert instead of staying on your diet is an emotional choice.
An example of recognition is..
A big, muscular student at Ohio State University is probably a football player( even though fewer than 100 of Ohio State's 60,000 plus students are on the football team)
Despite news and missing child reports that make kidnappings appear to be common, fewer than 100 children per year are abducted by strangers in the United States.
Wine labeled as "California wine" is rated higher than the same wine labeled "North Dakota wine"
Eating dessert instead of staying on your diet is an emotional choice.
An example of Affect is...
Despite news and missing child reports that make kidnappings appear to be common, fewer than 100 children per year are abducted by strangers in the United States.
Eating dessert instead of staying on your diet is an emotional choice.
A big, muscular student at Ohio State University is probably a football player( even though fewer than 100 of Ohio State's 60,000 plus students are on the football team)
Wine labeled as "California wine" is rated higher than the same wine labeled "North Dakota wine"
Language-A system for communicating thoughts and feelings using arbitrary signals.
Cierto
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A critical gene mutation in the FOXP-2 gene occuring around 100,000 years ago possibly marked the start of modern language as we know it.
Cierto
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Phoneme
A speech sound
The smallest component of speech that carries meaning
Morpheme
The smallest component of speech that carries meaning
A speech sound
Aphasia - The loss of the ability to speak or understand language.
Cierto
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Two-way interaction in the form of conversation produces the fastest language learning, reinforcing the social nature of this behavior.
Cierto
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Dyslexia -Individuals with dyslexia experience difficulties in learning to read despite typical intelligence and exposure to adequate teaching methods.
Cierto
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More than 75% of the worlds population is bilingual, or proficient in at least two languages.
Cierto
Falso, more than half of the worlds population is bilingual.
Broca's aphasia give location and symptoms
Location: Broca's area (left frontal lobe in most people)
Location: Wernicke's area ( left temporal lobe in most people)
Symptoms: Fluent, meaningless speech without comprehension)
Symptoms:Slow, effortful speaking combined with good comprehension
Wernicke's aphasia
Location: Wernicke's area ( left temporal lobe in most people)
Symptoms:Slow, effortful speaking combined with good comprehension
Location: Broca's area (left frontal lobe in most people)
Symptoms: Fluent, meaningless speech without comprehension)
The ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience ,engage in reasoning, and overcome obstacles.
Intelligence quotient(IQ)
Intelligence
A measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Intelligence
A measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities.
General intelligence(g)
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge.
General intelligence(g)
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge.
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
General intelligence
Intellectual disability-A condition diagnosed in individuals with IQ scores below 70 and poor adaptive behaviors: also known as mental retardation.
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Giftedness-An extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of 130 or above
Cierto
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General intelligence(g)- A single measure of an individual's intellectual ability that predicts most of that person's intellectual performance. Example: Verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills showing high positive correlations within an individual.
Cierto
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Fluid intelligence-A type of general intelligence that allows logical thinking without needing learned knowledge. Example: Recognizing relationships between geometric shapes.
Cierto
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Crystallized intelligence-A type of general intelligence that requires learned knowledge. Example: Using your knowledge of the multiplication tables to figure out interest on a new car loan.
Cierto
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Multiple intelligences - Single skills that tend to show relatively low correlations with one another and with general intelligence.( Strong musical abilities, in people with Williams syndrome, which results in a lower than normal IQ score.)
Cierto
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Emotional and social intelligence- The ability to manage emotions and reason about other people's states of mind. Example: Managing anger appropriately and showing empathy for others.
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Collective intelligence is...
A quality of a group process independent of individual group member's intelligence that predicts group performance.
Example: Managing anger appropriately and showing empathy for others.
The ability to manage emotions and reason about other people's states of mind.
Example:A team featuring good social sensitivity and conversation sharing that completes a task successfully.
The nerve exiting the retina of the eye...
The optic nerve
The occipital nerve
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