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The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450–1750 ?

The transmission of new weapons along trade networks

The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states

The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires

The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons

The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court

The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire

The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East

The decline of the importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army

The type of weaponry used in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450–1750 EXCEPT the

Aztec (Mexica) Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

Qing dynasty

The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450–1750 ?

As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue.

As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries.

As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue.

As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources.

The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450–1750 ?

States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration.

Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy.

States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.

Local elites began to command their own military forces.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?

The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy

The creation of larger state bureaucracies

The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation

The emergence of banking systems

A historian would most likely interpret the rhetoric in the passage as evidence that rulers of imperial states in the period circa 1450–1750 continued to

Use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies

Prefer to resolve interstate conflicts through warfare rather than through diplomatic means

Patronize religious establishments and preside over religious ceremonies

Seek to unite forces to prevent the spread of secular ideas

Based on the purpose of the letter, Selim’s description of the followers of Shah Ismail I as a “heretical faction” can best be interpreted as a commentary of the Safavid Empire’s

Military strength

Adherence to Shi‘a Islam

Turkic origins

Use of the Persian language

Which of the following aspects of the international situation in early sixteenth-century southwest Asia is most relevant to understanding Sultan Selim’s letter?

The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East.

Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires developed extensive trade connections with European states and states in the Indian Ocean region.

Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires made use of gunpowder weapons in the course of their territorial expansion.

The Ottoman and Safavid empires brought a high degree of centralization to parts of southwest Asia that had been politically fragmented before.

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?

States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.

The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.

The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.

States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT

The Safavid Empire

The Qing (Manchu) Empire

The Aztec (Mexica) Empire

The Ottoman Empire

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 ?

It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew.

It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations.

It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire.

It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to

Promote religious war against fellow Christians

Encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence

Demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God

Reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church

Had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land

Had become corrupted by power

Had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism

Had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that

Papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany

The Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support

Political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community

The Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?

The collection of tribute

Establishment of religious uniformity

Abolition of feudal privileges

The granting of autonomy to minority groups

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