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In 1972, titanium oxide (TiO2) was applied in the field of photocatalysis by Fujishima and Honda, marking the beginning of heterogeneous catalysis.

However, TiO2 cannot absorb sunlight effectively because of its large band gap of 3.0 eV for the rutile TiO2.

Silicon (Si), a narrow-band gap semiconductor (Eg = 1.1 eV), is the most commonly used material for solar energy conversion.

The wafer was then washed in an ultrasonic bath with deionized water for 5 min and dried under a nitrogen gas flow.

In this system, FA is the targeting agent, AuNPs work as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates, and GO takes the role of both supporting the AuNPs with FA and acting as a Raman probe.

GO has characteristic Raman fingerprints,24 and it has been used as a Raman probe to perform Raman imaging of cells, with the help of Au or Ag nanoparticles loaded as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates to improve the Raman signal and the imaging ability of GO.

In particular, particles with macropores, because of their large pore size and enhanced mass transportation, have been applied in a broad range of applications such as catalyst supports,2 ion exchange resins, and sorbents,3 and they have recently been used as biomaterials for enzyme immobilization,4 protein separation,5 tissue culture,6 enhanced cell embolization,7โ€“9 and regulation of pharmaceutical drug release.10

The present results indicate that plants attach significant value to the in-home protection against O2 1โˆ†g by investing carbon and energy into the formation of isoprene, in spite of the appearance of the cytotoxic methyl vinyl ketone as one of the reaction products.

Although isoprene exerts no greenhouse gas (GHG) effect on its own right, its fast reaction with OH radicals can change the atmospheric oxidation capacity and the atmospheric lifetime of methane (the third most important GHG).

The flow lithography has offered unparalleled control over the particle size and shape, which are precisely determined by the ultraviolet (UV) dose, objective magnification, and photomask during UV polymerization.

Recently, the improved flow lithography called stop-flow lithography (SFL) has been developed, which not only synthesizes porous particles without the skinning effect but also efficiently enlarges their pore size ranging from ~100 to 200 nm by simply adding polymeric porogens.

However, increasing the molecular weight of porogens to enlarge particle pores might have certain limitations because they cause a significant decrease in the structural strength of the resultant polymer particles.

The bucketed (ฮ” = 0.01 ppm) NMR spectra were treated with a noise removal procedure, in which each bucket spectrum was divided into 32 subsections and the standard deviation (SD) of each section was calculated.

In this article, we argue that the primary role of isoprene is to remove the singlet delta oxygen (O2 1โˆ†g) that forms inside plants by ultraviolet excitation rather than to provide heat protection or scavenge ozone, OH, or other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gas phase.

High-molecular-weight porogens, which are not covalently bound, can interrupt the polymerization process, which may lead to weakening of the structural strength of porous polymers.