Quiz IOS Lecture
I/O and Display Technologies Quiz
Test your knowledge on the intricate world of Input/Output (I/O) systems and display technologies. This quiz covers various topics such as DMA transfer methods, bus protocols, USB standards, and the principles behind liquid crystal displays.
Engage with our quiz to:
- Explore essential concepts in modern technology.
- Challenge your understanding of I/O architectures and display systems.
- Enhance your learning experience in a fun and interactive way.
With the "data break" DMA transfer method:
The bus is only used when the CPU does not need it.
The transfer rate ensured is higher compared to the "cycle stealing" DMA transfer method
The CPU operations are suspended during the tranfer
An I/O program executed by an I/O processor:
May not contain DMA transfers, since these are executed by DMA controllers
May contain several DMA transfers, and the CPU is interrupted at the end of each transfer
May contain several DMA transfers, and the CPU is interrupted at the end of the I/O program.
With a synchronous bus:
A logical protocol is needed between the source and destination units.
A delay occurs when transfer is completed before an integral number of clock cycles.
The speed has to be chosen according to the slowest device on the bus
Asynchronous buses:
Are not as advantageous as synchronous buses, because they do not use a clock signal, and therefore synchronization is difficult to achieve.
Are more advantageous than synchronous buses, because they do not use a clock signal, and therefore the number of wires needed is reduced.
Are more advantageous than synchronous buses, since bus cycles can have any duration.
With isochronous transfer on the USB:
Data is always delivered on time.
Losses may occur in the data stream.
The transfer rate depends on other activities on the bus.
Select the cases when using the SPI bus is more advantageous than using the I2C bus:
The data rate required is 5 megabytes per second
The system contains several devices.
The word size is 12 bits
USB version 3.0:
Replaces the existing differential channel of version 2.0 with two unidirectional channels.
Adds two unidirectional channels to the existing differential channel of version 2.0.
Adds a bidirectional channel to the existing differential channel of version 2.0.
With the I2C bus:
No acknowledge bit is sent.
The device address and data direction are sent after the START condition.
Duplex communication is not possible.
In the nematic phase of liquid crystals:
Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are twisted with respect to adjacent layers.
Molecules have their long axes oriented approximately in parallel.
Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are oriented in the same direction.
LED backlighting:
Enables to build thin displays.
Reduces the power consumption compared to fluorescent lamp backlighting.
Enables to maintain a uniform brightness in the long term.
In a Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal display:
The light is re-polarized by the twisting of liquid crystal molecules.
Molecules in the middle of liquid crystal chains tend to align in parallel to an electric field applied between two electrodes.
Two polarizing filters are used, with the polarizing directions perpendicular to each others.
With a passive-matrix display:
There are no transistors connected to the row electrodes or column electrodes.
There is a transistor connected to each pixel.
There is a transistor connected to each row electrode or column electrode.
Currently, the most widely used color enhancement technology for liquid crystal display is:
QDEF(Quantum Dot Enhancement Film))
QDCC(Quantum Dot Color Conversion))
QDOG(Quantum Dot on Glass))
The color of light emitted by a quantum dot mostly depends on:
The structure of the quantum dot.
The semiconductor material used for the quantum dot core
The size of the quantum dot.
With the interferometric modular technology used for electronic paper displays:
Spatial dithering can be used to create additional shades of the primary colors.
Primary colors are generated by changing the voltage applied between a thin-film stack and an electrode of an optical cavity.
Light modulation is achieved with an optical cavity containing a membrane and a thin-film stack that acts as micro-mirrors.
Electronic paper displays have the following disadvantages:
They are not suitable for outdoor displays since they are not waterproof.
They are not suitable for viewing video sequences or animations due to their low refresh rate.
A permanent shadow image may be visible on the screen if an image is displayed for a long time.
The DisplayPort interface:
In the optional dual-mode, enables to transfer HDMI signals through the DisplayPort cable without external adapters(dongles))
Uses a packet-based protocol.
Enables to connect multiple displays in a daisy-chain.
In the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), each kernel:
Is executed on the GPU by one thread
Is executed on the GPU by N threads.
Is executed on the CPU.
The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI):
Does not require a separate clock signal, because the synchronization information is embedded into the serial data stream.
Enables to use a cable with a Type-C USB connector for connecting to a display.
Enables to use a cable that includes an Ethernet channel to share an Internet connection between two devices.
The Consumers Electronics Control (CEC) feature of HDMI enables the user to control several devices with a single remote:
By automatically detecting the brand of each connected device.
By using commands that are not manufacturer-specific.
By programming the remote with the brand information of connected devices.
A bit of 0 is recorded on compact discs as:
A land-to-pit transition
No transition between a pit and a land
A pit-to-land transition
A pit
A land
The higher capacity of DVDs compared to compact discs has been achieved by:
Reducing the pit size.
Reducing the wavelength of the laser beam.
Reducing the numerical aperture of objective lens.
The constant linear velocity (CLV) recording method used for several DVD formats:
Is advantageous for applications that require sequential access.
Ensures a constant rotational speed.
Reduces the power consumption compared to the constant angular velocity (CAV) method.)
Re-writable discs (CD-RW, DVD-RW) use for the recording layer:
An organic dye
A phase-change material.
An anorganic dye
With daisy-chain priority interrupts:
Each device that receives the interrupt acknowledge signal is able to block the propagation of this signal to the next device
The priority of a device is given by its position in the daisy-chain of devices
Device priorities can be changed under software control
I/O processors:
Execute I/O Programs that may also include DMA transfers
Communicate with peripheral devices instead of letting the CPU to do that
Only communicate with the main processor by sharing access to a common memory
Communicate with CPU only through lines and control signals
Do not need intervation of the main processor to start executing an I/O program
The data-break DMA transfer method:
Increases the transfer rate compared to the cycle-stealing DMA transfer method
Suspends the CPU operation during the transfer
Only uses the bus when the CPU does not need it
Transfers large blocks of data by interpersing DMA bus transactions with CPU bus transactions
With the hardware pooling technique for identifying the interrupt source:
The speed is increased compared to the software pooling technique
The CPU executes a general interrupt service routine when it detects an interrupt request.
The interrupt request signal is daisy-chained through the I/O modules
The cycle-stealing DMA data transfer method:
It is used for slower peripherals
DMA controller can be designed such that bus cycles are stolen only when CPU does not use the bus
Maximum transfer rate is reduced compared to block DMA transfer method
Larger blocks are transferred and the activity of the CPU is suspended during the transfer.
With the parallel priority interrupt lines lines interconnection:
A priority encoder is used for generating a part of the interrupt vector
Priority of a device is given by the position of the associated bit from the interrupt register
Interrupt requests of the devices cannot be deactivated individually, but only by a global control of interrupt system
At software pooling interrupt identification technique:
The processor addresses I/O modules one by one in order to identify the device/module that generated the interrupt
I/O modules transmit to the processor their state register content in an order given by their priority
A higher speed is obtained compared to hardware pooling technique because the CPU has higher speed compared to I/O modules
CPU execution time:
It does not include the time required for executing the I/O operations
Allows measuring global performance of the computer system
Includes the time required for accesses to the memory
A PCI Express link:
Requires at least four wires.
May contain any number of communication lanes
Consists of bidirectional channels
PCI Express interrupts:
In legacy mode, are signaled by devices with the INTA#...INTD# interrupt request signal
In native mode, are signaled with memory write transactions
In legacy mode, use special messages that act as interrupt request signals
In legacy mode, they use special messages that indicate signal activation for interrupt requests
In native mode, they are signaled through message transitions specific to PCI Express bus
With I2C bus:
Full duplex communication is not possible
Duplex communication(simultaneously bidirectional) is not possible
Each device has a unique address assigned to it
The device address and the data direction is transmitted after START condition
Transfer rate is reduced compared to SPI bus
No acknowledge bit sent
Each data transfer begins with a START bit and is followed by a STOP bit
With the SPI bus:
Data are transferred in both directions simultaneously
Advantages are achieved when there is a single slave device
It is more efficient for applications that require duplex communication
It does not allow device addressing through unique/specific address for each device
An acknowledge bit is sent after each data word
Transfer rates are similar to those of the I2C bus
It is more advantageous for systems with many/more "slave" devices
PCI Express bus:
It is a software compatible with PCI parallel bus
Permits only point-to-point connections
It does not require synchronization between signals, compared to PCI parallel bus
USB 3.2 doubles the transfer rate of USB 3.1 by:
Operating on two lanes
Adding a new communication lane
Using a more efficient encoding compared to version 3.1
Doubling the clock frequency
With the VME320 bus:
A Source Synchronous protocol is used
The data transfer protocol uses both edges of the clock signal for data transfer
All expansion modules are connected in series
VXS Modules (VME bus Switched Serial)
Uses switching boards, that have point to point connections with the rest of the boards
Can use a dual star topology, by witch every normal board connects at 2 switching boards(redundancy)
Can be used for different serial interconnections, without changes
Can use a mesh topology, by which all normal boards interconnected (without a switching board)
Uses normal boards, on which the parallel connectors are replaced by high speed serial connectors
May use a daisy-chain topology, with the switch board and payload boards connected in a chain
VME64x bus uses a modified protocol which:
Uses both fronts (edges) of strobe and ACK signals for data transfer
Is a source synchronous protocol
Uses both clock signal fronts (edges) for data transfer
VME64x bus:
Allows adding and eliminating extension modules without shutting down the system
Uses 2eVME (Double-edge VME) protocol which data transfer takes places at both clock edges
Can use extension modules with connection cooling, with special guides of boards that transfer the heat to the chassis
Compared to a parallel bus, a serial bus:
Allows synchronization simplification when an external clock signal is transmitted separately of data
Have lower electrical interferences because it needs fewer wires
Has lower speeds because data are transferred serial, bit by bit
Compact PCI SERIAL systems:
Uses sockets/slots for peripherals interconnected via dedicated Ethernet connections
Implements a star topology on the backplane
Uses point-to-point connections between peripheral socket/slots by a switch
Compact PCI Systems:
Uses the PCI bus combined with the extension modules having the same formats as the modules used by the VME bus
Can use Hot Swap extension by which modification of the existing connectors in order to allow adding and removing modules during operation is not necessary
Uses parallel extension modules, but serial interconnections on the backplane
In the cholesteric phase of liquid crystals:
Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are twisted with respect to adjacent layers
Molecules have an approximately parallel orientation order
Molecules align in layers, and in each layer they are oriented in the same direction
Passive-matrix displays:
There exists a transistor connected to every row or column electrode
Compared to active-matrix displays, have slower response time
Compared to active-matrix displays, they have wider viewing angles
Do not require/exists any transistors connected to the row electrodes or column electrodes
There exists a transistor connected to every pixel
At liquid crystal displays, Backlight with electroluminoscent diodes (LED):
Permits realization of display with reduced thickness
Reduces energy/power consumption (compared to fluorescent backlighting))
Enables to build professional-grade displays with its RGB LED backlighting variant
Enables to maintain the uniformity of brightness in long term
Reduces the brightness compared to the backlight via fluorescent lamps
Enables to implement the "Full-Array Local Dimming" feature with its Edge-Lit White LED variant
At STN (Super-Twisted Nematic) technology:
A higher contrast is obtained compared to TN technology
The response time is higher compared to TN technology
Light polarity direction is rotated/tilted with 90 degrees
With phosphorescent OLEDs:
Light emission persists even after the incident radiation has been removed
Efficiency is lower than that of fluorescent OLEDs
Only single states contribute to light emission
The direct-emission OLED color generation technique:
Enables high luminous efficiency
Requires a complex manufacturing process
Solves the color balance problem of other color generation techniques
Select the properties that are used to design color electrophoretic e-paper displays:
Pigment aggregation
Pigment separation
Pigment mobility in an electric field
Pigment weight
Color electrophoretic technology "Advanced Color ePaper" is based on:
Both phenomena
Different electrophoretic mobility of piigments
Grouping and separation of pigments under the influence of electric field
With OLED displays:
Readability in outdoor conditions may be limited
Response time is faster than that of liquid crystal displays
Viewing angles are wide
Power consumption is always lower than that of liquid crystal displays
Small-Molecule OLEDs:
In general, requires costly manufacturing processes
Uses structures with less layers compared to Polymer OLEDs
Requires lower voltages compared to Polymer OLEDs
At color generation technique using White-emitting OLED (WOLED) diodes:
Light efficiency is reduced, because color filters are used
Color balance problems do not appear
Manufacturing process is complex, because it is necessary the deposit of sub-pixel precise positioned
Compared to Liquid Crystal Displays, OLED displays:
Contrast is higher
Energy consumption can be higher, depending on the images displayed
It is possible to simpler realize transparent and flexible displays
Response time is higher
At Interferometric modular technology (IMOD) used for ePaper displays:
Temporal interpolation can be used in order to create additional shades/nuances of the primary colors
Light modulation is obtained using an optical cavity that contains a membrane and a thin film with the role of some micro-mirrors
Primary colors are generated by modifying the voltage applied between a thing film and an electrode from an optical cavity
At Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) technique of Liquid Crystal Displays:
Brightness uniformity is increased compared to Vertical Alignment(VA) technology
Viewing angles are wider compared to those of Twisted Nematic (TN) technology
Color reproduction is problematic in the direction perpendicular to the screen
Contrast is increased compared to the Vertical Alignment (VA) technology
At Liquid Crystal Displays, Full Array Local Dimming (FALD) technique:
Can determine light dispersion from a zone to the adjacent/neighbor zones
Can be implemented when white LED backlighting is used
Improves static and dynamic contrast
At In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology of liquid crystal displays:
Two transistors are required for every sub-pixel
Response time is reduced compared to Twisted Nematic technology
Image reminescence occurs when a moving image on the screen is touched
Quantum Dot on OLED (QD-OLED) technology:
Does not require color filters
Uses photo emissive quantum dots
Uses OLED emitters to generate backlight
Compared to interfaces based on LVDS protocol, the interface Embedded DisplayPort:
Allows reducing the energy consumption
Allows using the auxiliary channel for control functions of backlight
Allows increasing the bit rate, but it requires a large number of connections
Select the most appropiate value for bandwidth on a channel in case of 2.0 version of DisplayPort interface:
20 Gbits/s
8 Gbits/s
32 Gbits/s
5 Gbits/s
CUDA architecture:
Allows the access to a shared memory by every threads from a block of threads
Allows sharing of a part of GPU memory with the principal processor (CPU)
Thread blocks are planned/scheduled for execution in any order on any number of available processing cores
Every block of threads has a shared memory which is accessible for all threads from that block of threads, but it is not accessible to other blocks
Every thread from a grid of thread blocks have access to a global memory
Represents a platform and a programming model that can be used for all GPU circuits
GDDR6 memory:
Uses data lines training technique, which consists in phase alignment between data signals and their writing clock signal
Uses commands/addresses bus inversion technique for reducing the power/energy consumption
Uses separate clock signals for commands and addresses
Compared to CPU architecture, at GPU architecture:
Synchronization between parallel threads is simpler
The latency of every processing core is much higher than the latency of a CPU core
Size of the cache memory is reduced
DVD+R discs:
Use an error management system that is more robust than that of DVD-R discs
Compared to DVD-R discs, improve the linking accuracy between consecutive writing sessions
Use a spiral groove with higher frequency of sinusoid than that of DVD-R discs
Store addressing information by engraving pits in the area between the grooves.
Write rewritable compact discs(CD-W):
Writing is performed with the highest laser power setting
Erasing is performed by heating the recording layer until it turns to an amorphous state
An organic dye is used as recording layer
Which of the following methods is used to record data bits on compact discs:
A bit of 1 is recorded as a pit-to-land or land-to-pit transition, and a bit of 0 as no transition
A bit of 1 is recorded as a land-to-pit transition, and a bit of 0 as a pit-to-land transition
A bit of 1 is recorded as a pit, and a bit of 0 as a land
At Compact Discs:
Bits are modulated in order to avoid very short runs of consecutive bits of 0, which have as result a high frequency of the signal generated at reading
One bit of 1 is represented as a pit and one bit of 0 as a land
Between two bits of 1 it can be recorded a run of bits of 0 of any length
The higher capacity of DVD discs compared to Compact Discs has been obtained by:
Using a more efficient modulation method
Reducing the wave length of the laser beam
Reducing pits dimension
Reducing the numerical aperture AN
Recording layer of CD-R discs is made from:
Organic dye
Phase-changing alloys
Inorganic dyes
Methods for recording with constant angular velocity (CAV) used at different formats of DVD discs:
Allows reducing energy/power consumption
Ensures a constant spin speed
Favors applications that need sequential access
CD-R (CD Recordable):
Contain a spiral groove that allows control of spin/rotation speed
Contain sectors addresses which are used by the unit for determining the current position on the disc
Uses an organic material with phase changing for the recording layer
At rewritable compact discs (CD-RW):
Writing is executed with the laser beam set at the highest power
Overwritting is executed with two settings of the laser beam poser, for writing and erasing
Erasing is executed by heating the recording layer above the crystalization point and rapid cooling of recording layer to maintain the crystalline state
At Blu-ray discs:
Laser beam wavelength is reduced compared to the one of the DVDs
Numerical aperture of the objective lens is reduced compared to that of the DVDs
The coating layers thickness is reduced in order to compensate the focalization of laser beam error
BD-ROM AV format:
Uses a transport stream that contains video and audio information and multiplexed graphics
Defined BD-Java mode, which allows interactive applications development
Defines HMDV mode, having a plan of presentation graphics/interface which allows displaying graphical menus
FPGA Mezzanine Cards:
Contain one or more FPGA cards
Use connectors with signals that enable to implement both parallel and serial interfaces
Are connected to a carrier board implementing functions that are common to several variations of a system
The Quantum Dot Enhancement Film technology:
Eliminates the need for color filters
Uses blue backlight
Uses quantum dots to generate the red and green primary o
BD-R and BD-RE discs:
For the sinusoidal deviations, use the Minimum-Shift Keying modulation, which inverts the phase of certain sinusoidal deviations
Use a groove that is modulated with sinusoidal deviations to embed timing information
Use a groove with sinusoidal deviations that are modulated using two methods for an increased reliability
Response time:
Includes the time for memory access
Does not include the operation system overhead
Includes the time for performing I/O activities
The Graphic DDR 6 memory:
Uses the signal training technique, which consists of calibrating the drive strength of signals
Uses the data bus inversion technique to reduce power computation
Use separate write clock and read clock signals
The parallel PCI bus:
Uses a priority-based arbitration algorithm
Requires to use either a series or a parallel bus termination
Does not require extra clock cycles for the arbitration procedure
For liquid crystal displays, response time:
Decreases when the contrast is increased
Is faster for transitions from black to light grey levels compared to transitions from black to dark grey
Depends on the backlight intensity
When identifying the source of an interrupt through hardware polling (interrogation) (daisy chaining):
A higher speed can be achieved, in comparison with software pollin
UCP executes a general interrupt subroutine when it detects an interrupt request
The interrupt request line is chained through I/O modules
CD-RW:
Writing is executed with the laser set tot the highest power
Rewriting is executed with the 2 settings of the writing and deleting
Erasing is executed by warming the layer over the crystallization point and quickly cooling this layer to maintain the state of the crystallization
Liquid crystal display, Color Gamut:
Means the number of colors that can be reproduced
Can be improved with the Frame Rate Control technique
It is wider when it uses RGB LED backlighting compared to when it uses white LED backlighting
With In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology of displaying liquid crystals:
Reduces the brightness in comparison with Twisted Nematic technology
It is not fit for tactile (touch) displays
Requires a transistor for each sub-pixel
Response time is reduced compared to Twisted Nematic technology
HDMI interface:
Allows using audio return channel, on which audio data could be transmitted from a TV to an audio/video receiver
Includes the synchronization information in the serial data stream
Uses 8b/10b codification for video data, control bits and auxiliary data
Unified Memory of CUDA:
Allows sharing of a part of the GPU memory with the CPU, as well as the GPU
Cannot be accessed simultaneously by the CPU and GPU
It is handled by the system, without any actual data transfer
Allows execution time reduction on the GPU executed programs
Compared to CPU architecture, the GPU architecture:
Has a much bigger number of processing cores
Uses simpler execution threads
Has a more complex control unit because it has lots of cores
Punctele cuantice sunt formate din:
Orice material cristalin, cu conditia sa aiba dimensiuni nanometrice
Diode organice (OLED) cu dimensiuni nanometrice
Nano-cristale semiconductoare
Diagrama de cromacitate CIE este reprezentarea:
Gamei de culori a diferitelor spatii de culori
Gamei de culori a diferitelor tipuri de afisoare
Gamei de culori a vederii umane
Un modul COM Express
Se poate utiliza ca un calculator pe o singura placa doar pentru sisteme simple, nu si pentru servere
Poate contine orice tip de procesor
Se poate utiliza ca un modul mezazin conectat la o placa purtatoare
Circuitele GPU contin diferite tipuri de nuclee de umbrire precum sunt:
Nuclee de umbrire pentru calcule, care pun la dispozitie facilitati pentru o programare paralela eficienta
Nuclee de umbrire pentru varfuri, care pot crea sau sterge varfuri ale obiectelor 3D
Nuclee de umbrire geometrica, care pot modifica topologia primitivelor pe care le receptioneaza ca intrari
O legatura PCI Express:
Poate contine pana la 32 benzi de comunicatie
Utilizeaza o secventa a semnalului de ceas care este setata in mod automat de sistemul de operare
Contine benzi de comunicatii, fiecare fiind implementata ca un singur canal de comunicare bidirectionala
La tehnologia color electroforetica ACeP(Advanced Color ePaper):
Fiecare din culorile cian, magenta si galben se obtine prin gruparea a doi pigmenti cu incarcare opusa
Culorile rosu,verde si albastru se obtin prin miscarea selectiva a pigmentilor disponibili
Se utilizeaza trei pigmenti transparenti colorati si un pigment alb opac
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